Malaysian Islamic Party
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The Malaysian Islamic Party, also known as the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (
The party was a component party of the then governing
Since the 2022 Malaysian general election, the party holds 43 of the 222 seats in the federal Dewan Rakyat, being the largest individual party, and has elected parliamentarians or state assembly members in 11 of the country's 13 states. Internationally, PAS is affiliated with the Muslim Brotherhood.[1]
History
Origins
The post-World War II period, while Malaya was still under British colonial rule, saw the emergence of the country's first formal Islamic political movements. The Malay Nationalist Party (MNP), a left-wing nationalist organisation, was formed in October 1945 and led by Burhanuddin al-Helmy, who would later become the president of PAS. Out of the MNP arose the Pan Malayan Supreme Islamic Council (Majlis Agama Tertinggi Sa-Malaya or MATA) in 1947, and MATA in turn formed the party Hizbul Muslimin (Muslim People's Party of Malaya) in 1948. The central aim of Hizbul Muslimin was the establishment of an independent Malaya as an Islamic state.[4] However, the party did not live beyond 1948. The Malayan Emergency of that year, while a British–Communist dispute, saw the colonial administration arrest a number of the party's leaders, and the nascent group disbanded. Nevertheless, the party served as a forerunner to PAS, supplying both the ideology upon which PAS was formed and some of PAS's key leaders in its early years.[5]
Party formation
PAS was founded on 24 November 1951, as the Persatuan Islam Sa-Malaya (Pan Malayan Islamic Union) at a meeting in
The formation of the party was the culmination of a growing desire among Muslim clerics within the United Malays National Organisation to formalise a discrete Islamic political organisation. However, the lines between UMNO and the new party were initially blurred. PAS allowed dual membership of both parties, and many of its early senior leaders were also UMNO members. The party's first president was Ahmad Fuad Hassan, an UMNO cleric. He lasted in the position only until 1953, when he fell out of favour with the party, which was now developing a more distinct identity, and returned to the UMNO fold. Fuad's departure coincided with the end of dual membership.[9] The party turned to Abbas Alias, a Western-educated medical doctor, as its second president, although he did not play an active role in the party and was little more than a nominal figurehead.[10]
The party's first electoral test was the pre-independence
Left-wing Islamism
Burhanuddin al-Helmy, a prominent anti-colonialist, steered PAS in a socialist and nationalist direction and set about strengthening the party's internal structure and geographic reach. In the 1959 election, Malaya's first since independence, the party's focus on rural constituencies, especially in the north, paid off. Thirteen PAS candidates were elected to the 104-member House of Representatives, and the party took control of the legislative assemblies of the northern states of Kelantan and Terengganu.[13][14]
However, Burhanuddin's leftist Pas-Islamism, under which PAS sought greater ties between the Muslim peoples of Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago, soon led the party into a
Political circumstances in the country had changed by the
Pivot to Malay nationalism
Asri came to the presidency having been PAS's de facto leader during Burhanuddin's long illness.[19] But this did not mean a seamless transition for the party. While Burhanuddin had been sympathetic to left-wing causes and parties in Malaysia, Asri was first and foremost a Malay nationalist, and was hostile to leftist politics. One of his first acts as President of PAS was to part ways with the party's opposition allies on the left, such as the Malaysian People's Party. Ideologically, Asri's presidency would see the party shift markedly away from the Pas-Islamism of Burhanuddin. The party became principally concerned with the protection and advancement of the rights of ethnic Malays.[20] The party's activities also became solely focused on party politics, as reflected in the change of its name in 1971 from the "Persatuan Islam Se-Malaysia" (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Association) to the "Parti Islam Se-Malaysia" (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, but commonly referred to as Parti Islam, or PAS).[21][clarification needed]
However, Asri's most radical change was still to come. In January 1972, he announced that PAS would be joining the Alliance Party coalition (which would soon rebrand itself as Barisan Nasional) as a junior partner to its main rival UMNO. The move was controversial within PAS, and some of its members and senior leaders either left the party or were purged by Asri. Asri's principal justification for joining UMNO in a coalition government was that after the 1969 race riots, Malay unity was paramount, and that this required a partnership between the country's two ethnic-Malay political parties. Asri himself was given a ministerial position in the cabinet of prime minister Abdul Razak Hussein.[22]
The 1974 election saw PAS competing under the Barisan Nasional banner for the first and only time. The party won 14 parliamentary seats to UMNO's 62, cementing PAS's position as the junior of the coalition partners. PAS also found itself governing in coalition in Kelantan, which it had previously governed in its own right. PAS's vote in its northern strongholds was weakened by a loss of support to both its former opposition allies and renegade PAS candidates running on anti-Barisan Nasional tickets.[23] Ultimately, it was Kelantan, Asri's home state and the base of political power, that would trigger the downfall of the UMNO–PAS partnership. After a conflict between Asri and the UMNO-favoured chief minister of the state, Mohamed Nasir, over investigations that Nasir initiated into Asri's financial dealings, Asri mobilised the PAS members of the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly to move a no-confidence motion against Nasir. The UMNO assemblymen staged a walk-out, abandoning Asri, driving an irreparable wedge through the coalition and causing a political crisis in the state. The Prime Minister Hussein Onn declared an emergency in the state, allowing the federal government to take control. Asri withdrew PAS from Barisan Nasional in December 1977.[24]
The 1978 election underscored how disastrous PAS's foray into the Barisan Nasional had been. The party was reduced to five parliamentary seats and, in separate state-level elections in Kelantan, was routed by UMNO and the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA), which Nasir had founded after leaving PAS. The party's fortunes in the Kelantan election were not helped by a ban on public election rallies; while the Barisan Nasional was able to campaign through a compliant mass media, public talks were the principal way in which PAS could reach voters.[25] PAS fared little better in the 1982 election. In the face of a new prime minister, Mahathir Mohamad, and the decision of the popular Islamist youth leader Anwar Ibrahim to join UMNO instead of PAS, the party was unable to improve on its five parliamentary seats and failed to regain government in Kelantan. Meanwhile, the 1978 to 1982 period coincided with the rise of a new generation of leaders within the party, including foreign-educated Muslim clerics (or "ulama") such as Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat and Abdul Hadi Awang. This group sought to reorient PAS as an Islamist party and were fundamentally hostile to UMNO, whose Malay nationalist focus they saw to be at the expense of Islam.[26] In 1980 the group succeeded in electing Yusof Rawa to the deputy presidency of the party, ousting the Asri loyalist Abu Bakar Omar.[27] By the time of PAS's 1982 assembly, it was clear to Asri that the ulama faction had the numbers to defeat him. He resigned on the floor of the assembly, and subsequently attacked the party through the media, leading to his expulsion and the formation of splinter party, Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia (HAMIM) by Asri in 1983.[28] The following year, in 1983, Yusof was elevated to the presidency, unopposed.[29]
Ulama takeover
The ulama who took over PAS in 1982 drew from the 1979
The increasingly divisive rhetoric between UMNO and PAS produced deep divisions in Malay communities, especially in the northern states. Sometimes the divisions became violent, the most infamous example being the 1985
Electoral revival in the 1990s
While not abandoning PAS's ideological commitment to the establishment of an Islamic state, Fadzil Noor moderated the party's rhetoric. He also set about infusing the party's membership with young urban professionals in an attempt to diversify the leadership ranks beyond religious clerics.[19] The 1990s also saw PAS engage in international Islamist movements. Abdul Hadi Awang became active in a number of international Islamic organisations and delegations, and Islamist parties abroad sent delegations to Malaysia to observe PAS.[36]
The first electoral test of Fadzil's presidency was the
PAS retained its seven parliamentary seats and the government of Kelantan in the
PAS in the Pakatan Rakyat
The death of Fadzil Noor in 2002, and his replacement by the conservative cleric
The response of PAS to the 2004 election, like its response to the similar 1986 wipeout, was to abandon the hardline image that had contributed to its defeat. By now, the urban professional wing of the party's membership, brought into the party by
Ahead of the
PAS's 2009 general assembly saw latent fissures within the party come out into the open. The incumbent deputy president Nasharudin Mat Isa, a Malay nationalist who promoted greater co-operation between PAS and UMNO, was challenged by two moderate candidates.[46] Nasharudin survived with the backing of the conservative ulama faction; his two opponents had split the moderate vote. But at the 2011 assembly, Nasharudin was not so lucky: Mohamad Sabu, a leading moderate close to Anwar Ibrahim, commanded the support of the "Erdogan" wing and toppled him. Sabu's election was a significant defeat for the ulama faction. He was the first non-cleric to serve as the party's deputy president in over 20 years.[47]
The Pakatan Rakyat coalition went into the 2013 election facing Najib Razak, who had replaced Abdullah as Prime Minister in 2009 but failed to improve the government's fortunes, especially among urban voters. PAS made a concerted effort to expand its voter base beyond the northern peninsula states, and campaigned heavily in Johor, where it had never won a parliamentary seat. The election witnessed a significant degree of cross-over ethnic voting: Chinese voters in Malay-majority seats decided in large numbers to support PAS, to maximise the chances of a national Pakatan Rakyat victory. Pakatan Rakyat garnered 50.8 percent of the national popular vote but could not win a majority in parliament.[48] PAS, however, suffered a net loss of two parliamentary seats. This was principally attributable to a swing against the party in Kedah, where the party was removed from state government after one term and lost four parliamentary seats.[49]
Leaving Pakatan Rakyat and forming Gagasan Sejahtera
When PAS saw its share of seats shrink in the 2013 election, it started to reassert its Islamic agenda.
The party formed Gagasan Sejahtera with Malaysia National Alliance Party (IKATAN) in 2016,[55] with BERJASA joining the coalition the same year. The coalition entered the 2018 Malaysian general election using the PAS logo and contested 158 seats, with PAS contesting 155 of them.[56] The coalition was able to win 18 parliamentary seats as well as wrangle control of the state of Terrenganu from BN, which PAS had last ruled in 2004, in addition to retaining control of Kelantan and denying supermajority of BN state government in Pahang.They also managed to took many of Barisan Nasional state seats in Kedah.[57] However, PAS was the only party to win any seats as both BERJASA and IKATAN remained without representation.
Participation of 2018 Anti-ICERD Rally
In 2018, following the then-Prime Minister
2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis
In February 2020, PAS President
Renewed co-operation with UMNO and joining Perikatan Nasional
In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with PAS called Muafakat Nasional. Its express purpose was to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes.[65] However, this co-operation did not cover the rest of Barisan Nasional, which UMNO was member to, despite calls for a migration to the new alliance.[66][67] Barisan Nasional continued to function as a separate coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and PBRS.
During the Tanjung Piai by-election, PAS vice-president Mohd Amar Nik Abdullah stated that PAS would support the candidate nominated by Barisan Nasional,[68] which was reaffirmed by PAS president Abdul Hadi Awang.[69]
On 23 February 2020, PAS held an extraordinary meeting
On 24 February, Mahathir announced his resignation as prime minister, followed by the withdrawal of
On 25 February, UMNO and PAS revealed that they had withdrawn their prior support for Mahathir to continue as prime minister, and instead called for the dissolution of parliament.[71] It was previously reported that as all political factions voiced their support for Mahathir, he was intent on establishing a "unity government", which the two parties could not agree with.[72][73] Annuar Musa, UMNO's secretary-general, said the basis of negotiations with Mahathir was that UMNO and PAS would lend their support to form an alternative coalition without DAP. Therefore, both PAS and UMNO instead announced their support for a snap election.[74]
On 28 February, PAS then released a statement announcing their support for the BERSATU president, Muhyiddin Yassin to be appointed as the 8th Prime Minister, with every Muafakat Nasional MPs also signing statutory declarations in support of Muhyiddin.[75]
On 29 February, BERSATU President Muhyiddin Yassin and his allies including party leaders from UMNO, PAS, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah, and the Homeland Solidarity Party had an audience with the Agong to discuss the formation of a government.[76][77] He announced that his coalition consisting of BERSATU, UMNO, PAS, PBRS, GPS, and STAR would be called Perikatan Nasional,.[78] and claimed that they had majority support in parliament to elect a Prime Minister and to form a government.[79]
In the Muhyiddin cabinet, which was formed on 10 March 2020, three PAS MPs became were given ministerial positions and five PAS MPs were afforded the position of deputy ministers.
Sanusi's controversial remarks about the Selangor Sultan
Hebatnya Sultan Kedah ni, bukan koman koman. Sultan tara tu angpa bayang, hang tengok Menteri (Besaq) la ni. Sultan hebat lagu tu tak akan pilih Menteri Besaq cokia macam Amir tu. Inci pun tak berapa cukup.
Translation: How amazing the Sultan of Kedah is, not an ordinary (entity/power). Can you just imagine the great Sultan, see the current Menteri Besar (me). The great Sultan (Kedah) like that won't elect a useless Menteri Besar just like that Amir (Amirudin Shari). He's unfit for duties.
On the night of 11 July 2023, during a political talk in Selayang, a town in the District of Gombak, Selangor for the upcoming 2023 Malaysian State Elections, PAS Election Director and Menteri Besar of Kedah Sanusi had reportedly belittled and drawn a comparison between the Kedah and Selangor sultans, and said the Kedah ruler would not have appointed Amirudin Shari as the Menteri Besar. His statement has caused an outrage nationwide, especially for Selangorians because the Malay Royal Institutions should be respected just as stated in the second Rukun Negara. This is because Malaysia's sultans play a largely ceremonial role, including acting as custodians of Islam in the Muslim-majority country, and are held in deep respect.[80]
Sanusi drew comparisons between the Sultan of Kedah (Al-Aminul Karim Sultan Sallehuddin Sultan Badlishah) and the Sultan of Selangor (Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah) in appointing Amirudin as Menteri Besar back in 2018 after an unprecedented win of Pakatan Harapan in the 14th General Elections which he labelled using Kedah-Northern dialect as 'Cokia' (substandard or useless) and body shamed him as 'Inci Pun Tak Berapa Nak Cukup' (unfit for duties).
Due to his statements, numerous police reports have been made and also the representatives on behalf of the Selangor Sultan itself, The Council of Royal Selangor, has lodge a legal action to take Sanusi as a serious (criminal) matter. Datuk Emran Abdul Kadir, one of its members stated that Sanusi must immediately apologise for disputing Sultan's prerogative.
Other notable figures who voiced out against Sanusi were, Hashim Jasin, the Spiritual Leader of PAS reminded Sanusi to watch his mouth. In the contrary, former Minister of Health Khairy Jamaludin stated that watching his mouth will not change his gung-ho image. Then, UMNO President Ahmad Zahid Hamidi told Kedahans to not vote on a joker as he was referring to Sanusi during the upcoming state polls. Next, The Communications and Digital Minister, Fahmi Fadzil condemned Sanusi's alleged insults against Selangor Sultan by asking him to prepare for the consequences. Same goes to, The Home Affairs Minister, Saifuddin Nasution Ismail which told the press that issues relating with 3R (Race, Religion, and Royalty) has negative consequences which Sanusi must be held accountable for his actions and the government has many other things to do rather than banning his TikTok account.
After the outcry, on the 14 July 2023, made a press conference Sanusi issues a formal apology letter to the Sultan and told the press that his words was taken out of context. Sanusi also confirmed that he had given his statement to the police to complete an investigation into the report launched by PKR Youth and other political parties. He was informed by the Selangor Royal Office that the Sultan has replied his letter which he refused to disclose the contents of the replied letter due to the respect of the nobility of the Selangor Royal Institution.[81]
In response, Menteri Besar Amiruddin Shari was furious about the statement and told that Sanusi should be held accountable for the comments and must act more responsibly as befitting his position. He urges Sanusi to learn from him on how to develop Kedah and stop lying to his voters and the masses. He also puzzled about his apology and remind Malaysians to focus on facts and data to help develop the respective states and country.
On the 17 July 2023, The Commissioner of PAS in Selangor, Ahmad Yunus Hairi and The Selangor Police Chief, Dato Hussein Omar Khan has made an audience with Sultan Sharafuddin to discuss about the matter. Hence, the Selangor Royal Office has made a Royal Decree that 'the issue is yet to be resolved'.
Despite the clarifications and the apology, Sanusi was detained and taken into custody by the Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM) on the wee hours of 18 July 2023 after the Perikatan Nasional's Supreme Council Meeting held at their headquarters in Solaris Dutamas, Segambut, Kuala Lumpur.[82]
Harian Metro reported that Sanusi was arrested at his hotel room in Mont Kiara by 20 offiers from the Classified Criminal Investigations Department (USJT) and Bukit Aman's Anti-Vice, Gambling, and Secret Societies Division (D7). They ordered him to get out of his room, and taken him to a Toyota Fortuner four-wheel drive heading to the Gombak District Police Headquarters (IPD). He was heavily escorted with the PDRM Selangor Contingent of Crime Investigation Department (JSJ) Vehicles.[83]
According to The Star, his political secretary, Hilmi Abd Wahab, said that Sanusi saw two men in dark clothes standing at the emergency exit. As minutes went by, more and more uniformed men showed up, before finally, at 2.30am, a total of 20 policemen were reportedly standing outside his hotel room. He was told that Sanusi was detained under Section 4(1)(a) (Act 15) of the Sediction Act which he needs to attend legal proceedings at the Selayang Sessions Court. This was confirmed by the PDRM's Inspector-General of Police (IGP), Razarudin Husain as he stated that investigation papers about 3Rs has been sent to the Attorney General of Malaysia. Included in the papers as well are, former Prime Minister Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad, PAS President Abdul Hadi Awang, and former Finance Minister Lim Guan Eng. He also included that Sanusi refused to answer calls which leads to his sudden arrest. Hence, it is a seizable offense because the report was lodged by the Selangor Royal Council of which it involves the Agong and Selangor Sultan. Also, Razarudin clarifies that 3R is a serious matter because Sanusi's case could leads to insulting all the other Malay Rulers as well.
Later in the morning, he was seen at the Selayang Sessions Court at 8:55 a.m.. However, Astro Awani during a live broadcast reported that he entered the court using the back entrance in purpose to avoid the media.[84]
According to Free Malaysia Today, the disgraced Sanusi pleaded not guilty to two charges, both framed under Section 4(1)(a) (Act 15) of the Sedition Act 1948 at two separate courts. The judges of the case were Nor Rajiah Mat Zin and Osman Affendi Mohd Shalleh.[85]
The provision carries a punishment of up to a RM5,000 in fine, three years in jail, or both for first-time offenders. He is said to have committed the offence at Simpang Empat, Taman Selayang Mutiara in Gombak, Selangor, on 11 July. The second charge he faces is in relation to a statement that he made that was "inclined to incite disloyalty against the Rulers". He is said to have committed the same offence at the same place and time for this charge. He was allowed bail of RM5,000 for both charges, and both courts have imposed a gag order on Sanusi to stop him from making any comments regarding the case.[86]
Amid criticism of the use of the controversial Sedition Act against a political opponent, Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim stressed that the case relates to “the position and dignity” of Malaysian's monarchs. He further added that he refuse to meddle in the matter as the charges were laid by the Attorney General, after a police investigation that followed the proper procedures.
Meanwhile, Law and Institutional Reforms Minister Azalina Othman Said said that the government was mooting a new law to tackle the so-called 3R issues, to replace the controversial Sedition Act from 1948. She also stated the Sanusi actions will notabsolve criminal offence. The government will hold discussions with relevant parties to assess the matter with stakeholders.[87]
Negative remarks about the Malaysian's Royalty can be prosecuted under a colonial-era law, The Sedition Act 1948, which has been used against people who criticise the Sultans on social media. However, sedition charges brought against Malaysian politicians have been rare in recent years. Neighbouring Thailand has a strict lese-majeste law banning insults against its monarchy.[88]
Ideology and policies
According to Farish A. Noor, a Malaysian academic who has written a complete history of PAS:
From the day PAS was formed, in November 1951, the long-term goal of creating an Islamic state in Malaysia has been the beacon that has driven successive generations of PAS leaders and members ever forward. What has changed is the meaning and content of the signifier 'Islamic state'[89]
From time to time, PAS's pursuit of an "Islamic state" has involved attempts to legislate for hudud—an Islamic criminal justice system—in the states that it governs.[90] Such laws would apply to all Muslims and would not apply to non-Muslims. PAS-dominated state assemblies in Kelantan and Terengganu passed hudud laws in the early 1990s and early 2000s respectively, although neither has ever been enforced due to opposition from the federal government.[91] PAS returned to its pursuit of hudud laws after the 2013 election, signalling that it would table bills in the federal Parliament to allow the laws, still on the statute books in Kelantan, to be enforced. The bills would require a two-thirds majority in the Parliament as they involve constitutional amendments.[92]
After PAS's electoral rout in 2004, the party sought to broaden its policies beyond Islamism. Among other things, the party focused on calling for improved civil liberties and race relations. However, these policy shifts have proven controversial within the party; conservatives have considered them part of a dilution of PAS's commitment to an Islamic state.[93][94]
When PAS was defeated in Terengganu, enforcement of female dress codes was reduced. The state PAS government in Kelantan bans traditional Malay dance theatres, banned advertisements depicting women who are not fully clothed, and enforced the wearing of headscarves, although they allowed gender segregated cinemas and concerts. Some government-controlled bodies pressure non-Muslims to also wear headscarves, and all students of the International Islamic University of Malaysia and female officers in the Royal Malaysian Police are required to wear headscarves in public ceremonies.[95]
The PAS party wishes that the death penalty be enacted for Muslims who attempt to convert, as part of their ultimate desire to turn Malaysia into an Islamic state.[96] The party is also against the government-backed wave of Anti-Shi'a persecution.[97]
Ties and linkages with the Muslim Brotherhood
PAS has also maintained close personal and ideological ties with the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood.[1] The party's relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood dates back to the 1940s when PAS's founders were exposed to the ideas and teachings of the Muslim Brotherhood while they were studying in Cairo during the 1940s. According to Wan Saiful Wan Jan of the think tank Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs, the Muslim Brotherhood regards PAS as a model for a successful Muslim political party; since PAS has governed the state of Kelantan continually since 1990. PAS representatives are often invited to Muslim Brotherhood speaking engagements overseas. In 2012, PAS President Abdul Hadi Awang spoke alongside Muslim Brotherhood scholar Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi at a speaking event in London.[98] That same year, PAS representatives met with Muslim Brotherhood leaders Sheikh Mahdi Akif and Dr Muhammad Badie in Cairo.[2]
According to Müller, PAS's current generation of leaders, the Ulama Leadership (Kepimpinan Ulama) were also influenced by Muslim Brotherhood ideology while studying in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and India during the 1980s. Muslim Brotherhood–inspired Islamic education methods (tarbiyah) and regular study circles (usrah/halaqah) were systematically introduced while networks were established with Muslim political parties and movements abroad.
Controversies
This article's "criticism" or "controversy" section may compromise the article's neutrality. (January 2024) |
Militia Parade Incident
The Terengganu police have announced an investigation into a controversial parade organized by the local PAS Youth group, which took place on February 19, 2023. The police were initially informed about the march, but they were not aware that some supporters would be carrying replica weapons, causing concern among certain groups. DCP Datuk Rohaimi Md Isa, the police chief, has stated that preliminary investigations will be conducted to determine if any offenses were committed during the event, and appropriate action will be taken accordingly. Images circulating on social media showed members of Terengganu PAS Youth dressed in medieval Islamic war attire and wielding fake swords, spears, and shields. The parade was reportedly part of a two-day gathering called "Himpunan Pemuda Islam Terengganu" (Himpit), held at a resort in Setiu, Terengganu. Religious Affairs Minister Datuk Dr. Mohd Na’im Mokhtar criticized the parade, expressing that it presented an inappropriate image of Islam, emphasizing the importance of promoting peace and unity in society. He also called for authorities to investigate any potential legal violations. Social media photos also depicted a pickup truck carrying a large fake sword, with youths dressed in militant costumes standing on its cargo bed while it was in motion.[101][102]
Support for the Taliban
After the
The victory and ‘independence’ achieved this time is the result of the efforts of all Afghans in an effort to liberate their homeland which for 20 years has been colonised and invaded without mercy and humanity that almost destroyed Afghanistan.
— Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi, PAS international affairs and external relations committee chairman, Harakah
In August 2021, Khalil also added that the Taliban had also become more moderate, spuriously claiming that women's rights (including women's freedom of movement) and the opportunities for women in the workforce were preserved.[104] The unsubstantiated comments were widely condemned by numerous Malaysian social media users, and Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi's pro-Taliban posts on Facebook and Twitter were taken down in response.[105][106] In March 2022, numerous independent news reports indicated that women and girls in Afghanistan were deprived (by decrees from the Taliban) from their ability to work, study or move freely within the country.[107][108][109][110]
In October 2021, the leader of PAS's youth wing, Khairil Nizam Khirudin, proposed closer ties between PAS and the Taliban. He claimed that if China was able build ties with the Taliban, Malaysia should also do so.[111]
In August 2021, PAS president Abdul Hadi Awang alleged that
In February 2022, PAS president Abdul Hadi Awang spuriously alleged that various media were anti-Islam and slandered the Taliban, as according to him, the media were making unsubstantiated claims that the Taliban were denying girls and women the right to education.[121] However, in March 2022, numerous evident news reports indicated that the Taliban prevented girls from attending secondary schools throughout the educational system of Afghanistan, generating widespread condemnation amid a global outcry.[122][123][124][125][126]
Unconstitutional Kelantan Syariah Law amendment
Sisters in Islam had criticized PAS for
- attempting to convert out of Islam
- distortion of Islamic teachings
- disrespecting the month of Ramadan
- destroying houses of worship
- disobeying parents
- tattooing
- undergoing plastic surgery.
This has sparked another controversy where the punishments include a jail term of not more than three years and a fine of up to RM5,000 or six strokes of the cane, and that the punishment is categorized under ta'zir (crimes with discretionary punishments) and not under hudud (Islamic Penal Code).[127][128]
Flight attendant uniform criticism
PAS had sparked another controversy where several of its lawmakers criticizing flight stewardess uniform attire they claimed that it is "too revealing" and added that is if flight stewardess are allowed to wear a hijab. Following those two statement, Sisters in Islam (SIS) said the issue had taken priority over other concerns somehow and they claim that ministerial directives should not interfere with a company's policy which may subject extra rebranding and production costs unless there were issues of safety, health and security. National Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia vice secretary-general S Shashi Kumar also publicly states that this complaint is "nonsensical" where he said the baju kebaya has become a fashion statement in southeast Asia. He said "Royal Brunei Airlines, Singapore Airlines and Garuda Indonesia have adopted the baju kebaya as the uniform for their female flight attendants." Transport minister Anthony Loke had said that “We are aware that this is not a new policy and there is nothing new, but there are no plans to change the existing policies on the dressing of stewards and stewardesses. The image and outfit depend on the airline company.".He added that “The Ministry has no restriction if Muslim air stewardesses choose to wear attire that are Syariah compliant as long as it fulfills the criteria set by CAAM,." It looks like PAS leaders lack knowledge of the Malay heritage and criticising their own traditional attire, responded the Global Human Rights Federation.[129][130][131][132]
Timah whiskey
Following the fame of Malaysia's local liquor company, Timah whiskey after the winning of two silver medals in the Tasting Awards for the International Spirits Challenge 2020 (ISC) as well as the Annual San Francisco World Spirits Competition 2020 (SFWSC), PAS urged Ismail Sabri Yaakob's Cabinet for the company to be shut down stating that it "to prevent trigger the sensitivity of Muslims in the country" and "to avoid a precedent of new liquor companies emerging". PAS also states that they had to face numerous severe backlash. PAS Deputy President, Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man, said that "We have always been consistent in our stance against alcohol because it is clear that it is haram according to the Quran,".[133][134][135]
The request was denied by Ismail Sabri Yaakob's Cabinet where they had decided to rule against the decision. Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob state that the "cannot cause concern to the people in the context of race and religion". PAS Deputy President, Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man, states "For me, the ' people's anxiety ' can be considered as ' the confusion of the people, especially the Malay-Muslims ' ". Tuan Ibrahim was also reported by the media on October 19 as saying that the brand and logo of Timah whiskey "can be confusing" and asked for it to be reviewed.[136][137]
English language criticism
PAS president
Structure and membership
PAS's general assembly ("Muktamar") elects the party's president, Deputy President, three vice-presidents and a multi-member Central Working Committee. The assembly is held annually, but elections occur only once every two years. The assembly is composed mainly of delegates elected by individual local divisions of the party.[141] The day-to-day administration of the party is carried out by its Secretary-General, a position appointed by the party's leadership.[142] The Central Working Committee is ostensibly the party's principal decision-making body, although its decisions are susceptible to being overturned by the Syura Council, an unelected body composed only of Muslim clerics and led by the party's Spiritual Leader ("Musyidul 'Am").[143] The relationship between the different administrative bodies within the party occasionally causes conflict. In 2014, the Central Working Committee voted to support the nomination of Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, the President of the People's Justice Party, to be the Chief Minister of the Pakatan Rakyat government in Selangor. Abdul Hadi Awang, as PAS's president and with the backing of the Syura Council, overturned the decision and nominated different candidates.[144]
The party has three recognised sub-organisations for different categories of party members: an ulama wing (the "Dewan Ulama") for Muslim clerics, a women's wing (the "Dewan Muslimat") and a youth wing (the "Dewan Pemuda"). Each wing elects its own leadership at its own general assembly.[144] There is a fourth wing for non-Muslim supporters of the party, although it does not have the same recognised position in the party's structure as the other three wings.[141]
PAS has approximately one million members,[145] more than any other opposition party in Malaysia.[146] PAS members often distinguish themselves from UMNO members through cultural and religious practices. For Islamic headwear, males who support PAS tend to prefer the white, soft kopiah, while UMNO supporters tend to wear the traditional Malay songkok, a rigid black cap.[147] Some areas of Malaysia host rival mosques catering for the members and supporters of each party.[148]
Current office bearers (2023-2025)
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List of leaders
Presidents
Name | Term of position | Years in position |
---|---|---|
Ahmad Fuad Hassan | 1951–1953 | 2 years |
Abbas Alias | 1953–1956 | 3 years |
Burhanuddin al-Helmy | 1956–1969 | 13 years |
Asri Muda | 1969–1982 | 13 years |
Yusof Rawa | 1982–1989 | 7 years |
Fadzil Noor | 1989–2002 | 13 years |
Abdul Hadi Awang | 2002–present | 21 years |
Spiritual leaders
Name | Term of position | Years in position |
---|---|---|
Yusof Rawa | 1987–1994 | 7 years |
Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat | 1994–2015 | 21 years |
Haron Din | 2015–2016 | 1 year |
Hashim Jasin | 2016–present | 8 years |
Elected representatives
Dewan Negara (Senate)
Senators
- Kelantan:
- Nik Mohamad Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz
- Wan Martina
- Terengganu:
- Hussin Awang
- Hussin Ismail
- Kedah:
- Abd Nasir Idris
- Musoddak Ahmad
Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)
Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament
PAS has the highest number of members in Dewan Rakyat among political parties, with 43 members.
Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)
Malaysian State Assembly Representatives
PAS has 148 members of state legislative assemblies, more than any other parties. It has representatives in every assembly other than those of Malacca and Sarawak. The party holds a majority in the Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis State Legislative Assemblies.
State | No. | Parliamentary
Constituency |
No. | State Assembly Constituency | Member | Party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perlis | P01 | Padang Besar | N2 | Beseri | Haziq Asyraf Dun | PAS | |
N3 | Chuping | Saad Seman | PAS | ||||
N4 | Mata Ayer | Wan Badariah Wan Saad | PAS | ||||
N5 | Santan | Mohammad Azmir Azizan | PAS | ||||
P02 | Kangar | N6 | Bintong | Fakhrul Anwar Ismail | PAS | ||
N10 | Kayang | Asrul Aimran Abdul Jalil | PAS | ||||
P03 | Arau | N13 | Guar Sanji |
Mohd Ridzuan Hashim | PAS | ||
N14 | Simpang Empat | Razali Saad | PAS | ||||
N15 | Sanglang | Mohd Shukri Ramli | PAS | ||||
Kedah | P05 | Jerlun | N4 | Ayer Hitam |
Azhar Ibrahim | PAS | |
P06 | Kubang Pasu | N6 | Jitra | Haim Hilman Abdullah | PAS | ||
P07 | Padang Terap | N7 | Kuala Nerang | Mohamad Yusoff Zakaria | PAS | ||
N8 | Pedu |
Mohd Radzi Md Amin | PAS | ||||
P08 | Pokok Sena | N9 | Bukit Lada |
Salim Mahmood | PAS | ||
N10 | Bukit Pinang | Romaini Wan Salim | PAS | ||||
P09 | Alor Setar | N14 | Alor Mengkudu | Muhamad Radhi Mat Din | PAS | ||
P10 | Kuala Kedah | N15 | Anak Bukit | Rashidi Abdul Razak | PAS | ||
N17 | Pengkalan Kundor | Mardhiyyah Johari | PAS | ||||
P11 | Pendang | N18 | Tokai | Mohd.Hayati Othman | PAS | ||
P12 | Jerai | N20 | Sungai Limau | Mohd.Azam Abd.Samat | PAS | ||
N22 | Gurun | Baddrol Bakhtiar | PAS | ||||
P13 | Sik | N23 | Belantek | Ahmad Sulaiman | PAS | ||
N24 | Jeneri |
Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor | PAS | ||||
P14 | Merbok | N25 | Bukit Selambau | Azizan Hamzah | PAS | ||
N26 | Tanjong Dawai |
Hanif Ghazali | PAS | ||||
P15 | Sungai Petani | N27 | Pantai Merdeka | Sharir Long | PAS | ||
P16 | Baling | N31 | Kupang | Najmi Ahmad | PAS | ||
N32 | Kuala Ketil | Mansor Zakaria | PAS | ||||
P17 | Padang Serai | N33 | Merbau Pulas |
Siti Aishah Ghazali | PAS | ||
P18 | Kulim-Bandar Baharu | N36 | Bandar Baharu | Mohd Suffian Yusoff | PAS | ||
Kelantan | P19 | Tumpat | N1 | Pengkalan Kubor | Wan Roslan Wan Mamat | PAS | |
N2 | Kelaboran |
Mohd Adenan Hassan | PAS | ||||
N3 | Pasir Pekan |
Ahmad Yakob | PAS | ||||
N4 | Wakaf Bharu | Mohd Rusli Abdullah | PAS | ||||
P20 | Pengkalan Chepa | N5 | Kijang | Izani Husin | PAS | ||
N6 | Chempaka | Nik Asma' Bahrum Nik Abdullah | PAS | ||||
N7 | Panchor | Nik Mohd Amar Nik Abdullah | PAS | ||||
P21 | Kota Bharu | N8 | Tanjong Mas |
Rohani Ibrahim | PAS | ||
N10 | Bunut Payong |
Ramli Mamat | PAS | ||||
P22 | Pasir Mas | N11 | Tendong |
Rozi Muhamad | PAS | ||
N12 | Pengkalan Pasir | Mohd Nasriff Daud | PAS | ||||
N13 | Meranti | Mohd Nassruddin Daud | PAS | ||||
P23 | Rantau Panjang | N14 | Chetok |
Zuraidin Abdullah | PAS | ||
N15 | Gual Periok |
Kamaruzaman Mohamad | PAS | ||||
N16 | Apam Putra | Abdul Rasul Mohamed | PAS | ||||
P24 | Kubang Kerian | N17 | Salor |
Saizol Ismail | PAS | ||
N18 | Pasir Tumboh |
Abd Rahman Yunus | PAS | ||||
N19 | Demit |
Mohd Asri Mat Daud | PAS | ||||
P25 | Bachok | N20 | Tawang | Harun Ismail | PAS | ||
N21 | Pantai Irama | Mohd Huzaimy Che Husin | PAS | ||||
N22 | Jelawat | Zameri Mat Nawang | PAS | ||||
P26 | Ketereh | N23 | Melor | Wan Rohimi Wan Daud | PAS | ||
N24 | Kadok | Azami Mohd Nor | PAS | ||||
P27 | Tanah Merah | N26 | Bukit Panau |
Abd Fattah Mahmood | PAS | ||
N28 | Kemahang |
Md Anizam Ab Rahman | PAS | ||||
P28 | Pasir Puteh
|
N29 | Selising |
Tuan Mohd Sharipudin Tuan Ismail | PAS | ||
N30 | Limbongan | Nor Asilah Mohamed Zin | PAS | ||||
N31 | Semerak | Nor Sham Sulaiman | PAS | ||||
N32 | Gaal | Mohd Rodzi Ja’afar | PAS | ||||
P29 | Machang | N33 | Pulai Chondong |
Azhar Salleh | PAS | ||
N34 | Temangan |
Mohamed Fazli Hassan | PAS | ||||
N35 | Kemuning |
Ahmad Zakhran Mat Noor | PAS | ||||
P30 | Jeli | N38 | Kuala Balah | Abdul Hadi Awang Kechil | PAS | ||
P31 | Kuala Krai | N39 | Mengkebang |
Zubir Abu Bakar | PAS | ||
N40 | Guchil |
Hilmi Abdullah | PAS | ||||
N41 | Manek Urai | Mohd Fauzi Abdullah | PAS | ||||
N42 | Dabong | Ku Mohd Zaki Ku Hussien | PAS | ||||
Terengganu | P33 | Besut | N1 | Kuala Besut | Azbi Salleh | PAS | |
N2 | Kota Putera |
Mohd Nurkhuzaini Ab Rahman | PAS | ||||
N3 | Jertih | Riduan Md Nor | PAS | ||||
P34 | Setiu | N5 | Jabi |
Azman Ibrahim | PAS | ||
N7 | Langkap | Azmi Maarof | PAS | ||||
N8 | Batu Rakit | Mohd Shafizi Ismail | PAS | ||||
P35 | Kuala Nerus | N9 | Tepuh |
Hishamuddin Abdul Karim | PAS | ||
N10 | Buloh Gading |
Ridzuan Hashim | PAS | ||||
N12 | Bukit Tunggal |
Alias Razak | PAS | ||||
P36 | Kuala Terengganu | N13 | Wakaf Mempelam | Wan Sukairi Wan Abdullah | PAS | ||
N14 | Bandar | Ahmad Shah Muhamed | PAS | ||||
N15 | Ladang |
Zuraida Md Noor | PAS | ||||
N16 | Batu Buruk |
Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi | PAS | ||||
P37 | Marang | N17 | Alur Limbat |
Ariffin Deraman | PAS | ||
N18 | Bukit Payung |
Mohd Nor Hamzah | PAS | ||||
N19 | Ru Rendang |
Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar | PAS | ||||
N20 | Pengkalan Berangan |
Sulaiman Sulong | PAS | ||||
P38 | Hulu Terengganu | N22 | Manir | Hilmi Harun | PAS | ||
N23 | Kuala Berang | Mamad Puteh | PAS | ||||
N24 | Ajil | Maliaman Kassim | PAS | ||||
P39 | Dungun | N25 | Bukit Besi | Ghazali Sulaiman | PAS | ||
N26 | Rantau Abang | Mohd Fadhli Rahmi Zulkifli | PAS | ||||
N27 | Sura | Tengku Muhammad Fakhruddin | PAS | ||||
N28 | Paka | Satiful Bahri Mamat | PAS | ||||
P40 | Kemaman | N29 | Kemasik | Saiful Azmi Suhaili | PAS | ||
N31 | Cukai |
Hanafiah Mat | PAS | ||||
N32 | Air Putih | Mohd Hafiz Adam | PAS | ||||
Penang | P41 | Kepala Batas | N1 | Penaga |
Mohd Yusni Mat Piah | PAS | |
N3 | Pinang Tunggal | Bukhori Ghazali | PAS | ||||
P42 | Tasek Gelugor | N4 | Permatang Berangan | Mohd Sobri Salleh | PAS | ||
N5 | Sungai Dua | Muhammad Fauzi Yusoff | PAS | ||||
P44 | Permatang Pauh | N11 | Permatang Pasir | Amir Hamzah Abdul Hashim | PAS | ||
P47 | Nibong Tebal | N20 | Sungai Bakap | Nor Zamri Latiff | PAS | ||
P53 | Balik Pulau | N39 | Pulau Betong | Mohamad Shukor Zakariah | PAS | ||
Perak | P54 | Gerik | N1 | Pengkalan Hulu | Mohamad Amir Roslan | PAS | |
P55 | Lenggong | N3 | Kenering | Husaini Ariffin | PAS | ||
P56 | Larut | N5 | Selama | Mohd Akmal Kamaruddin | PAS | ||
N6 | Kubu Gajah | Khalil Yahaya | PAS | ||||
P57 | Parit Buntar | N8 | Titi Serong | Hakimi Hamzi Hayat | PAS | ||
P58 | Bagan Serai | N11 | Gunong Semaggol | Razman Zakaria | PAS | ||
N12 | Selinsing
|
Sallehuddin Abdullah | PAS | ||||
P59 | Bukit Gantang | N14 | Changkat Jering | Rahim Ismail | PAS | ||
N15 | Trong | Faisal Abdul Rahman | PAS | ||||
P60 | Taiping | N16 | Kamunting | Mohd Fakhruddin Abdul Aziz | PAS | ||
P61 | Padang Rengas | N20 | Lubok Merbau | Azizi Mohamed Ridzuan | PAS | ||
P63 | Tambun | N23 | Manjoi | Hafez Sabri | PAS | ||
P67 | Kuala Kangsar | N35 | Manong | Burhanuddin Ahmad | PAS | ||
P69 | Parit | N40 | Bota | Najihatussalehah Ahmad | PAS | ||
P73 | Pasir Salak | N50 | Kampong Gajah | Zafarulazaln Zan | PAS | ||
P74 | Lumut | N51 | Pasir Panjang | Rosli Abd Rahman | PAS | ||
P77 | Tanjong Malim | N58 | Slim | Muhammad Zulfadli Zainal | PAS | ||
Pahang | P79 | Lipis | N4 | Cheka | Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man | PAS | |
P81 | Jerantut | N9 | Tahan | Mohd Zakhwan Ahmad Badarddin | PAS | ||
N10 | Damak | Zuridan Mohd Daud | PAS | ||||
N11 | Pulau Tawar | Yohanis Ahmad | PAS | ||||
P82 | Indera Mahkota | N12 | Beserah | Andansura Rabu | PAS | ||
P83 | Kuantan | N15 | Tanjung Lumpur | Rosli Abdul Jabar | PAS | ||
P84 | Paya Besar | N17 | Sungai Lembing | Mohamad Ayub Asri | PAS | ||
N19 | Panching | Mohd Tarmizi Yahaya | PAS | ||||
P85 | Pekan | N20 | Pulau Manis | Mohd Rafiq Khan Ahmad Khan | PAS | ||
P86 | Maran | N24 | Luit | Mohd Soffian Abd Jalil | PAS | ||
N26 | Chenor | Mujibur Rahman Ishak | PAS | ||||
P87 | Jengka | N29 | Jengka | Shahril Azman Abd Halim | PAS | ||
P88 | Temerloh | N31 | Lanchang | Hassan Omar | PAS | ||
N32 | Kuala Semantan | Hassanudin Salim | PAS | ||||
P91 | Rompin | N40 | Bukit Ibam | Nazri Ahmad | PAS | ||
Selangor | P92 | Sabak Bernam | N2 | Sabak | Sallehen Mukhyi | PAS | |
P93 | Sungai Besar | N3 | Sungai Panjang | Mohd Razali Saari | PAS | ||
P94 | Hulu Selangor | N5 | Hulu Bernam | Mui'zzuddeen Mahyuddin | PAS | ||
P95 | Tanjong Karang | N8 | Sungai Burong | Mohd Zamri Mohd Zainuldin | PAS | ||
P96 | Kuala Selangor | N11 | Ijok | Jefri Mejan | PAS | ||
P101 | Hulu Langat | N24 | Semenyih | Nushi Mahfodz | PAS | ||
P102 | Bangi | N26 | Sungai Ramal | Mohd Shafie Ngah | PAS | ||
P107 | Sungai Buloh | N38 | Paya Jaras | Ab Halim Tamuri | PAS | ||
P109 | Kapar | N43 | Sementa | Noor Najhan Mohamad Salleh | PAS | ||
P112 | Kuala Langat | N51 | Sijangkang | Ahmad Yunus Hairi | PAS | ||
Negeri Sembilan | P127 | Jempol | N5 | Serting | Mohammad Fairuz Mohammad Isa | PAS | |
P131 | Rembau | N25 | Paroi | Kamarol Ridzwan Mohammad Zin | PAS | ||
P132 | Port Dickson | N31 | Bagan Pinang | Abdul Fatah Zakaria | PAS | ||
Johor | P146 | Muar | N15 | Maharani | Abdul Aziz Talib | PAS | |
Sabah | — | — | — | Nominated member | Aliakbar Gulasan | PAS | |
Total | Perlis (9), Kedah (21), Kelantan (37), Terengganu (27), Penang (7), Perak (17), Pahang (15), Selangor (10), Negeri Sembilan (3), Johor (1), Sabah (1) |
PAS state governments
PAS currently governs the states of Perlis, Kedah, Kelantan, and Terengganu.
Previously, when it was a component of Pakatan Rakyat, PAS was part of the Penang and Selangor state governments.
After 2020 Sheraton Move it witnessed change of state government, PAS itself teamed up with Barisan Nasional, to formed new state government PAS was part of the Perak, Pahang, Johor, and Sabah state governments.
- Kelantan (1959-1978, 1990–present)
- Terengganu (1959–1961, 1999–2004, 2018–present)
- Perlis (2022–present)
- Kedah (2008–2013, 2020–present)
- Perak (2008–2009, 2020–2022)
- Pahang (2020–2022)
- Johor (2020–2022)
- Sabah (2020–2022)
- Penang (2008–2015)
- Selangor (2008–2018)
State | Leader type | Member | State Constituency |
---|---|---|---|
Perlis | Menteri Besar | Mohd Shukri Ramli | Sanglang |
Kedah | Menteri Besar | Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor | Jeneri
|
Kelantan | Menteri Besar | Mohd Nassuruddin Daud | Meranti |
Terengganu | Menteri Besar | Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar | Rhu Rendang
|
General election results
Election | Total seats won | Seats contested | Total votes | Share of votes | Outcome of election | Election leader |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1955 | 1 / 52
|
52 | 40,667 | 3.9% | 1 seats; Opposition | Abbas Alias |
1959 | 13 / 104
|
52 | 329,070 | 21.3% | 12 seats; Opposition | Burhanuddin al-Helmy |
1964 | 9 / 159
|
59 | 301,187 | 14.6% | 4 seats; Opposition | |
1969 | 12 / 144
|
39 | 495,641 | 20.9% | 3 seats; Opposition, later Governing coalition (Alliance) | |
1974 | 13 / 154
|
29 | 148,386 | 7.0% | 1 seats; Governing coalition (Barisan Nasional) |
Asri Muda |
1978 | 5 / 154
|
60 | 537,720 | 15.5% | 8 seats; Opposition (Harakah Keadilan Rakyat) | |
1982 | 5 / 154
|
60 | 602,530 | 14.5% | ; Opposition (Harakah Keadilan Rakyat) | |
1986 | 1 / 177
|
70 | 718,891 | 15.6% | 4 seats; Opposition (Harakah Keadilan Rakyat) |
Yusof Rawa |
1990 | 7 / 180
|
79 | 391,813 | 7.0% | 6 seats; Opposition coalition (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah) |
Fadzil Noor |
1995 | 7 / 192
|
79 | 430,098 | 3.3% | ; Opposition coalition (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah) | |
1999 | 27 / 193
|
59 | 994,279 | 14.99% | 20 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif) | |
2004 | 7 / 219
|
65 | 1,051,480 | 15.2% | 20 seats; Opposition coalition (Barisan Alternatif) |
Abdul Hadi Awang |
2008 | 23 / 222
|
70 | 1,140,676 | 14.05% | 16 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat) | |
2013 | 21 / 222
|
70 | 1,633,199 | 14.77% | 2 seats; Opposition coalition (Pakatan Rakyat) | |
2018 | 18 / 222
|
155 | 2,032,080 | 17.89% | 3 seats; Opposition coalition (Gagasan Sejahtera), later Governing coalition (Perikatan Nasional) | |
2022 | 43 / 222 (with BERSATU)
|
61 | 2,259,353 | 14.56% | 25 seats; Opposition coalition (Perikatan Nasional) |
State election results
State election | State Legislative Assembly | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perlis | Kedah | Kelantan | Terengganu | Penang | Perak | Pahang | Selangor | Negeri Sembilan | Malacca | Johor | Sabah | Sarawak | Total won / Total contested | |
1959 | 0 / 12 |
0 / 24 |
28 / 30 |
13 / 24 |
0 / 24 |
1 / 40 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 28 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 20 |
0 / 32 |
42 / 200
| ||
1964 | 1 / 12 |
0 / 24 |
21 / 30 |
3 / 24 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 40 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 28 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 20 |
0 / 32 |
25 / 158
| ||
1969 | 1 / 12 |
8 / 24 |
19 / 30 |
11 / 24 |
0 / 24 |
1 / 40 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 28 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 20 |
0 / 32 |
0 / 48 |
40 / 185
| |
1974 | 2 / 12 |
5 / 26 |
22 / 36 |
10 / 28 |
1 / 27 |
3 / 42 |
1 / 32 |
1 / 33 |
0 / 24 |
1 / 20 |
0 / 32 |
0 / 48 |
||
1978 | 0 / 12 |
7 / 26 |
2 / 36 |
0 / 28 |
1 / 27 |
1 / 42 |
0 / 32 |
0 / 33 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 20 |
0 / 32 |
11 / 204
| ||
1982 | 1 / 12 |
2 / 26 |
10 / 36 |
5 / 28 |
0 / 27 |
0 / 42 |
0 / 32 |
0 / 33 |
0 / 24 |
0 / 20 |
0 / 32 |
18 / 223
| ||
1986 | 0 / 14 |
3 / 28 |
10 / 39 |
2 / 32 |
0 / 33 |
0 / 46 |
0 / 33 |
0 / 42 |
0 / 28 |
0 / 20 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 48 |
15 / 265
| |
1987 | ||||||||||||||
1990 | 0 / 14 |
1 / 28 |
24 / 39 |
8 / 32 |
0 / 33 |
0 / 46 |
0 / 33 |
0 / 42 |
0 / 28 |
0 / 20 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 48 |
33 / 114
| |
1994 | 0 / 48 |
0 / 3
| ||||||||||||
1995 | 0 / 15 |
2 / 36 |
24 / 43 |
7 / 32 |
0 / 33 |
0 / 52 |
0 / 38 |
0 / 48 |
0 / 32 |
0 / 25 |
0 / 40 |
33 / 177
| ||
1999 | 3 / 15 |
12 / 36 |
41 / 43 |
28 / 32 |
1 / 33 |
3 / 52 |
6 / 38 |
4 / 48 |
0 / 32 |
0 / 25 |
0 / 40 |
0 / 48 |
98 / 234
| |
2001 | 0 / 62 |
0 / 3
| ||||||||||||
2004 | 1 / 15 |
5 / 36 |
24 / 45 |
4 / 32 |
1 / 40 |
0 / 59 |
0 / 42 |
0 / 56 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 28 |
1 / 56 |
0 / 60 |
36 / 265
| |
2006 | 0 / 71 |
0 / 1
| ||||||||||||
2008 | 1 / 15 |
16 / 36 |
38 / 45 |
8 / 32 |
1 / 40 |
6 / 59 |
2 / 42 |
8 / 56 |
1 / 36 |
0 / 28 |
2 / 56 |
0 / 60 |
83 / 232
| |
2011 | 0 / 71 |
0 / 5
| ||||||||||||
2013 | 1 / 15 |
9 / 36 |
32 / 45 |
14 / 32 |
1 / 40 |
5 / 59 |
3 / 42 |
15 / 56 |
0 / 36 |
1 / 28 |
4 / 56 |
0 / 60 |
85 / 236
| |
2016 | 0 / 82 |
0 / 11
| ||||||||||||
2018 | 2 / 15 |
15 / 36 |
37 / 45 |
22 / 32 |
1 / 40 |
3 / 59 |
8 / 42 |
1 / 56 |
0 / 36 |
0 / 28 |
1 / 56 |
0 / 60 |
90 / 236
| |
2021 | 0 / 28 |
0 / 8
| ||||||||||||
2021 | 0 / 82 |
0 / 1
| ||||||||||||
2022 | 1 / 56
|
1 / 15
| ||||||||||||
2022 | 9 / 15
|
17 / 59
|
15 / 42
|
41 / 56
| ||||||||||
2023 | 21 / 36 |
37 / 45 |
27 / 32 |
7 / 40 |
10 / 56 |
3 / 36 |
105 / 127
|
See also
References
Footnotes
- ^ a b c Müller 2014, p. 2.
- ^ a b c "PAS tegaskan pendirian bersama Ikhwanul Muslimin" (in Malay). PAS President. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 4 April 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ "Perlembagaan PAS – #MalaysiaSejahtera". Retrieved 23 November 2022.
- ^ Funston 1976, pp. 64–66
- ^ Funston 1976, p. 67
- ^ Funston 1976, pp. 69–70
- ^ Liow 2009, p. 25.
- ISBN 9789672464716.
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 36–43
- ^ Funston 1976, p. 72
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 44–46
- ^ Funston 1976, p. 73
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 47–56
- ^ Liow 2009, p. 27
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 56–59
- ^ Farish 2014, p. 60
- ^ Farish 2014, p. 62
- ^ Farish 2014, p. 63
- ^ a b c d Chin Tong 2007
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 67–70
- ^ Farish 2014, p. 78
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 82–84
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 88–89
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 92–94
- ^ Sundaram & Ahmad 1988, p. 850
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 95–106
- ^ Sundaram & Ahmad 1988, p. 852
- ^ Samsul Adabi Mamat (28 June 2015). "Nasib Parti-parti Serpihan". Utusan Malaysia (in Malay). Archived from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 107–110
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 121–123
- ^ Hooker & Norani 2003, p. 195
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 129–132
- ^ Liow 2009, pp. 37–39
- ^ Liow 2009, p. 41
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 140–141
- ^ Farish 2014, p. 154
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 143–144
- ^ Stark 2004
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 153–154
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 155–159
- ^ Function 2006, pp. 139–144
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 176–177
- ^ Farish 2014, p. 178
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 187–188
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 188–192
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 199–200
- ^ Müller 2014, p. 69.
- ^ Farish 2014, pp. 215–216
- ^ "PAS loses Kedah & some support in Kelantan". Bernama. 6 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
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Cited texts
- Daniels, Timothy P. (2005). Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia: Identity, Representation, and Citizenship. Psychology Press. ISBN 0415949718.
- ISBN 978-1400838554.
- ISBN 9789089645760.
- Function, John (2006). "The Malay Electorate in 2004: Reversing the Result". In Swee-Hock, Saw; Kesavapany, K. (eds.). Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 132–156. ISBN 9812303391.
- Funston, N. J. (1976). "The Origins of Parti Islam Se Malaysia". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 7 (1): 58–73. S2CID 155087515.
- Hooker, Virginia; Norani Othman (2003). Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics. ISEAS series on Islam. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9812301615.
- ISSN 0377-5437.
- Liow, Joseph Chinyong (2009). Piety and Politics: Islamism in Contemporary Malaysia. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195377088.
- Müller, Dominik M. (2014). Islam, Politics and Youth in Malaysia: The Pop-Islamist Reinvention of PAS. Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317912989.
- Riddell, Peter G. (2005). "Islamization and Partial Shari'a in Malaysia". In Marshall, Paul (ed.). Radical Islam's Rules: The Worldwide Spread of Extreme Shari'a Law. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 135–160. ISBN 1461686903.
- Stark, Jan (2004). "Constructing an Islamic Model in Two Malaysian States: PAS Rule in Kelantan and Terengganu". Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia. 19 (1). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: 51–75. S2CID 145124619.
- Sundaram, Jomo Kwame; .
External links
Media related to Malaysian Islamic Party at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- Harakahdaily (PAS party newspaper in Malay)
- Harakahdaily (PAS party newspaper in English)