Malay world
The Malay world or Malay realm (
The concept in its broadest territorial stretch may apply to a region synonymous with
Malayophones (peoples and nations that speak Malay/Indonesian as their native language or recognize it as an official language) are projected to number an estimated 330 million people by 2025, comprising just under half of the population of Southeast Asia
Alternatively, modern scholars correct these extended notions of the Malay world, defining it as a political and cultural area instead. In this context, the Malay world is reduced to a region that is homeland to the Malay ethnicity, historically ruled by rival sultanates, where various Malayic languages and cultural values are predominant. This area includes the coastal areas of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, and the smaller islands in between.[6][7][8]
The most notable use of the concept was in the early 20th century, embraced in an
Historical origin
Early conception
The epic literature, the
As a place name (toponym)
- Malayadvipa, "Malaya Dvipa", is described in chapter 48, Vayu Purana as one of the mountainous provinces in the eastern sea that was full of gold and silver. The exact modern location befitting with this term is disputed. Some scholars equate the term with Sumatra,[12] while several Indian scholars associating it with the mountainous Malay Peninsula.[13][14][15][16][17] Other scholars even suggested Sri Lanka's possibility.[18] while Sumatra is more correctly associated with Suvarnadvipa (an ancient name referred to Sumatra) which means "The Gold Land" and the Barisan Mountains which is the mountainous range scattered from north to the south Sumatra hemisphere.[19][20][21][22][23]
- Maleu-kolon – a location in the Geographia.[24]
- Mo-lo-yu – mentioned by Yijing, a Tang dynasty Chinese Buddhist monk who visited the Southeast Asia in 688–695. According to Yijing, the Mo-Lo-Yu kingdom was located at a distance of 15 days sailing from Bogha (Palembang), the capital of Sribhoga (Srivijaya). It took a 15-day sail as well to reach Ka-Cha (Kedah) from Mo-lo-yu; therefore, it can be reasoned that Mo-Lo-Yu would lie halfway between the two places.[25] A popular opinion as espoused by Coedes, relates Mo-Lo-Yu with Jambi in Sumatra, thus creating the theory of a 'Melayu Kingdom'.[26] However, the geographical location of Jambi contradicts with Yi Jing's description of a "half way sail between Ka-Cha (Kedah) and Bogha (Palembang)".
- Malayur – inscribed on the south wall of the Rajendra Chola I's campaign in the 11th century.
- Bhūmi Mālayu – (literally "Land of Malayu"), a transcription from Padang Roco Inscription dated 1286 CE by Slamet Muljana.[27] The term is associated with Dharmasraya kingdom.
- Ma-li-yu-er – mentioned in the chronicle of Yuan Dynasty, referring to a nation of Malay Peninsula that faced the southward expansion of Sukhothai Kingdom, during the reign of Ram Khamhaeng.[28] The chronicle stated: "..Animosity occurred between Siam and Ma-li-yu-er with both killing each other ...". In response to the Sukhothai's action, a Chinese envoy went to the Ram Khamhaeng's court in 1295 bearing an imperial decree: "Keep your promise and do no evil to Ma-li-yu-er".[29]
- Malauir – mentioned in possibly similar to the one mentioned in Yuan chronicle.
- Malayapura – (literally "city of Malaya" or "fortress of Malaya"), inscribed on the Amoghapasa inscription dated 1347 CE. The term was used by Adityawarman to refer to Dharmasraya.
Territorial identification of Malay is of ancient origin. Various foreign and local records show that Melayu (Malay) and its similar sounding variants appear to apply as an old toponym to the ancient
"... starting point by the Island of Pulo Catay in the region of Pattane (
Malay peninsula), to Taranda and Ujon Calan situated in the same latitude in district of Queda (Kedah): this stretch of territory lies within the region of "Malayos" and the same language prevail throughout ..."
– Manuel Godinho de Erédia,1613.[33][34]
In the 15th century, the term gradually developed into an
An identical term,
"... the country which Europeans denominate the Malay Peninsula, and which, by the natives themselves, is called 'the land of the Malays' ('Tanah Melayu'), has, from its appearing to be wholly occupied by that people, been generally considered as their original country ..."
– John Crawfurd, 1820[43]
The application of Tanah Melayu to the Malay Peninsula entered into the European authorship, when Marsden and Crawfurd noted it in their historical works published in 1811 and 1820 respectively. Another important term, the Malaya, an English term for the Peninsula, was already used in English writings from the early 18th century.[43]
Due to the lack of available research, it is difficult to trace the development of the concept of the Malay world as a term which later refers to the archipelago. However, thus classical territorial identifications are believed to have formed an important antecedent for the future conceptualisation of the Malay world.[44] The term "Alam Melayu" itself did not exist before the 20th century. Classical Malay literatures between the 14th century to the 20th century never mentioned "Alam Melayu" or any similar term. Instead, the term emerged along with the emergence of the Malay identity and nationality movement after 1930, mentioned in Malay periodicals such as Majalah Guru magazine, Saudara newspaper, Majlis newspaper, and Puisi-Puisi Kebangsaan newspaper.[45][46]
Malay as a racial category
The broader concept of Malay world has its origin from the conceptualisation of Malay as a race by the German scientist
The popularisation of Malay as a racial category was in essence a colonial product, the significant role of which played by the
Malay territoriality in three tiers
In the late 19th century, an important innovation was introduced into the political vocabulary of the
Among the textbooks available during
Malay nationalism
The standardisation of geographical knowledge and systematic quantification, served to objectify the territoriality of the Malay community. Early authors in Malaya also developed a Malaya-centric view on the subject, proclaiming Malaya or Tanah Melayu as the focal point of the Malay territories. This view reflected the substantialisation of the colonial territorial boundary and provided new objectification of space seems to have played an important role in conceiving a potential national territory. It is probable that these three territorial identities, namely, Malay states, Malaya and the Malay world had much to do with the strands of
On the one hand, in the late 1930s, Malay aristocrats and their supporters began to organize Malay state associations. For them, Malay states were the focus of territorial identity. In postwar Malaya, these state-based Malay associations were dissolved into a Malaya-based Malay political party, that is, the
Modern conception
Although the extended notions of Malay world still gained widespread currency, such conceptualisation is sometimes described in other terms, perceived as more 'neutral', like
In this context, modern authors in Malay studies like
This limited conceptualisation of Malay world was also espoused by Wee. She added further, that the concept is a spatial configuration that resulted from the serial patterning of political alliances, unified by
See also
References
- ^ a b Ooi 2009, p. 181
- ^ Farrer 2009, p. 26
- ^ Amin Sweeney 2011, p. 295
- ^ https://www.populationpyramid.net
- ^ Samuel, J. (2010) Les voies de l’aménagement linguistique dans le monde malayophone, Télescope 16:3, 135–155.
- ^ Milner 1982, p. 112
- ^ a b Benjamin & Chou 2002, p. 7
- ^ Wee 1985, pp. 61–62
- ^ Roff 1974, p. 153
- ^ Roff 1974, pp. 212–221
- ^ Melebek & Moain 2006, pp. 9–10.
- ^ Deka 2007, p. 57.
- ^ Pande 2006, p. 266.
- ^ Gopal 2000, p. 139.
- ^ Ahir 1995, p. 612.
- ^ Mukerjee 1984, p. 212.
- ^ Sarkar 1970, p. 8.
- ^ S. Pathmanathan 2006, p. 60.
- ISBN 978-81-87586-24-1.
- ISBN 978-81-208-0302-2.
- ISBN 81-7030-462-8.
- ISBN 978-81-215-0114-9.
- ^ Himansu Bhusan Sarkar (1970). Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak. p. 8.
- ^ Gerini 1974, p. 101.
- ^ I Ching 2005, p. xl–xli.
- ^ Coedes 1968, pp. 79–80.
- ^ Muljana 1981, p. 223.
- ^ "Chronicle of Mongol Yuan". guoxue.com (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 25 July 2010.
- ^ Hall 1981, p. 190.
- ^ Cordier 2009, p. 105.
- ^ Wright 2004, pp. 364–365.
- ^ Barnard 2004, p. 3
- ^ Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1923, p. 37
- ^ Mohamed Anwar Omar Din 2011, p. 30
- ^ Barnard 2004, p. 4
- ^ Milner 2010, p. 22
- ^ Barnard 2004, p. 6
- ^ Andaya 2008, p. 200
- ^ Mohamed Anwar Omar Din 2011, pp. 28–30
- ^ Mohamed Anwar Omar Din 2011, p. 31
- ^ Mohamed Anwar Omar Din 2012, pp. 80–81
- ^ Reid 2010, p. 95
- ^ a b c Soda 2001, p. 211
- ^ Andaya 2008, p. 46
- ^ Roff 1974, pp. 153, 212–221
- ^ Bakar 1987, pp. 47, 94, 116
- ^ Milner 2010, p. 81
- ^ Reid 2001, pp. 296–313
- ^ a b Soda 2001, p. 212
- ^ Soda 2001, pp. 213–214
- ^ Soda 2001, p. 214
- ^ a b Soda 2001, p. 229
- ^ Wee 1985, pp. 63–65
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