Malpighiales

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Malpighiales
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous - recent
Flower of Calophyllum inophyllum (Calophyllaceae)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Clade:
Fabids
Order: Malpighiales
Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl[1]
Type genus
Malpighia
Families
Synonyms

Rhizophorales

Aspidopterys cordata (Malpighiaceae)

The Malpighiales comprise one of the largest

Mya) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya.[4]

The Malpighiales are divided into 32 to 42

genera.[6]

In a 2009

phylogeny remains mostly unresolved.[7]

Some examples of notable species include

manchineel tree, one of the most toxic trees in the world; poplars, aspens, and cottonwoods
which are commonly used for timber—and many more.

Affinities

Malpighiales is a member of a

Huales, separating the family Huaceae into its own order, separate from Oxalidales.[9]

Some recent studies have placed Malpighiales as sister to Oxalidales

sensu lato (including Huaceae),[5][10] while others have found a different topology for the COM clade.[4][8][11]

The COM clade is part of an

Fabidae (rosid I).[12][13] These in turn are part of a group that has long been recognized, namely, the rosids.[3]

History

The French botanist Charles Plumier named the genus Malpighia in honor of Marcello Malpighi's work on plants; Malpighia is the type genus for the Malpighiaceae, a family of tropical and subtropical flowering plants.

The family Malpighiaceae was the

taxonomists, these authors did not use the suffix "ales" in naming their orders. The name "Malpighiales" is attributed by some to Carl von Martius.[3] In the 20th century, it was usually associated with John Hutchinson, who used it in all three editions of his book, The Families of Flowering Plants.[16]
The name was not used by those who wrote later, in the 1970s, '80s, and '90s.

The taxon was largely presaged by

Hans Hallier in 1912 in an article in the Archiv. Néerl. Sci. Exact. Nat. titled "L'Origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes", in which his Passionales and Polygalinae were derived from Linaceae (in Guttales), with Passionales containing seven (of eight) families that also appear in the current Malpighiales, namely Passifloraceae, Salicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Achariaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Malesherbiaceae, and Turneraceae, and Polygalinae containing four (of 10) families that also appear in the current Malpighiales, namely Malpighiaceae, Violaceae, Dichapetalaceae, and Trigoniaceae.[17]

The

plant classification. To make a clear break with classification systems being used at that time, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group resurrected Hutchinson's name, though his concept of Malpighiales included much of what is now in Celastrales and Oxalidales.[19]

Circumscription

Malpighiales is

molecular phylogenetic studies, it receives strong statistical support.[2] Since the APG II system was published in 2003, minor changes to the circumscription of the order have been made. The family Peridiscaceae has been expanded from two genera to three, and then to four, and transferred to Saxifragales.[5][20]

The genera Cyrillopsis (Ixonanthaceae), Centroplacus (Centroplacaceae), Bhesa (Centroplacaceae), Aneulophus (Erythroxylaceae), Ploiarium (Bonnetiaceae), Trichostephanus (Samydaceae), Sapria (Rafflesiaceae), Rhizanthes (Rafflesiaceae), and Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) had been either added or confirmed as members of Malpighiales by the end of 2009.[5]

Some family delimitations have changed, as well, most notably, the

Scyphostegiaceae may be recognized as families or included in a large version of Salicaceae.[21]

The group is difficult to characterize phenotypically, due to sheer morphological diversity, ranging from tropical holoparasites with giant flowers and temperate trees and herbs with tiny, simple flowers.[2] Members often have dentate leaves, with the teeth having a single vein running into a congested and often deciduous apex (i.e., violoid, salicoid, or theoid).[22] Also, zeylanol has recently been discovered in Balanops and Dichapetalum [23] which are in the balanops clade (so-called Chrysobalanaceae s. l.). The so-called parietal suborder (the clusioid clade and Ochnaceae s. l. were also part of Parietales) corresponds with the traditional Violales as 8 (Achariaceae, Violaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Lacistemataceae, Scyphostegiaceae, Turneraceae, Malesherbiaceae, and Passifloraceae) of the order's 10 families along with Salicaceae, which have usually been assigned as a related order or suborder,[24] are in this most derived malpighian suborder, so that eight of the 10 families of this suborder are Violales. The family Flacourtiaceae has proven to be polyphyletic as the cyanogenic members have been placed in Achariaceae and the ones with salicoid teeth were transferred to Salicaceae.[22] Scyphostegiaceae, consisting of the single genus Scyphostegia has been merged into Salicaceae.[25]

Phylogeny

2009

The phylogeny of Malpighiales is, at its deepest level, an unresolved polytomy of 16 clades.[2] It has been estimated that complete resolution of the phylogeny will require at least 25000 base pairs of DNA sequence data per taxon.[26] A similar situation exists with Lamiales and it has been analyzed in some detail.[27] The phylogenetic tree shown below is from Wurdack and Davis (2009). The statistical support for each branch is 100% bootstrap percentage and 100% posterior probability, except where labeled, with bootstrap percentage followed by posterior probability.

Malpighiales
98/100

Putranjivaceae

Lophopyxidaceae

Irvingiaceae

84/100

Centroplacaceae

Caryocaraceae

Pandaceae

Ixonanthaceae

Humiriaceae

Linaceae

84/100

Ctenolophonaceae

Rhizophoraceae 
s.l.
  
99/100

Balanopaceae

Chrysobalanaceae s.l.  
Ochnaceae s.l.  

Ochnaceae

Medusagynaceae

Quiinaceae

clusioids  
phyllanthoids  

Peraceae

 90/90 
parietal clade  

Achariaceae

 76/98 

Goupiaceae

 82/100 

Violaceae

Passifloraceae s.l.  

Malesherbiaceae

Lacistemataceae

Salicaceae s.l.  

Samydaceae

Scyphostegiaceae

Salicaceae

2012

In 2012, Xi et al. managed to obtain a more resolved phylogenetic tree than previous studies through the use of data from a large number of genes. They included analyses of 82 plastid genes from 58 species (they ignored the problematic

a posteriori by applying a Bayesian mixture model. Xi et al. identified 12 additional clades and three major, basal clades.[28][29]

Oxalidales (outgroup)

Malpighiales
euphorbioids
parietal clade
salicoids

Violaceae

Goupiaceae

Achariaceae

Humiriaceae

chrysobalanoids

Balanopaceae

malpighioids

Caryocaraceae

putranjivoids

Putranjivaceae

Lophopyxidaceae

Changes made in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) classification of 2016 (APG IV) were the inclusion of Irvingiaceae, Peraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Ixonanthaceae, together with the transfer of the COM clade from the fabids (rosid I) to the malvids (rosid II).[12]

Gallery of type genera

For
etymologies, see List of plant family names with etymologies
.

"Litoh family" is a

Lophopyxidaceae.[30]

References

  1. ^
    hdl:10654/18083
    .
  2. ^ a b c d e Endress et al 2013.
  3. ^ a b c Stevens 2020.
  4. ^
    PMID 21628193
  5. ^
    S2CID 23284896
  6. ^ Alan Radcliffe-Smith. 2001. Genera Euphorbiacearum. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: Richmond, England.
  7. ISBN 978-0-87893-817-9
  8. ^
    PMID 19223592
  9. ^ Alexander B. Doweld. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta). Geos: Moscow, Russia.
  10. S2CID 86095495
  11. PMID 19292928
  12. ^ a b APG IV 2016.
  13. JSTOR 25065865, archived from the original
    (PDF) on 11 July 2021, retrieved 11 September 2009
  14. ^ Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (1789), Genera Plantarum, Paris: Herrisant and Barrois, p. 252
  15. ^ James L. Reveal (2008), "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants", Home page of James L Reveal and C. Rose Broome, archived from the original on 20 January 2016, retrieved 11 September 2009
  16. ^ John Hutchinson The Families of Flowering Plants 3rd edition. 1973. Oxford University Press.
  17. ^ Lawrence, George. 1960. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants, p. 132. Macmillan, New York
  18. ^ Mark W. Chase et alii (42 authors). 1993. "Phylogenetics of seed plants: An analysis of nucleotide sequences from the plastid gene rbcL". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 80(3):528-580.
  19. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x[dead link
    ]
  20. ^ Soltis, Douglas E.; Clayton, Joshua W.; Davis, Charles C.; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Cheek, Martin; Savolainen, Vincent; Amorim, André M.; Soltis, Pamela S. (2007). "Monophyly and relationships of the enigmatic family Peridiscaceae". Taxon. 56 (1): 65–73.
  21. ^ Mac H. Alford. 2007. "Samydaceae Archived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine". Version 6 February 2007". In: The Tree of Life Web Project.
  22. ^
    PMID 21652313
    .
  23. ^ Darbah, V. F.; Oppong, E. K.; Eminah, J. K. (2012). "Chemical investigation of the stem bark of Dichapetalum magascariennse Poir". International Journal of Applied Chemistry. 8 (3): 199–207.
  24. ^ Brummitt, 1992. Vascular Plant Families and Genera. Kew.
  25. ^ Christenhusz et al 2017.
  26. PMID 18275001
  27. PMID 16195214
    .
  28. ^ Catalogue of Organisms: Malpighiales: A Glorious Mess of Flowering Plants
  29. PMID 23045684
    .
  30. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0
    .

Bibliography

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Malpighiales.
Wikispecies has information related to Malpighiales.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malpighiales&oldid=1217838858"