Malayalis

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Malayali
)
This article is about the ethnic group. For the 2009 film, see Malayali (film).
Not to be confused with Malays (ethnic group) or Malaysians.

Malayalis
malayāḷikal
മലയാളികൾ
Total population
better source needed]
 United States300,000[5] [unreliable source?]
 Oman195,300[3]
 Bahrain101,556[3]
 Australia78,738[6][7][8][9]
 Israel46,600[citation needed]
 United Kingdom45,264[10]
 Canada30,000[11]
 Singapore26,000[12]
 Ireland24,674[13]
 New Zealand6,700[14]
 Pakistan6,000[15]
 Germany5867
 France5,000
  Switzerland5,000[16]
 Indonesia4,000[citation needed]
 Poland7122
 Austria3,785[17]
 Finland633[18]
 Japan500[19]
Languages
Malayalam
Religion
Majority
Hinduism - 55%[citation needed]

Minority
 Islam (mainly Sunni Islam)- 27%[citation needed]
Christianity - 18%[citation needed]

Others - <1%[citation needed]
PersonMalayāḷi
PeopleMalayāḷikaḷ
LanguageMalayāḷam
CountryKerala
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The Malayali people (Malayalam:

Zamorins of Calicut, Kingdom of Tanur, Arakkal kingdom, Kolathunadu, Valluvanad, and Palakkad Rajas.[21][22]

According to the Indian census of 2011, there are approximately 33 million Malayalis in Kerala,

Malayalee population in Malaysia aged 18 to 30 are known to be either the third, fourth, or fifth generation living as a Malaysian citizen. According to A. R. Raja Raja Varma, Malayalam was the name of the place, before it became the name of the language spoken by the people.[25]

Etymology

Malayalam, the native language of Malayalis, has its origin from the words mala meaning "mountain" and alam meaning "land" or "locality".

Persian/Arabic word Barr (country/continent).[34] Hence the natives of Malabar Coast were known as Malabarese or Malabari in the foreign trade circles.[27][33] The words Malayali and Malabari are synonymous to each other.[27][33]
The
Koodalmanikyam temple.[35][36]
Hence the term Keralar seem to precede the usage of the word Malayala/Malayalam.

Geographic distribution and population

See also: Kerala Gulf diaspora

Malayalam is a language spoken by the native people of southwestern India (from

Wayanad.[38] Around one-third of population in Kanyakumari district
are also Malayalis. As of 2011 India census, Mahé district of Union Territory of Puducherry had a population of 41,816, predominantly Malayalis.

Just before independence,

UAE, Kuwait and European region mainly in London. The city of Chennai has the highest population of Malayalis in a metropolitan area outside Kerala, followed by Bangalore
.

Besides, the Malayalee citizens in Malaysia are estimated to be 229,800 in the year 2020 whereas the population of the Malayalee expatriates is approximately 2,000. They make up around 10 percent of the total number of Indians in Malaysia.

Kerala Samajam, Mysore

History and culture

Main article: History of Kerala

During the ancient period, the people of present-day Kerala were ruled by the Chera dynasty of Tamilakam, with their capital at Vanchi.[43] The dynasty lent the region its name, uniting the entire coast under their suzerainty. The fall of the Cheras in the 15th century CE at the hands of the Cholas proved to be the catalyst of a distinct Malayali identity, wading away from the Tamil cultural sphere of influence over several millennia.

The Malayalis live in a historic area known as the

English
, which arrived after 1498 left their mark through colonialism and pillaging their resources.

In 2017, a detailed study of the evolution of the Singapore Malayalee community over a period of more than 100 years was published as a book: From Kerala to Singapore: Voices of the Singapore Malayalee Community. It is believed to be the first in-depth study of the presence of a NRI Malayalee community outside of Kerala.[44]

Language and literature

Main article: Malayalam
See also: Malayalam literature
The word Malayāḷalipi (Meaning: Malayalam script) written in the Malayalam script

According to scholars, the Malayalam language is descended from a dialect of the

epic poems written in Old Malayalam. Malayalam literature has been presented with 6 Jnanapith awards, the second-most for any Dravidian language and the third-highest for any Indian language.[51][52]

Designated a "

Classical Language in India" in 2013,[20] it developed into the current form mainly by the influence of the poets Cherusseri Namboothiri (Born near Kannur),[53][54] Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan (Born near Tirur),[54] and Poonthanam Nambudiri (Born near Perinthalmanna),[54][55] in the 15th and the 16th centuries of Common Era.[54][56] Kunchan Nambiar, a Palakkad-based poet also influnced a lot in the growth of modern Malayalam literature in its pre-mature form, through a new literary branch called Thullal.[54] The prose literature, criticism, and Malayalam journalism, began following the latter half of 18th century CE. The first travelogue in any Indian language is the Malayalam Varthamanappusthakam, written by Paremmakkal Thoma Kathanar in 1785.[57][58]

The

Vaikom Muhammed Basheer, have gained international recognition.[67][68][69][70]

Muslim community.[81][82]

The modern Malayalam grammar is based on the book Kerala Panineeyam written by A. R. Raja Raja Varma in late 19th century CE.[83] World Malayali Council with its sister organisation, International Institute for Scientific and Academic Collaboration (IISAC) has come out with a comprehensive book on Kerala titled 'Introduction to Kerala Studies,’ specially intended for the Malayali diaspora across the globe. J.V. Vilanilam, former Vice-Chancellor of the University of Kerala; Sunny Luke, medical scientist and former professor of Medical Biotechnology at Adelphi University, New York; and Antony Palackal, professor of Sociology at the Loyola College of Social Sciences in Thiruvananthapuram, have edited the book, besides making other contributions to it.

Tharavadu

Main article: Tharavad

Tharavad, also spelled as Tharavadu is the

joint family system practiced in the state.[84][85] Each Tharavadu has a unique name. The Tharavadu was administered by the Karanavar, the oldest male member of the family.[86]
He would be the eldest maternal uncle of the family as well. The members of the Tharavadu consisted of mother, daughters, sons, sisters and brothers. The fathers and husbands had a very minimal role to play in the affairs of the Tharavadu. It was a true matrilineal affair. The Karanavar took all major decisions. He was usually autocratic. However, the consent of the eldest female member of the family was taken before implementing the decisions. This eldest female member would be his maternal grandmother, own mother, mother's sister, his own sister or a sister through his maternal lineage. Since the lineage was through the female members, the birth of a daughter was always welcomed. Each Tharavadu also has a Para Devatha (clan deity) revered by those in the particular Tharavadu. Temples were built to honour these deities.

Kerala's society is less patriarchal than the rest of India.[

Nairs, and Muslims around Kannur, and Ponnani in Malappuram, and Varkala and Edava in Thiruvananthapuram used to follow a traditional matrilineal system known as marumakkathayam which has in the recent years (post-Indian independence) ceased to exist. Christians, majority of the Muslims, and some Hindu castes such as the Namboothiris and some Ezhavas follow makkathayam, a patrilineal system.[citation needed] Kerala's gender relations are among the most equitable in India and the Majority World.[citation needed
]

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Kerala
Nalukettu
structure.

Kerala, the ancestral land of the Malayali people, has a tropical climate with excessive rains and intensive solar radiation.[87] The architecture of this region has evolved to meet these climatic conditions by having the form of buildings with low walls, sloping roof and projecting caves.[87] The setting of the building in the open garden plot was again necessitated by the requirement of wind for giving comfort in the humid climate.[87]

Timber is the prime structural material abundantly available in many varieties in Kerala. Perhaps the skillful choice of timber, accurate joinery, artful assembly, and delicate carving of the woodwork for columns, walls and roofs frames are the unique characteristics of Malayali architecture.[87] From the limitations of the materials, a mixed-mode of construction was evolved in Malayali architecture. The stonework was restricted to the plinth even in important buildings such as temples. Laterite was used for walls. The roof structure in timber was covered with palm leaf thatching for most buildings and rarely with tiles for palaces or temples.[87] The Kerala murals' are paintings with vegetable dyes on wet walls in subdued shades of brown. The indigenous adoption of the available raw materials and their transformation as enduring media for architectural expression thus became the dominant feature of the Malayali style of architecture.[87]

The Kowdiar Palace, the palace of the Maharajah of Travancore, was built with a traditional Malayali architecture style with a slight influence of early modern European elements

Nalukettu

Nalukettu was a housing style in Kerala.

tharavadu
. Ettukettu (eight halls with two central courtyards) or Pathinarukettu (sixteen halls with four central courtyards) are the more elaborate forms of the same architecture.

An example of a Nalukettu structure is Mattancherry Palace.[88]

Performing arts and music

Kathakali
Mohiniyattam
Kalaripayattu posture
Margamkali performed during a
Nasrani
wedding.

Malayalis use two words to denote dance, which is attom and thullal.

Chakiarkooth (another performing art), which was open only for higher castes to see.[92] Theyyam is a ritualistic art form of Malayalis, which is thought to predate hinduism and to have developed from folk dances performed in conjunction with harvest celebrations. Theyyam is performed as an offering to gods so as to get rid of poverty and illness.[93] Velakali is another ritualistic art form, mainly performed at temples in the festival time. Kolkali
is a folk art in which dance performers move in a circle, striking small sticks and keeping rhythm with special steps.

Many ancient Malayali family houses in Kerala have special snake shrines called Kavu. Sarpam Thullal is usually performed in the courtyard of houses having snake shrines. This is a votive offering for family wealth and happiness. Kerala Natanam (കേരള നടനം) (Kerala Dance) is a new style of dance that is now recognized as a distinct classical art form evolved from Kathakali. The Indian dancer Guru Gopinath (ഗുരു ഗോപിനാഥ്‌) a well-trained Kathakali artist and his wife Thankamani Gopinath developed this unique form of dance.

Performing arts in Kerala is not limited to a single religion of the Malayali society.

Duff Muttu, also known as Dubh Muttu/Aravanamuttu[94] is a performing art form prevalent among the Muslim community. It is a group performance, staged as a social event during festivals and nuptial ceremonies.[94]

Oppana is a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslim community. It is a form accompanied by clapping of hands, in which both men and women participate.[citation needed]

Chavittu nadakom is a theatrical art form observed mainly by Kerala Latin Christians, dating back to the second half of the 16th century.[95]

However, many of these native art forms largely play to tourists or at youth festivals, and are not as popular among ordinary Keralites. Thus, more contemporary forms – including those heavily based on the use of often risqué and

Malayalam Cinema
had grown to become one of the popular means of expression for both works of fiction and social issues, and it remains so.

Music formed a major part of early

Ashtapadis. Sopana sangeetham (music), as the very name suggests, is sung by the side of the holy steps (sopanam) leading to the sanctum sanctorum of a shrine. It is sung, typically employing plain notes, to the accompaniment of the small, hourglass-shaped ethnic drum called idakka
, besides the chengila or the handy metallic gong to sound the beats.

Sopanam is traditionally sung by men of the

T.N. Krishnan & K. J. Yesudas are Malayali musicians. Also among the younger generations with wide acclaim and promise is Child Prodigy Violinist L. Athira Krishna etc., who are looked upon as maestros of tomorrow.[97]

Kerala also has a significant presence of

Arabic
.

playback singing in the context of Indian music, forms the most important canon of popular music in India. Film music of Kerala in particular is the most popular form of music in the state.[98]

Vallam Kali

Vallamkali-Nehru Trophy Boat Race

Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha district of Kerala. Champakulam Moolam Boat Race is the oldest and most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala. The race is held on river Pamba on the moolam day (according to the Malayalam Era) of the Malayalam month Midhunam, the day of the installation of the deity at the Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple. The Aranmula Boat Race takes place at Aranmula, near a temple dedicated to Lord Krishna and Arjuna
. The President's Trophy Boat Race is a popular event conducted in Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam.

Thousands of people gather on the banks of the river Pamba to watch the snake boat races. Nearly 50 snake boats or chundan vallams participate in the festival.

Kochi, a city in Kerala. This boat race is one of the most popular Vallam Kali in Kerala. This festival is conducted to promote Kerala tourism
.

Festivals

Onam pookkalam/floral carpet
Main article: Malayalam calendar

Malayalis celebrate a variety of festivals, namely

Deepavali, and Christmas
.

Cuisine

Main article:
Cuisine of Kerala
Typical Kerala Sadya

Malayali cuisine is not homogeneous and regional variations are visible throughout. Spices form an important ingredient in almost all curries. Kerala is known for its traditional sadhyas, a vegetarian meal served with boiled rice and a host of side-dishes. The sadhya is complemented by payasam, a sweet milk dessert native to Kerala. The sadhya is, as per custom, served on a banana leaf. Traditional dishes include sambar, aviyal, kaalan, theeyal, thoran, injipully, pulisherry, appam, kappa (tapioca), puttu (steamed rice powder), and puzhukku. Coconut is an essential ingredient in most of the food items and is liberally used.[99]

Puttu is a culinary specialty in Kerala. It is a steamed rice cake which is a favorite breakfast of most Malayalis. It is served with either brown chickpeas cooked in a spicy gravy, papadams and boiled small green lentils, or tiny ripe yellow Kerala plantains. In the highlands there is also a variety of puttu served with paani (the boiled-down syrup from sweet palm toddy) and sweet boiled bananas. to steam the puttu, there is a special utensil called a puttu kutti. It consists of two sections. The lower bulkier portion is where the water for steaming is stored. The upper detachable leaner portion is separated from the lower portion by perforated lids so as to allow the steam to pass through and bake the rice powder.[100]

Appam is a pancake made of fermented batter. The batter is made of rice flour and fermented using either yeast or toddy, the local spirit. It is fried using a special frying pan called appa-chatti and is served with egg curry, chicken curry, mutton stew, vegetable curry and chickpea curry.[101]

Arab food culture.[102] This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.[102] Kallummakkaya (mussels) curry, Irachi Puttu (Irachi means meat), parottas (soft flatbread),[102] Pathiri (a type of rice pancake)[102] and ghee rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine. spices like black pepper, cardamom and clove are used profusely. The Kerala Biryani, is also prepared by the community.[103]

The snacks include Unnakkaya (deep-fried, boiled ripe

eggs,[102] Chattipathiri, a dessert made of flour, like baked, layered Chapatis with rich filling, Arikkadukka and so on.[102]

Martial arts

Common weapons used as part of Kalaripayatt
See also: Kalaripayattu

Malayalis have their own form of martial arts called Kalaripayattu. This type of martial arts was used as a defensive mechanism against intruders. In ancient times, disputes between nobles (naaduvazhis or Vazhunors) were also settled by the outcome of a Kalaripayattu tournament. This ancient martial art is claimed as the mother of all martial arts. The word "kalari" can be traced to ancient Sangam literature.[105]

Anthropologists estimate that Kalarippayattu dates back to at least the 12th century CE.

Cholas in the 11th century CE.[106] What eventually crystallized into this style is thought to have been a product of existing South Indian styles of combat, combined with techniques brought by other cultures.[106] Kalaripayattu may be one of the oldest martial arts in existence.[107] The oldest western reference to Kalaripayattu is a 16th-century travelogue of Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese explorer. The southern style, which stresses the importance of hand-to-hand combat, is slightly different than Kalari in the north.[108]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "*aH and *iH are demonstrative adjectives reconstructed for Proto-Dravidian, as they show variation in vowel length. When they occur in isolation they occur as ā, and ī but when they are followed by a consonant initial word then they appear as a- and i- as in Ta. appoẓutu 'that time'., : Te. appuḍu id. and Ta. ippoẓutu 'that time'., : Te.ippuḍu id. However, Modern Tamil has replaced ā, and ī with anda and inda but most Dravidian languages have preserved it."[47][page needed]

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Further reading

External links
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