Malaysian Indians
Orang India Malaysia | |
---|---|
Total population | |
2,019,600[1] 6.6% of the Malaysian population (2020)[1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
West coast of Peninsular Malaysia
(mostly in Indo-Mauritians |
Malaysian Indians or Indo-Malaysian are
Malaysia's Indian population is notable for its class stratification, with a significant elite and a large low income group within its fold.[6][7] Malaysian Indians large percentage of professionals per capita by constituting 15.5% of Malaysia's professionals in 1999 has been reduced with substantial population close to 40% is now considered the B40 category.[8] [6]In the 1984 census, up to 38% of the nation's medical professional workforce consisted of Malaysian Indians this has been reduced due to institutionalized racism policy in economy by the government in current time. [8][9] In 1970, the per-capita income of Malaysian Indians was 76% higher than that of the Malay majority.[10] Despite attempts by the Malaysian government to redistribute wealth since the 1970s using institutionalized racism policy,[11][12] by 2005 Malaysian Indians still earned a 27% higher per capita income than that of the dominant Malay community.[10]
History
First Wave: Pre-colonial period
The Arab and Indian traders had travelled this region including the southern tip of South East Asia the peninsula with maritime trade,
There is evidence of the existence of
Second Wave: Colonial period
Following the Portuguese colonisation of
The establishment of the plantations and the need for mass labour led to an influx of Indian migrants working under the indenture
The Indian population in pre-independence Malaya and Singapore was predominantly adult males who were single or with family back in India and Sri Lanka. Hence the population fluctuated frequently with periods of immigration to Malaya and periods of exodus of people back to India. As early as 1901 the Indian population in the Straits Settlements and the Federated Malay States was approximately 120,000. By 1931 there were 640,000 Indians in Malaya and Singapore and they even outnumbered the native Malays in the state of Selangor that year.
However, during
Third Wave : Contemporary period
From the 1990s to the present period, there has also been a much smaller wave of Indian nationals into Singapore and Malaysia to work in the construction and engineering industry, restaurants, the IT sector, teaching and finance with many taking up permanent residence in Singapore where they account for nearly a quarter of the Singapore population. The unskilled labour mainly work in Indian restaurants. There are also foreign spouses from the Indian Subcontinent who are married to local Indians.
Demographics
6.6% of the Malaysian population are Indians as of 2020.[1]
There is a close correspondence between the various ethnic and occupational divisions of the Malaysian community, and this is inevitably reflected in the Indian community's geographical distribution in Malaya. The South Indian Tamils were the majority throughout the country, on the rubber estates and railways, though a significant proportion found employment on the docks in Penang and Singapore. Selangor is the state with the most number of Indians in terms of absolute number whereas Negeri Sembilan is the state with the highest proportion of Malaysian Indians making up the population.[21]
State | PopulationA | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2010[22] | 2015[21]B | |||
Total | Proportion | Total | Proportion | |
Johor | 217,058 | 7.1% | 230,700 | 7.0% |
Kedah | 136,482 | 7.3% | 143,200 | 7.2% |
Kelantan | 3,849 | 0.3% | 4,800 | 0.3% |
Malacca | 49,037 | 6.2% | 51,400 | 6.2% |
Negeri Sembilan | 146,214 | 15.2% | 154,000 | 14.9% |
Pahang | 63,065 | 4.4% | 66,300 | 4.3% |
Perak | 281,688 | 12.3% | 293,300 | 12.2% |
Penang | 153,472 | 10.4% | 166,000 | 10.6% |
Perlis | 2,745 | 1.2% | 3,100 | 1.3% |
Sabah | 7,453 | 0.3% | 12,200 | 0.5% |
Sarawak | 7,411 | 0.3% | 7,900 | 0.3% |
Selangor | 679,130 | 13.5% | 712,000 | 13.2% |
Terengganu | 2,397 | 0.2% | 3,000 | 0.3% |
Kuala Lumpur | 156,316 | 10.3% | 163,000 | 10.1% |
Labuan | 641 | 0.9% | 800 | 0.9% |
Putrajaya | 869 | 1.5% | 900 | 1.0% |
- ^Note A Non-citizens are excluded in figures and percentage
- ^Note B Population estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred.
Education
There are significant differences between Malaysian Indians who are part of the Malaysian working class in plantations and urban middle class or upper middle class professionals. Many Indians are workers in plantations and attend Tamil language schools. Tamil language primary schools are funded by the Federal Government, but Tamil schools on private lands are not eligible for full government grant.[23] Although Tamil is used as the medium of instruction, Malay and English are taught as compulsory subjects. Tamil schools may range from single classroom where students of varying age and ability are taught by a single teacher, to large schools of a few hundreds students. In plantation estates the schools may be poorly staffed and equipped, and few of their students moved on to higher education. Those Indians who do well in schools are primarily from the urban middle classes.[24]
There are also significant challenges in higher education opportunity for Indians due to an education system that favors the Bumiputera Malays.[9] Racial discrimination in government school have been reported, with Indian students suffering the most due to their ethnicity, color of the skin, or beliefs.[9]
Economy and employment
There are considerable differences socially and economically between different groups of Indians in Malaysia. They form a significant part of the professional classes in Malaysia; in a census taken in 1999, Malaysian Indians were 15.5% of Malaysia's professional workforce.[8] These include doctors (28.4%), lawyers (26.8%), dentists (21%), veterinary surgeons (28.5%), engineers (6.4%), accountants (5.8%), surveyors (3.0%) and architects (1.5%).[25] However, many Indians are also ranked amongst the most disadvantaged. In 1970, around 39% of Indians in Malaysia were ranked among the poorest of the country.[8] Incidence of poverty (those in the lowest 40% of the national income distribution) in Malaysia was 27.3% Indians.[26] Official figures suggest that the percentage of Indians living below the official poverty line has decreased from 39.2% in 1970 to 1.9% in 2002, but the figures have been criticised as inaccurate.[27] It has been claimed around 40% of Indians are at the bottom rung of the income ladder in 2015.[6]
Many of the early South Indian immigrants such as the Tamils and Telugus worked in the agriculture sector, in particular as workers in plantations. In 1930, 60% of all Indians were in this sector, and by 1970, 45% of Indians were still involved in agriculture in Malaysia.
Many Indians are also involved in business and trade, the majority of the privately owned businesses belong to the Chettiars.[32] The Sikhs and other Punjabis were initially recruited by the British to serve in the police and armed forces, and while in modern times these areas are now dominated by Malays, the descendants of Sikhs and other Punjabi are now found in every sphere of the economy, in particular as professionals, and in the mercantile and money-lending business.[28]
institutionalized racism in economic policy by the government is a key economic challenge for Indians. Many state governments have a no-bin policy which indirectly implies that if a non-Malay applies for anything it will be rejected.[33][9][34]According to the Ninth Malaysia Plan report of 2006, Malaysian Indians also controlled only 1.2 percent of the corporate wealth in Malaysia, down from the previous figure of 1.5 percent.[12][35] Although the Malaysian Indians are estimated at 9% of the population, they own just 2% of the national wealth due to racially discriminatory policies of institutionalized discrimination, such as the NEP.[36][37][38]
Politics
The
In the
Currently Malaysian Indians representation in Malaysian politics is inadequate given there are no full ministers in the current coalition government of Pakatan Harapan.[42] The sole Indian minister V.Sivakumar was dropped as part of a cabinet reshuffle.
Media and the performing arts
Satellite television provider
It is also customary for major Malaysian corporations to produce television commercials in conjunction with
Cuisine
The contribution of the Indian community to
Religion
The Indian community which mostly consist of
Hinduism is the most practiced religion amongst the Tamils, including both the major Hindu and Tamil pantheon of deities. Tamils of both Indian and Sri Lankan backgrounds practice Hinduism. Vast majority of the
-
Sri Mahamariamman Temple in Kuala Lumpur
-
St. Anne's Church in Bukit Mertajam
-
Thirumurugan Temple in Tawau
Festivals
One of the biggest Hindu festivals in Malaysia is
In Kuala Lumpur, Thaipusam has become an almost national seat for Poosam celebrations. The venue of the Kuala Lumpur celebrations is a picturesque shrine right inside a cave that lies many feet above the ground, and can only be approached by a steep climb. This place, known as Batu Caves, is about eight miles from the city, and a chariot procession carrying the image of the deity to and from the place adds to the color and gaiety of the festival. Crowds from all over the country throng to the cave, including people of all classes and groups. It is above all a day of penance, on which many vows are fulfilled. A 42.7m high statue of Lord Murugan was built at Batu Caves and was unveiled in January 2006, having taken three years to construct.
One of the most significant rites performed is the carrying of the
The
The Telugus celebrate
The festivals celebrated by Malaysian Indians who profess the Christian faith are
Influence on Malaysian culture
Indian influences could be seen on modern Malaysia as well as on traditional Malay culture. The diffusion of Indian culture includes the following:
- .
- Early Malay literature was highly influenced by Indian epics, such as the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.
- Wayang shadow puppets and classical dance-dramas of Malaysia took stories from episodes of Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Language and names
A good number of Tamil inscriptions as well as Hindu and Buddhist icons emanating from South India have been found in Southeast Asia (and even in parts of
An inscription dated 779 AD has been found in
An element needed to carry out commercial transactions is a common language understood by all parties involved in early trade. Historians such as J.V. Sebastian, K.T. Thirunavukkarasu, and A.W. Hamilton record that Tamil was the common language of commerce in Malaysia and Indonesia during historical times.[47] The maritime Tamil significance in Sumatran and Malay Peninsula trading continued for centuries and borrowings into Malay from Tamil increased between the 15th and 19th centuries due to their commercial activities. In the 17th century, the Dutch East India Company was obliged to use Tamil as part of its correspondence. In Malacca and other seaports up to the 19th century, Malay terminology pertaining to book-keeping and accountancy was still largely Tamil.[14]
Tamil | Malay | English |
---|---|---|
Kadai
(கடை) |
kedai | shop |
Kappal
(கப்பல்) |
kapal | ship |
Vagai
(வகை) |
bagai | variety/ like |
Toppi
(தொப்பி) |
topi | hat |
Infrastructure
Indians have contributed significantly to the building of Malaysia since the 19th century. The Indian workforce was instrumental in the clearing of land for infrastructure, established rubber plantations, built the roads, set up transmission lines as well as managed early Malayan railways, ports and airports. Indian doctors, chemists and veterinarians formed the bulk of medical personnel in Malaysia - their contributions still persist to present day. Indian civil servants formed the core of the civil service both pre- and post-independence. Indian teachers who were particularly fluent in the English language formed the backbone of Malaysian education, particularly in missionary schools. Indians also pioneered private education in Malaysia.
Diaspora
A number of Malaysian Indian immigrants are found in Australia, and they tended to be highly qualified and speak English fluently and were therefore highly employable.
Notable people
Among the notable people of Indian descent in Malaysia are K. Thamboosamy Pillay, a prominent figure of early Kuala Lumpur,[50] and Karpal Singh, V. David and Samy Vellu, all prominent Malaysian Indian politicians.
Challenges for the future
Institutionalized racism and discrimination in government policy such as NEP had adverse impact on Non Malays including minority Malaysian Indians in Malaysia.[9] Despite the fact that the average income of Malaysian Indians exceeds that of their Malay counterparts, there exists substantial portion of the community who are poor, with 40% of Malaysian Indians claimed to be at the bottom rung of the income ladder.[6] Despite the obvious need of the poor, Malaysian Indians are not eligible for any of Malaysia's affirmative-action programmes, which are reserved for Malays and select indigenous people.[37][51] Ramon Navaratnam argued the NEP needs to be reformed as it is outdated, and replace it with a system that can help close the gap of poverty regardless of race and religion.[11][52]
Further challenges faced by the Indian community is religious conflict due to increasing Islamisation,[51] and there were communal clashes between Indians and Malays such as the 2001 Kampung Medan riots,[53] as well as protest over racial discrimination and temple demolitions during the 2007 HINDRAF rally.[54][33] These factors in part have resulted in the migration of many highly skilled Malaysian Indians abroad, where Indian migrants are largely upwardly mobile. A survey in 2017 found that 42% of Malaysian Indians who had completed their secondary or tertiary education wanted to emigrate.[55]
References
- ^ a b c d Department of Statistics Malaysia (2020). "Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2020 Group". Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ^ "Census of Population 2010" (PDF). Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
- ^ Viswanathan Selvaratnam (1 May 2021). "From Servitude to Underclass: The Empire's South Indian 'Coolies' in Postcolonial Malaysia". Economic and Political Weekly. 56 (18).
The ancestral root of about 80% of Malaysian Indians is in the British Empire's Madras Presidency (now Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala).
- ISBN 9780824824259.
- ^ "Indian Diaspora" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs. 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d Bernama (15 May 2015). "YPS: 40pc of Malaysian Indians still at bottom rung of the income ladder". The Malay Mail.
- ^ "Visiting Indian Diaspora in Malaysia | Diplomacy & Beyond Plus".
- ^ S2CID 53021386.
- ^ a b c d e Pusat Komas, Pusat Komas (24 November 2023). "Malaysia Racial Discrimination Report 2021" (PDF). komas.org. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ . Retrieved 29 January 2018.
- ^ ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
- ^ a b Osman, Mohamed Nawab Mohamed (2007). "Marginalisation and the Indian Community in Malaysia" (PDF). RSIS Commentaries, (131/2007). Nanyang Technological University.
- ISBN 978-9814311670.
- ^ a b Sneddon, James (2003). The Indonesian Language: Its history and role in modern society. Sydney: University of South Wales Press Ltd. p. 73.
- ^ Sejarah SMA/MA Kls XI-Bahasa By H Purwanta, dkk
- ^ a b European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 7, Number 3 (2009)
- ^ International Tamil Language Foundation (2000). The Handbook of Tamil Culture and Heritage. Chicago: International Tamil Language Foundation. p. 877.
- ^ Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (2000) [1935]. Cholas (fifth printing ed.). Chennai: University of Madras. pp. 86 & 318.
- ISBN 978-9971988128.
- ISBN 978-9971988128.
- ^ a b "Population by States and Ethnic Group". Department of Information, Ministry of Communications and Multimedia, Malaysia. 2015. Archived from the original on 12 February 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- ^ "2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. pp. 11, 62–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2013.
- ^ "A Short History of Tamil Schools in Malaya/ Malaysia". GRFDT.
- ^ Azman, Suhaini (7 June 1990). "Breaking the pattern". Far Eastern Economic Review. pp. 19–21.
- ^ Rajah, M (23 November 2013). "Unite as a community". The Star.
- ^ Sandhu 2006, p. 375.
- ^ "Ensuring Effective Targeting of Ethnic Minorities: The Case of Low Income Malaysian Indians". Centre for Public Policy Studies.
- ^ a b Sandhu 2006, p. 162.
- ^ Sandhu 2006, p. 166.
- ^ Sandhu 2006, p. 167.
- ^ Sandhu 2006, pp. 172–173.
- ^ Sandhu 2006, p. 173–175.
- ^ a b Mark Bendeich; Clarence Fernandez (25 November 2007). "Indian protest rocks Malaysia ahead of polls". Reuters.
- ^ "Why huge disparity in budget allocation for races, Lim asks Ismail". freemalaysiatoday.com. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "Chapter 16 - Achieving Growth with Distribution". Ninth Malaysia Plan 2006-2010 (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2006. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- ^ "GOPIO Announces Pravasi Bharatiya Community Service Awards". nriol.com. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ a b "Race-based affirmative action is failing poor Malaysians". The Economist. 18 May 2017.
- ^ "Indian overseas Population - Indians in Malaysia. Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin". nriol.com. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
- ^ "Malaysia Gets 16 Indian-Origin Members of Parliament". Little India: Overseas Indian, NRI, Asian Indian, Indian American. 15 May 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
- ^ "Malaysian Indians have dropped MIC, opt for multiracial parties". www.nst.com.my. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
- ^ "RoS Stumbling block for GE14". www.freemalaysiatoday.net. 24 November 2017. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
- ^ P, Ramasamy (13 December 2023). "Ramasamy urges Indian deputy ministers to resign over inadequate representation". www.freemalaysiatoday.com. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- ^ "2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia" (PDF) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 17 June 2012. p. 82
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-218184-8.
- JSTOR 41493199.
- ^ Sastri, K.A. Nilakanta (1949). "Takuapa and its Tamil Inscription Part I.". Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 22.
- ^ a b c Arokiaswamy, Celine W.M. (2000). Tamil Influences in Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Manila: s.n. pp. 37, 38, 41, 43, 45–49, 51–57.
- ISBN 9780521807890.
- ISBN 9780521807890.
- ISBN 9789679948158.
- ^ a b Rajesh, Y.P. (6 December 2007). "Malaysian Indian leader seeks affirmative action". Reuters.
- JSTOR 2759912.
- ^ "Ethnic strife shakes Malaysia". BBC. 18 March 2001.
- ^ V. Suryanarayan (7 December 2007). "Malaysian Indians: a disadvantaged community". The Hindu.
- ^ Poorna Rodrigo; EK Heng NG (23 August 2017). "Malaysia 'must address issue of brain drain'".
Notes
- ^ "Ye Dhamma - The Verse of Causation". Vinodh's Virtual Cyber Space. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
The Pali verse 'Ye Dhamma... ' is a popular verse in Buddhism that explains the heart of Buddhism Philosophy i.e Dependant Origination. The Sanskrit version of the verse is called "Pratityasamutpada Hridaya Dharani" [The Heart Dharani of Dependant Origination] with Om added to the beginning of the Verse, and Svaha added at the end, thus Dharani-fying the entire verse. The Pali version never seems to have had any specific title.
Bibliography
- "Tragic Orphans: Indians in Malaysia" by Carl Vadivella Belle, Publisher: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-981-4519-03-8
- Sandhu, Kernial Singh (30 January 2006). K S Sandhu; A Mani (eds.). Indian Communities in Southeast Asia (First Reprint ed.). ISEAS Publishing. ISBN 978-9812304186.