Malayic languages
Malayic | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | Maritime Southeast Asia |
Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
Proto-language | Proto-Malayic |
Subdivisions |
|
Glottolog | mala1538 |
Historical distribution of the Malayic languages in Maritime Southeast Asia (including Malay-based creoles):
The Ibanic and Western Malayic Dayak (Kanayatn/Kendayan-Salako) subgroups, also known collectively as "Malayic Dayak".
Other Malayic varieties; genetic relationships between them are still unclear. |
The Malayic languages are a branch of the
The most probable candidate for the
History
The term "Malayic" was first coined by Dyen (1965) in his lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages. Dyen's "Malayic hesion" had a wider scope than the Malayic subgroup in its currently accepted form, and also included Acehnese, Lampung and Madurese. Nothofer (1988) narrowed down the range of Malayic, but included the non-Malayic languages Rejang and Embaloh:
The present scope of the Malayic subgroup, which is now universally accepted by experts in the field, was first proposed by K.A. Adelaar (1992, 1993), based on phonological, morphological and lexical evidence.
Languages
Malayic languages are spoken on Borneo, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Java and on several islands located in the South China Sea and the Strait of Malacca.
- Borneo
- )
- Malay Peninsula
- Jakun, Kedah, Kelantan-Patani, Negeri Sembilan, Orang Kanaq, Orang Seletar, Perak, Pahang, Reman, Temuan, Terengganu, Urak Lawoi'
- Sumatra
- Musi, Pekal
- Java
- South China Sea/Strait of Malacca
- Duano, Loncong, Orang Seletar,
- Maluku
Subgrouping
Internal classification
While there is general consensus about which languages can be classified as Malayic, the internal subgrouping of the Malayic languages is still disputed.
Adelaar (1993)
Adelaar (1993) classifies the Malayic languages as follows.[5]
- Malayic
- Iban
-
- Standard Malay
- Minangkabau
- Middle Malay
- Banjarese
- Jakartanese
- Others
Ross (2004)
Based on grammatical evidence, Ross (2004) divides the Malayic languages into two primary branches:[6]
- Malayic
- Western Malayic Dayak (Kendayan, Salako)
- Nuclear Malayic (all other lects)
This classification is mirrored in the Glottolog (Version 3.4).
Anderbeck (2012)
Following
- Malayic
- Ibanic
- Kendayan/Selako
- Keninjal
- Malayic Dayak
- Urak Lawoi'
- Duano
- Malay (including all other Malayic varieties)
Anderbeck's classification has been adopted in the 17th edition of the Ethnologue, with the sole exception of Duano, which is listed in the Ethnologue among the "Malay" languages.[b]
Smith (2017)
In his dissertation on the languages of Borneo, Smith (2017) provides evidence for a subgroup comprising Malayic isolects in western Borneo and southern Sumatra, which he labels "West Bornean Malayic".[9] However, he leaves other isolects unclassified.
Position within Austronesian
The inclusion of the Malayic languages within the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup is undisputed, and there is general consensus that the Chamic languages are closely related to Malayic. The wider affiliations of the Malayic languages are however controversial. There are two major proposals: Adelaar (2005) places Malayic within the Malayo-Sumbawan subgroup, which comprises the following languages:[10]
- Malayo-Sumbawan
- Malayo-Chamic-BSS
- Malayic languages
- Chamic languages
- Bali-Sasak-Sumbawa languages
- Sundanese
- Madurese
- Malayo-Chamic-BSS
Blust (2010) and Smith (2017) assign Malayic to the Greater North Borneo subgroup:[11][12]
- Greater North Borneo
- North Borneo languages
- Central Sarawak languages
- Kayan–Murik languages
- Land Dayak languages
- Malayo–Chamic
- Chamic languages
- Malayic languages
- Rejang language
- Sundanese language
The Malayo-Sumbawan hypothesis is mainly based on phonological evidence with a few shared
Proto-Malayic
Proto-Malayic | |
---|---|
Reconstruction of | Malayic languages |
Reconstructed ancestors | Proto-Austronesian
|
Phonology
Proto-Malayic has a total of 19 consonants and 4 vowels.[13]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive
|
Voiceless | *p | *t[d] | *c | *k | *ʔ |
Voiced | *b | *d | *ɟ | *ɡ | ||
Nasal
|
*m | *n | *ɲ | *ŋ | ||
Fricative
|
*s | *h | ||||
Liquid | *l | *r | ||||
Approximant
|
*w | *j |
Height | Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | *i | *u | |||||
Mid | *ə | ||||||
Open | *a |
There are 2 diphthongs:
- *-ay
- *-aw
Word structure
Proto-Malayic lexemes are mostly disyllabic, though some have one, three, or four syllables. Lexemes have the following syllable structure:[13]
* [C V (N)] [C V (N)] [C V (N)] C V C
- Note: C = consonant, V = vowel, N = nasal
Phonological changes
Here are the phonological changes from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Malayic.[14]
- *-əy, *-iw, *-uy > *-i; *-əw > *-u.
- *z > *j, *-D-, *-j- > *-d-.
- Final-obstruent devoicing of *-b, *-d, and *-g to *-p, *-t, *-k, except in the case of *-D > *-r.
- *-ə- before *-h > *-a-, e.g. *tanəq > *tanəh > *tanah "land". Before other consonants, Proto-Malayic preserved PMP *ə in final closed syllables (e.g. *daləm "inside"). This Palembang Malay,[15]but was merged with *-a- elsewhere.
- *w- > *∅-.
- *q > *h, *h > *∅.
- *R > *r.
- C¹C² (with the first consonant is non-nasal) becomes C² in reduplications (affixes escaped this sound change).
- C¹C² (with the first consonant is heterorganicnasal) is changed to homorganic, e.g. *DəmDəm to *dəndəm.
Notes
- ^ As with Adelaar, Anderbeck reckons the difficulty in assigning absolute subgrouping within Malayic subfamily, and suggests an alternative approach which is "to dissolve the Malay node and keep everything in the Malayic group".
- ^ This classification is still in use in the current 22nd edition (2019).[8]
- ^ Alongside other various South Sumatran isolects which exhibit the *-R > *-ʔ innovation in a specific set of lexemes.
- ^ *t is listed as dental by Adelaar (1992)
References
Citations
- JSTOR 27868100.
- ISBN 3-11-012855-1.
Singapore has maintained the name Malay or bahasa Melayu...
- ISBN 978-602-73433-6-8. Retrieved 30 Dec 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-920942-85-4.
- ^ Adelaar 1993, p. 568.
- ^ Ross 2004, pp. 106–108.
- ^ Anderbeck 2012, p. 284.
- ^ Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 2019.
- ^ Smith 2017, p. 197.
- ^ Adelaar 2005, p. 358.
- ^ Blust 2010.
- ^ Smith 2017, pp. 364–365.
- ^ a b Adelaar 1992, p. 102.
- ^ Adelaar 1992, p. 195.
- ^ Nothofer 1995, pp. 88–89.
Bibliography
- Adelaar, K. Alexander (1992). Proto-Malayic: The Reconstruction of its Phonology and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, no. 119. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, the Australian National University. hdl:1885/145782.
- Adelaar, K. Alexander (1993). "The Internal Classification of the Malayic Subgroup". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 56 (3). University of London: 566–581. S2CID 162636623.
- Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "Malayo-Sumbawan". Oceanic Linguistics. 44 (2): 357–388. S2CID 246237112.
- Anderbeck, Karl (2012). "The Malayic speaking Orang Laut: Dialects and directions for research". Wacana: Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia. 14 (2): 265–312. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-920942-85-4.
- Blust, Robert (2010). "The Greater North Borneo Hypothesis". Oceanic Linguistics. 49 (1): 44–118. S2CID 145459318.
- Dyen, Isidore (1965). "A Lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages". International Journal of American Linguistics (Memoir 19).
- Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "Malayic". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22 ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
- Nothofer, Bernd. 1975. The reconstruction of Proto-Malayo-Javanic. (Verhandelingen van het KITLV, 73.) The Hague: Nijhoff.
- Nothofer, Bernd (1988). "A discussion of two Austronesian subgroups: Proto-Malay and Proto-Malayic". In Mohd. Thani Ahmad; Zaini Mohamed Zain (eds.). Rekonstruksi dan cabang-cabang Bahasa Melayu induk. Siri monograf sejarah bahasa Melayu. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. pp. 34–58.
- Nothofer, Bernd (1995). "The History of Jakarta Malay". Oceanic Linguistics. 34 (1): 87–97. JSTOR 3623113.
- Ross, Malcolm D. (2004). "Notes on the prehistory and internal subgrouping of Malayic". In John Bowden; Nikolaus Himmelmann (eds.). Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. pp. 97–109.
- Smith, Alexander (2017). The Languages of Borneo: A Comprehensive Classification (PDF) (Ph.D. Dissertation). University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- Tadmor, Uri (2002). Language contact and the homeland of Malay. The Sixth International Symposium of Malay/Indonesian Linguistics (ISMIL 6), Bintan Island, 3–5 August 2002.