Mammal classification

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Monotremata

molecular phylogenetics
.

George Gaylord Simpson's classic "Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals" (Simpson, 1945) taxonomy text laid out a systematics of mammal origins and relationships that was universally taught until the end of the 20th century.

Since Simpson's 1945

paleontological record has been recalibrated, and the intervening years have seen much debate and progress concerning the theoretical underpinnings of systematization itself, partly through the new concept of cladistics. Though field work gradually made Simpson's classification outdated, it remained the closest thing to an official classification of mammals. See List of placental mammals and List of monotremes and marsupials
for more detailed information on mammal genera and species.

Molecular classification of placentals

Molecular studies by

Boreotheria. which diverged from early common ancestors in the Cretaceous.[3]

The relationships between these three lineages are contentious, and all three have been proposed as basal in different hypotheses.[3][4][5]

The following taxonomy only includes living placentals (infraclass Eutheria):[citation needed]

Atlantogenata

Afrotheria

Xenarthra

  • Order Cingulata[9]
    • Family Chlamyphoridae: (14 species), armadillos (Neotropical)
    • Family Dasypodidae: (7 species), long-nosed armadillos (Neotropical and Nearctic)
  • Order Pilosa (=Dasypoda)[9]
    • Suborder
      Vermilingua
      (anteaters)
    • Suborder
      Folivora
      (sloths)
      • Family
        Choloepodidae
        : (2 species), two-toed sloths (Neotropical)
      • Family
        Bradypodidae
        : (4 species), three-toed sloths (Neotropical)

Boreoeutheria

Euarchontoglires

Masoala fork-marked lemur (Cheirogaleus) Phaner furcifer
  • Superorder Euarchonta
    • Order
      Scandentia
      • Family
        Ptilocercidae
        (1 species), pen-tailed treeshrews (Southeast Asia)
      • Family Tupaiidae: (19 species), treeshrews (Southeast Asia)
    • Mirorder Primatomorpha
      • Order
        Dermoptera
        • Family
          Cynocephalidae
          : (2 species), flying lemurs or colugos (Southeast Asia)
      • Order
        Aye aye
        (Daubentonid)
        • Family Cheirogaleidae: (32 species), dwarf lemurs (Madagascar)
        • Family Lemuridae: (22 species), lemurs (Madagascar)
        • Family
          Lepilemuridae
          : (26 species), sportive lemurs (Madagascar)
        • Family Indriidae: (19 species), indri and sifakas (Madagascar)
        • Family
          Daubentoniidae
          : (1 species), aye-aye (Madagascar area)
        • Family Lorisidae: (9 species), lorises and potto (Africa and Southeast Asia)
        • Family
          Galagidae: (19 species), galagos (Africa)
          Capuchin monkey
          (Cebid)
        • Family
          Tarsiidae
          : (9 species), tarsiers (Southeast Asia)
        • Family Callitrichidae: (41 species), marmosets and tamarins (South America)
        • Family Cebidae: (14 species), New World monkeys (South America)
        • Family
          Cercopithecidae
          : (137 species), Old World monkeys (Africa and Eurasia)
        • Family
          Hylobatidae
          : (14 species), gibbons (Southeast Asia)
        • Family Hominidae: (8 species), great apes (worldwide)
  • Superorder Glires
    • Order Lagomorpha: pikas, rabbits, hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas)
      Arctic hare (Leporid)
      • Family Leporidae: (60 species), rabbits and hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas)
      • Family
        Ochotonidae
        : (30 species), pikas (Holarctic)
    • Order Rodentia: rodents (cosmopolitan)
      • Suborder Castorimorpha
        • Family Castoridae: (2 species) beavers (Holarctic)
        • Family
          Geomyidae
          : (about 35 species) pocket gophers (North America)
        • Family Heteromyidae: (about 59 species) kangaroo rats and kangaroo mice (North America)
      • Suborder Myomorpha
        • Family
          Dipodidae
          : (33 species) jerboas (Africa, Eurasia, North America)
        • Family Zapodidae: (11 species) jumping mice (North America, Asia)
        • Family
          Sicistidae
          : (19 species) birch mice (Eurasia)
        • Family Platacanthomyidae: (3 species) spiny dormouse (Southeast Asia)
        • Family Spalacidae: (37 species) zokors, root rats, blind mole rats (Africa, Eurasia)
        • Family
          Calomyscidae
          : (8 species) mouse-like hamsters (Asia)
        • Family Nesomyidae: (68 species) old endemic African muroids (Africa, Madagascar)
        • Family Cricetidae: (about 580 species) hamsters, voles, and New World rats and mice (Holarctic, South America)
        • Family Muridae: (about 1,383 species) Old World rats and mice and gerbils (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)
      • Suborder Anomaluromorpha
        • Family
          Anomaluridae
          : (6 species) scaly-tailed flying squirrels (Africa)
        • Family Pedetidae: (2 species) springhares or springhaas (Africa)
      • Suborder Hystricomorpha
        • Family
          Ctenodactylidae
          : (5 species) gundis (Africa, Asia)
        • Family Diatomyidae: (1 species) Laotian rock rat (Southeast Asia)
        • Family
          Hystricidae
          : (11 Species) Old World porcupines (Africa, Asia)
        • Family
          Bathyergidae
          : (about 21 species) African mole-rats (Africa)
        • Family Petromuridae: (1 species) rock dassies (Africa)
        • Family Thryonomyidae: (2 species) cane rats (Africa)
        • Family
          Erethizontidae
          : (19 species) New World porcupines (New World)
        • Family Chinchillidae: (3 species) chinchillas and viscachas (South America)
        • Family Dinomyidae: (1 species) pacarana (South America)
        • Family Caviidae: (18 species) cavies and capybara (South America)
        • Family Dasyproctidae: (13 species) agoutis and acouchis (South America)
        • Family
          Cuniculidae
          : (about 3 species) paca (South America)
        • Family
          Ctenomyidae
          : (about 60 species) tuco-tucos (South America)
        • Family Octodontidae: (14 species) degus (South America)
        • Family
          Abrocomidae
          : (9 species) chinchilla-rats (South America)
        • Family Echimyidae: spiny rats (South America)
        • Family
          Capromyidae
          : (10 species) hutias (South America)
        • Family Heptaxodontidae: giant Hutias (recently extinct)
        • Family
          Myocastoridae
          : (57 species) nutrias (South America)
      • Suborder Sciuromorpha
        Mountain beaver (Aplodont)
        • Family Aplodontiidae: (1 species) mountain beaver (western North America)
        • Family
          Sciuridae
          : (about 285 species) squirrels, chipmunks, and marmots (cosmopolitan except Australia)
        • Family
          Gliridae
          : (29 species) dormice (Africa, Eurasia)

Laurasiatheria

  • Order Eulipotyphla
    • Family
      Solenodontidae
      : (2 species) solenodons (Cuba, Hispaniola)
    • Family
      Nesophontidae
      : nesophontes (West Indies shrews) (recently extinct)
    • Family
      Soricidae
      : (385 species) shrews (Eurasia, Africa, North America to northern South America)
    • Family Talpidae: (59 species) moles, shrew-moles, desmans (Eurasia, North America)
    • Family Erinaceidae: (26 species) hedgehogs, gymnures (Eurasia, Africa)
    • Family
      Galericidae
      : (8 species) moonrats (southeast Asia)
  • Grandorder
    Chiroptera
    • Order
      Chiroptera
      : bats
      • Suborder Yinpterochiroptera
        • Family
          Pteropodidae
          : (about 197 species) flying foxes (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)
        • Family Hipposideridae: (84 species) trident bats, leaf-nosed bats
        • Family
          Rhinolophidae
          : (106 species) horseshoe bats (Old World)
        • Family
          Rhinopomatidae
          : (6 species) mouse-tailed bats (Africa, Southeast Asia)
        • Family
          Craseonycteridae
          : (1 species) Kitti's hog-nosed bat (Thailand)
        • Family Megadermatidae: (6 species) false vampire bats (Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia)
      • Suborder Yangochiroptera
        • Family Emballonuridae: (54 species) sac-winged bats (southern continents)
        • Family
          Nycteridae
          : (about 15 species) slit-faced bats (Africa, Southeast Asia)
        • Family Mystacinidae: (about 2 species) short-tailed bats (New Zealand)
        • Family
          Thyropteridae
          : (5 species) sucker-footed bats (South America)
        • Family Furipteridae: (2 species) smoky bats (South America)
        • Family
          Noctilionidae
          : (2 species) fishing bats (South America)
        • Family Mormoopidae: (about 11 species) leaf-chinned bats (South America)
        • Family
          Phyllostomidae
          : (192 species) leaf-nosed bats (South America)
        • Family
          Myzopodidae
          : (2 species) sucker-footed bats (Madagascar)
        • Family Natalidae: (10 species) funnel-eared bats (South America)
        • Family
          Molossidae
          : (about 110 species) free-tailed bats (cosmopolitan)
        • Family
          Miniopteridae
          : (about 40 species) long-fingered bats (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)
        • Family
          Cistugidae
          : (2 species) wing-gland bats (Southern Africa)
        • Family Vespertilionidae: (over 300 species) vesper bats (cosmopolitan)
  • Grandorder Ferae
    • Order
      Pholidota
      • Family Manidae: (about 8 species) pangolins, scaly anteaters (Africa, South Asia)
    • Order Carnivora: carnivorans (cosmopolitan)
      • Suborder Feliformia
        • Family
          Nandiniidae
          : (4 species) African palm civet (Central Africa)
        • Family
          Prionodontidae
          : (2 species) Asiatic linsangs (Southeast Asia)
        • Family Felidae: (41 species) cats (cosmopolitan except Australia)
        • Family Viverridae: (33 species) civets, Asiatic palm civets (Africa, Southern Europe, Southeast Asia)
        • Family
          Herpestidae
          : (34 species) mongooses (Africa, Asia, Southern Europe)
        • Family Eupleridae: (10 species) Malagasy carnivorans (Madagascar)
        • Family
          Hyaenidae
          : (4 species) hyaenas, aardwolf (Africa)
      • Suborder Caniformia
        • Family Canidae: (38 species) dogs (cosmopolitan)
        • Family
          Ursidae
          : (8 species) bears (Europe, Asia, New World)
        • Family
          Otariidae
          : (15 species) eared seals (cosmopolitan except North Atlantic)
        • Family Odobenidae: (1 species) walrus (Northern North American, Northern Europe, Northern Asia)
        • Family
          Phocidae
          : (18 species) true seals (cosmopolitan)
        • Family Ailuridae: (1 species) red panda (South-Central Asia)
        • Family Mephitidae: (12 species) skunks (Southeast Asia, New World)
        • Family Mustelidae: (about 69 species) weasels and relatives (cosmopolitan except Australia)
        • Family Procyonidae: (14 species) ringtails, olingos, kinkajou, raccoons, coatis (New World)
  • Grandorder
    Euungulata
    • Order Perissodactyla: odd-toed ungulates
      • Family Equidae: (13 species) horses, zebras, donkeys (Africa, West and Central Asia)
      • Family
        Tapiridae
        : (3 species) tapirs (Central and South America, Southeast Asia)
      • Family
        Rhinocerotidae
        : (5 species) rhinoceroses (Africa, Southeast Asia)
    • Order
      Artiodactyla: even-toed ungulates (now includes Cetaceans
      )
      • Suborder
        Suiformes
        • Family Suidae: (18 species) pigs (Africa, Eurasia)
          Pig and piglet
        • Family
          Tayassuidae
          : (about 3 species) peccaries (New World)
      • Suborder Tylopoda
        • Family Camelidae: (7 species) camels (South America, Asia)
      • Suborder
        Ruminantia
        • Family
          Tragulidae
          : (10 species) mouse-deer (Africa, Asia)
        • Family Antilocapridae: (1 species) pronghorn (North America)
        • Family Giraffidae: (2-9 species) giraffe and okapi (Africa)
          Giraffe
        • Family
          Cervidae
          : (26 species) deer (Holarctic, South America)
        • Family Moschidae: (7 species) musk deer (Asia)
          Muntjac deer
        • Family Bovidae: (143 species) cattle, antelope, sheep, etc. (Africa, Holarctic)
          Pair of Icelandic Sheep
      • Suborder Whippomorpha
        • Family Hippopotamidae: (2 species) hippos (Africa)
        • Infraorder Cetacea
          • Parvorder
            Mysticeti
            • Family
              Balaenopteridae
              : (10 species) rorquals and grey whales (cosmopolitan)
            • Family Balaenidae: (4 species) right and bowhead whales (polar and temperate waters)
            • Family Eschrichtiidae: (1 species) gray whale (North Pacific and North Atlantic)
            • Family Neobalaenidae: (1 species) pygmy right whales (southern hemisphere)
          • Parvorder
            Odontoceti
            • Family
              Delphinidae
              : (about 37 species) dolphins (cosmopolitan)
            • Family Monodontidae: (2 species) beluga and narwhal (Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific)
            • Family
              Phocoenidae
              : (8 species) porpoises (cosmopolitan)
            • Family
              Physeteridae
              : (3 species) sperm whales (cosmopolitan)
            • Family Kogiidae: (2 species) dwarf sperm whales (cosmopolitan)
            • Family Platanistidae: (2 species) South Asian river dolphin (Southern Asia)
            • Family Iniidae: (1-4 species) Amazon River dolphin (South America)
            • Family Pontoporiidae: (1 species) La Plata River dolphin (South America)
            • Family Lipotidae: baiji
            • Family
              Ziphiidae
              : (24 species) beaked whales (cosmopolitan)

Standardized textbook classification

A somewhat standardized classification system has been adopted by most current mammalogy classroom textbooks. The following taxonomy of extant and recently extinct mammals is taken from the 6th edition of Vaughan's Mammalogy.[1] This approach emphasizes an initial split between egg-laying prototherians and live-bearing therians. The therians are further divided into the marsupial Metatheria and the "placental" Eutheria. No attempt is made in this classification to further distinguish among the orders within these subclasses and infraclasses. This system also makes no note of the position of entirely fossil groups.

In this and later taxonomies, families are merely listed under the order to which they belong. More detailed relationships among families is presented in the article of each order.

Subclass Prototheria

  • Order
    Monotremata

Subclass Theria

  • Infraclass Metatheria (marsupials and their nearest ancestors)
  • Infraclass Eutheria
    • Order Afrosoricida
      • Family
        Tenrecidae
        (tenrecs)
      • Family
        Chrysochloridae
        (golden moles)
    • Order
      Macroscelidea
      • Family
        Macroscelididae
        (elephant-shrews
    • Order
      Tubulidentata
    • Order Proboscidea
    • Order Sirenia
    • Order
      Hyracoidea
      • Family
        Procaviidae
        (hyraxes)
    • Order Pilosa
    • Order Cingulata
    • Order
      Dermoptera
      • Family
        Cynocephalidae
        (colugos)
    • Order
      Scandentia
      • Family Tupaiidae (tree shrews)
      • Family
        Ptilocercidae
        (pen-tailed treeshrew)
    • Order
      Primates
      • Family Cheirogaleidae (dwarf lemurs, mouse lemurs)
      • Family Lemuridae (lemurs)
      • Family
        Lepilemuridae
        (sportive lemurs)
      • Family Indriidae (wooly lemurs, sifakas)
      • Family
        Daubentoniidae
        (aye-aye)
      • Family Lorisidae (lorises)
      • Family
        Galagidae
        (bushbabies, galagos)
      • Family
        Tarsiidae
        (tarsiers)
      • Family Cebidae (marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, squirrel monkeys)
      • Family
        Aotidae
        (night monkeys)
      • Family Pitheciidae (titis, uacaris, sakis)
      • Family Atelidae (howlers, spider monkeys, wooly monkeys)
      • Family
        Cercopithecidae
        (Old World monkeys)
      • Family
        Hylobatidae
        (gibbons)
      • Family Hominidae (apes, human)
    • Order
      Rodentia
      • Family Aplodontiidae (sewellel or mountain beaver)
      • Family
        Sciuridae
        (squirrels)
      • Family
        Gliridae
        (dormice)
      • Family Castoridae (beavers)
      • Family Heteromyidae (kangaroo rats, pocket mice)
      • Family
        Geomyidae
        (pocket gophers)
      • Family
        Dipodidae
        (jerboas, birch mice, jumping mice)
      • Family Platacanthomyidae (tree mice)
      • Family Spalacidae (zokors, bamboo rats, mole rats)
      • Family
        Calomyscidae
        (calomyscuses)
      • Family Nesomyidae (pouched rats and mice, climbing and fat mice, etc.)
      • Family Cricetidae (voles, hamsters, New World rats and mice
      • Family Muridae (rats, mice)
      • Family
        Anomaluridae
        (scaily-tailed flying squirrels)
      • Family Pedetidae (springhaas, springhares)
      • Family
        Ctenodactylidae
        (gundis)
      • Family Diatomyidae (kha-nyous or Laotian rock rat)
      • Family
        Bathyergidae
        (mole-rats)
      • Family
        Hystricidae
        (African and Asian porcupines)
      • Family Petromuridae (dassie rat)
      • Family Thryonomyidae (can rats)
      • Family
        Erethizontidae
        (bristle-spined rat and New World porcupines)
      • Family Chinchillidae (chinchillas, vizcachas)
      • Family Dinomyidae (pacarana)
      • Family Caviidae (cuis, guinea-pigs, cavies, maras, capybaras)
      • Family Dasyproctidae (agoutis, acouchis)
      • Family
        Cuniculidae
        (pacas)
      • Family
        Ctenomyidae
        (tuco-tucos)
      • Family Octodontidae (degus, rock rats, vizcacha-rats)
      • Family
        Abrocomidae
        (chinchilla rats)
      • Family Echimyidae (spiny rats, tree rats, hutias, & coypu)
      • Family †Heptaxodontidae (giant hutias and key mice)
    • Order Lagomorpha
      • Family
        Ochotonidae
        (pikas)
      • Family †
        Prolagidae
        (Sardinian pika)
      • Family Leporidae (rabbits)
    • Order Eulipotyphla
      • Family Erinaceidae (hedgehogs, gymnures)
      • Family †
        Nesophontidae
        (nesophontes)
      • Family
        Solenodontidae
        (solenodons, alamiquis)
      • Family
        Soricidae
        (shrews)
      • Family Talpidae (moles, desmans)
    • Order
      Chiroptera
      • Family
        Pteropodidae
        (Old World fruit bats, flying foxes)
      • Family
        Rhinopomatidae
        (mouse-tailed bats)
      • Family
        Craseonycteridae
        (hog-nosed or bumblebee bat)
      • Family Megadermatidae (false vampire bats)
      • Family
        Rhinolophidae
        (horseshoe bats)
      • Family Emballonuridae (sac-winged bats)
      • Family
        Nycteridae
        (slit-faced bats)
      • Family
        Myzopodidae
        (sucker-footed bats)
      • Family Mystacinidae (New Zealand short-tailed bats)
      • Family
        Thyropteridae
        (disk-winged bats)
      • Family Furipteridae (smokey bat and thumbless bat)
      • Family
        Noctilionidae
        (bulldog bats)
      • Family Mormoopidae (mustached and ghost-faced bats)
      • Family
        Phyllostomidae
        (New World leaf-nosed bats)
      • Family Natalidae (funnel-eared bats)
      • Family
        Molossidae
        (free-tailed bats)
      • Family Vespertilionidae (evening bats, common bats)
      • Family
        Miniopteridae
        (bent-winged or long-fingered bats)
    • Order
      Pholidota
    • Order Carnivora
      • Family Felidae (cats)
      • Family Viverridae (civets, genets)
      • Family Eupleridae (falanouc, fossa, Madagascaran mongooses)
      • Family
        Nandiniidae
        (African palm civet)
      • Family
        Herpestidae
        (mongooses)
      • Family
        Hyaenidae
        (hyaenas, aardwolf)
      • Family Canidae (wolves, foxes, jackals)
      • Family
        Ursidae
        (bears, giant panda)
      • Family Odobenidae (walrus)
      • Family
        Otariidae
        (eared seals, fur seals, sea lions)
      • Family
        Phocidae
        (earless seals)
      • Family Mustelidae (weasels, badgers, otters)
      • Family Procyonidae (raccoons, ringtails, coatis)
      • Family Ailuridae (red panda)
    • Order Perissodactyla
      • Family Equidae (horses, asses, zebras)
      • Family
        Tapiridae
        (tapirs)
      • Family
        Rhinocerotidae
        (rhinoceroses)
    • Order
      Artiodactyla
      • Family Suidae (hogs, pigs)
      • Family
        Tayassuidae
        (peccaries)
      • Family Hippopotamidae (hippopotamuses)
      • Family Camelidae (camels, vicunas, guanacos, llamas)
      • Family
        Tragulidae
        (chevrotains and mouse deer)
      • Family Moschidae (musk deer)
      • Family
        Cervidae
        (deer)
      • Family Antilocapridae (pronghorn)
      • Family Giraffidae (giraffe and okapi)
      • Family Bovidae (antelope, bison, cattle, duikers, goats, sheep, etc.)
    • Order Cetacea
      • Family Balaenidae (right whales)
      • Family
        Balaenopteridae
        (rorquals)
      • Family Eschrichtiidae (gray whales
      • Family Cetotheriidae (pygmy right whale)
      • Family
        Delphinidae
        (ocean dolphins)
      • Family Monodontidae (narwhal and beluga)
      • Family
        Phocoenidae
        (porpoises)
      • Family
        Physeteridae
        (sperm whales)
      • Family Platanistidae (Ganges and Indus river dolphins)
      • Family Iniidae (baiji, franciscana, and Amazon river dolphins)
      • Family
        Ziphiidae
        (beaked whales)

McKenna/Bell classification

In 1997, the classification of mammals was revised by Malcolm C. McKenna and Susan K. Bell.

paleontologists at the American Museum of Natural History
, New York. McKenna inherited the project from Simpson and, with Bell, constructed a completely updated hierarchical system, covering living and extinct taxa that reflects the historical genealogy of Mammalia.

The McKenna/Bell hierarchical listing of all of the terms used for mammal groups above the species includes extinct mammals as well as modern groups, and introduces some fine distinctions such as legions and sublegions and ranks which fall between classes and orders that are likely to be glossed over by the layman.

Click on the highlighted link for a table comparing the traditional and the new McKenna/Bell classifications of mammals.

Extinct
groups are represented by †.

Subclass Prototheria

(monotremes)

  • Order
    Platypoda
    : platypuses
  • Order
    Tachyglossa
    : echidnas (spiny anteaters)
    • Family
      Tachyglossidae
      : echidnas

Subclass Theriiformes

Luo, Kielan-Jaworowska, and Cifelli classification

Several important fossil mammal discoveries have been made that have led researchers to question many of the relationships proposed by McKenna and Bell (1997). Additionally, researchers are subjecting taxonomic hypotheses to more rigorous

Linnean hierarchies
.

Mammalia

Simplified classification for non-specialists

The following classification is a simplified version based on current understanding suitable for non-specialists who want to understand how living genera are related to each other. The classification ignores differences in levels and thus cannot be used to estimate the respective distances between taxa. It also ignores taxa that became extinct in pre-historic times. Finally, English names are preferred whenever they exist. This makes it especially suited for non-specialists who wish to gain an easy overview. For the full picture, the non-simplified versions above should be consulted.

  • Monotremes (prototheria): echidnas and platypus
    • Platypus
    • Echidnas (tachyglossids)
  • Live-bearing mammals (theria)
    • Marsupials
      • Opossums (didelphids)
      • Shrew opossums (caenolestids)
      • Australodelphia: Australian marsupials and monito del Monte
        • Monito del Monte
        • Dasyuromorphs
          • Dasyurids: antechinuses, quolls, dunnarts, Tasmanian devil, and allies
          • Numbat
        • Peramelemorphs: bilbies and bandicoots
          • Bilbies (thylacomyids)
          • Bandicoots (peramelids)
        • Marsupial moles (notoryctids)
        • Diprotodonts
          • Koala
          • Wombats (vombatids)
          • Phalangerids: brushtail possums and cuscuses
          • Pygmy possums (burramyids)
          • Honey possum
          • Petaurids: striped and Leadbeater's possums, and yellow-bellied, suger, mahogany and squirrel glider
          • Ringtailed possums (pseudocheirids)
          • Potorids: potoroos, rat kangaroos and bettongs
          • Acrobatids: feathertail glider and feather-tailed possum
          • Musky rat-kangaroo
          • Macropodids: kangaroos, wallabies and allies
    • Placentals
      • Atlantic placentals (atlantogenatans)
        • Afroplacentals (afrotherians)
          • Afroinsectiphilians: elephant shrews, tenrecs, otter shrews, golden moles, and aardvark
            • Elephant shrews (macroscelidids)
            • Afrosoricids: tenrecs and golden moles
              • Tenrecids: tenrecs and otter shrews
              • Golden moles (chrysochlorids)
            • Aardvark
          • Paenungulates: hyraxes, elephants, dugongs and manatees
            • Hyraxes or dassies (procaviids)
            • Elephants (elephantids)
            • Sirenians: dugong and manatees
              • Dugong
              • Manatees (trichechids)
        • Xenarthrans
          • Pilosans: sloths and anteaters
            • Anteaters (vermilinguans)
              • Silky anteater
              • Myrmecophagids: giant anteater and tamanduas
            • Sloths (folivorans)
              • Three-toed sloths (bradypodids)
              • Two-toed sloths (megalonychids)
          • Armadillos (dasypodids)
      • Northern placentals (boreoeutherians)
        • Supraprimates (euarchontoglires)
          • Euarchontans: treeshrews, colugos and primates
            • Treeshrews (scandentians)
              • Tupaiids: all treeshrews except pen-tailed
              • Pen-tailed treeshrew
            • Colugos or flying lemurs (cynocephalids)
            • Primates
              • Strepsirrhines: lemur- and loris-like primates
                • Lemur-like primates (lemuriforms)
                  • Cheirogaleids: dwarf lemurs and mouse-lemurs
                  • Aye-aye
                  • True lemurs (lemurids)
                  • Sportive lemurs (lepilemurids)
                  • Indriids: woolly lemurs and allies
                • Loris-like primates (lorisiforms)
                  • Lorisids: lorises, pottos and allies
                  • Galagos (galagids)
              • Haplorhines: tarsiers, monkeys and apes
                • Tarsiers (tarsiids)
                • Anthropoid primates
                  • New World monkeys (platyrrhines)
                    • Callitrichids: marmosets and tamarins
                    • Cebids: capuchins and squirrel monkeys
                    • Aotids: night or owl monkeys
                    • Pitheciids: titis, sakis and uakaris
                    • Atelids: howler, spider, woolly spider, and woolly monkeys
                  • Catarrhines
                    • Old World monkeys (cercopithecids)
                    • Hominoid primates
                      • Gibbons (hylobatids)
                      • Great apes (hominids): incl. Humans
          • Glires: pikas, rabbits, hares, and rodents
            • Lagomorphs: pikas, rabbits and hares
              • Leporids: rabbits and hares
              • Pikas (ochotonids)
            • Rodents
              • Anomalure-like rodents (anomaluromorphs): Scaly-tailed squirrels and springhares
                • Scaly-tailed squirrels or anomalures (anomalurids)
                • Springhares (pedetids)
              • Beaver-like rodents (castorimorphs)
                • Beavers (castorids)
                • Gopher-like rodents (geomyoid rodents)
                  • Pocket or true gophers (geomyids)
                  • Heteromyids: kangaroo rats and kangaroo mice
              • Porcupine-like rodents (hystricomorphs)
                • Laotian rock rat
                • Gundis (ctenodactylids)
                • Hystricognaths
                  • African mole rats (bathyergids)
                  • Old World porcupines (hystricids)
                  • Dassie rat
                  • Cane rats (thryonomyids)
                  • Cavy-like rodents (caviomorphs)
                    • Chinchilla rats (abrocomids)
                    • Hutias (capromyids)
                    • Cavies (caviids): incl. Guinea pigs and capybara
                    • Chinchillids: chinchillas and viscachas
                    • Tuco-tucos (ctenomyids)
                    • Agoutis (dasyproctids)
                    • Pacas (cuniculids)
                    • Pacarana
                    • Spiny rats (echymyids)
                    • New World porcupines (erethizontids)
                    • Myocastorids: nutria and coypu
                    • Octodonts (octodontids): Andean rock-rats, degus and viscacha-rats
              • Mouse-like rodents (myomorphs)
                • Dipodids: jerboas and jumping mice
                • Muroid rodents
                  • Mouse-like hamsters (calomyscids)
                  • Cricetids: hamsters, New World rats and mice, voles
                  • Murids: true mice and rats, gerbils, spiny mice, crested rat
                  • Nesomyids: climbing mice, rock mice, white-tailed rat, Malagasy rats and mice
                  • Spiny dormice (platacanthomyids)
                  • Spalacids: mole rats, bamboo rats, and zokors
              • Squirrel-like rodents (sciuromorphs)
                • Mountain beaver
                • Dormice (glirids)
                • Squirrels (sciurids): incl. chipmunks, prairie dogs, and marmots
        • Laurasian placentals (laurasiatherians)
          • Hedgehogs (erinaceids)
          • Soricomorphs: moles, shrews, solenodons
            • Shrews (soricids)
            • Moles (talpids)
            • Solenodons (solenodontids)
          • Ferungulates: ungulates, cetaceans, bats, pangolins and carnivorans
            • Cetartiodactyls: even-toed ungulates and cetaceans
              • Camelids: camels and llamas
              • Swine (suinans): pigs and peccaries
                • Pigs (suids)
                • Peccaries (tayassuids)
              • Cetruminantians: cetaceans, hippos and ruminants
                • Cetancodonts: cetaceans and hippos
                  • Cetaceans: Whales, dolphins and porpoises
                    • Baleen whales (mysticetes)
                      • Balaenids: right whales and bowhead whale
                      • Rorquals (balaenopterids)
                      • Gray whale
                      • Pygmy right whale
                    • Toothed whales (odontocetes)
                      • Dolphins (delphinids)
                      • Monodontids: beluga and narwhal
                        • Beluga
                        • Narwhal
                      • Porpoises (phocoenids)
                      • Sperm whale
                      • Kogiids: pygmy and dwarf sperm whale
                      • River dolphins (platanistoid whales)
                        • Iniids: Amazon and Bolivian river dolphin
                        • La Plata dolphin
                        • Platanistids: Ganges and Indus river dolphins
                      • Beaked whales (ziphids)
                  • Hippos (hippopotamids)
                • Ruminantiamorphs: chevrotains, pronghorn, giraffes, musk deer, deer, and bovids
                  • Chevrotains (tragulids)
                  • Pecorans
                    • Pronghorn
                    • Giraffids: giraffe and okapi
                    • Musk deer (moschids)
                    • Deer (cervids)
                    • Bovids: cattle, goats, sheep and antelope
            • Pegasoferans: bats, odd-toed ungulates, pangolins and carnivorans
              • Bats (chiropterans)
                • Megabats (pteropodids)
                • Microbats (microchiropterans)
                  • Sac-winged or sheath-tailed bats (emballonurids)
                  • Rhinopomatoid bats
                    • Mouse-tailed bats (rhinopomatids)
                    • Bumblebee bat or Kitti's hog-nosed bat
                  • Rhinolophoid bats
                    • Horseshoe bats (rhinolophids)
                    • Hollow-faced or slit-faced bats (nycterids)
                    • False vampires (megadermatids)
                  • Vesper bats or evening bats (vespertilionids)
                  • Molossoid bats
                    • Free-tailed bats (molossids)
                    • Pallid bats (antrozoids)
                  • Nataloid bats
                    • Funnel-eared bats (natalids)
                    • Sucker-footed bats (myzopodids)
                    • Disc-winged bats (thyropterids)
                    • Smoky bats (furipterids)
                  • Noctilionoid bats
                    • Bulldog or fisherman bats (noctilionids)
                    • New Zealand short-tailed bats (mystacinids)
                    • Ghost-faced or moustached bats (mormoopids)
                    • Leaf-nosed bats (phyllostomids)
              • Zooamatans: odd-toed ungulates, pangolins and carnivorans
                • Odd-toed ungulates (perissodactyls)
                  • Horses (equids)
                  • Ceratomorphs
                    • Tapirs (tapirids)
                    • Rhinoceroses (rhinocerotids)
                • Ferans
                  • Pangolins or scaly anteaters (manids)
                  • Carnivorans
                    • Cat-like carnivorans (feliforms)
                      • African palm civet
                      • Feloid carnivorans
                        • Asiatic linsangs (prionodontids)
                        • Cats (felids)
                      • Viverroid carnivorans
                        • Viverrids: civets and allies
                        • Herpestoid carnivorans
                          • Hyaenids: hyenas and aardwolf
                          • Malagasy carnivorans (euplerids)
                          • Herpestids: mongooses and allies
                    • Dog-like carnivorans (caniforms)
                      • Canids: dogs and allies
                      • Arctoid carnivorans
                        • Bears (ursids)
                        • Musteloid carnivorans
                          • Red panda
                          • Mephitids: skunks and stink badgers
                          • Mustelids: weasels, martens, badgers, wolverines, minks, ferrets and otters
                          • Procyonids: raccoons and allies
                        • Pinnipeds
                          • Walrus
                          • Otariids: sea lions, eared seals, fur seals
                          • True seals (phocids)

See also

References

  1. ^ .
  2. .
  3. ^ .
  4. .
  5. .
  6. ^ "Afrotherian Systematics". IUCN Afrotheria Specialist Group. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  7. ^ "Tenrecidae". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  8. ^ "Potamogalidae". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  9. ^
    PMID 26556496
    .
  10. .