Man
A man is an
Like most other male
.Throughout
Trans men have a gender identity that does not align with their female sex assignment at birth, while intersex men may have sex characteristics that do not fit typical notions of male biology.
Etymology
The English term "man" is derived from the
Biology
In humans, sperm cells carry either an
Primary sex characteristics (or sex organs) are characteristics that are present at birth and are integral to the reproductive process. For men, primary sex characteristics include the penis and testicles.
Adult humans exhibit sexual dimorphism in many other characteristics, many of which have no direct link to reproductive ability. Humans are sexually dimorphic in body size, body structure, and body composition. Men tend to be taller and heavier than women, and adjusted for height, men tend to have greater lean and bone mass than women, and lower fat mass.[9]
Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear during puberty in humans.[10][11] Such features are especially evident in the sexually dimorphic phenotypic traits that distinguish between the sexes, but—unlike the primary sex characteristics—are not directly part of the reproductive system.[12][13][14] Secondary sexual characteristics that are specific to men include:
- Broadened shoulders;[15]
- Increased body hair;
- An enlarged larynx (also known as an Adam's apple);[15] and
- A voice that is significantly deeper than the voice of a child or a woman.[13]
Men weigh more than women.[16] On average, men are taller than women by about 10%.[16] On average, men have a larger waist in comparison to their hips (see waist–hip ratio) than women. In women, the index and ring fingers tend to be either more similar in size or their index finger is slightly longer than their ring finger, whereas men's ring finger tends to be longer.[17]
Reproductive system
The male reproductive system includes external and internal genitalia. The male external genitalia consist of the penis, the male urethra, and the scrotum, while the male internal genitalia consist of the testes, the prostate, the epididymis, the seminal vesicle, the vas deferens, the ejaculatory duct, and the bulbourethral gland.[18]
The male reproductive system's function is to produce semen, which carries sperm and thus genetic information that can unite with an egg within a woman. Since sperm that enters a woman's uterus and then fallopian tubes goes on to fertilize an egg which develops into a fetus or child, the male reproductive system plays no necessary role during the gestation. The study of male reproduction and associated organs is called andrology.[19]
Testosterone stimulates the development of the
Health
While a majority of the global health gender disparities is weighted against women, there are situations in which men tend to fare poorer. One such instance is
Sexuality and gender
Male sexuality and attraction are variable, and a man's sexual behavior can be affected by many factors, including
Most cultures use a gender binary in which man is one of the two genders, the other being woman.[29][30][31]
Most men are
Social role
Masculinity
Masculinity (also sometimes called manhood or manliness) is the set of personality traits and attributes associated with boys and men. Although masculinity is
Standards of manliness or masculinity vary across different cultures and historical periods.
Relationships
Platonic relationships are not significantly different between men and women, though some differences do exist. Friendships involving men tend to be based more on shared activities than self-disclosure and personal connection. Perceptions of friendship involving men varies among cultures and time periods.[44] In heterosexual romantic relationships, men are typically expected to take a proactive role, initiate the relationship, plan dates, and propose marriage.[45]
Status
History
The earliest known recorded name of a man in writing is potentially Kushim, who would have lived sometime between 3400 and 3000 BC in the Sumerian city of Uruk; though his name may have been a title rather than his actual name.[50] The earliest confirmed names are that of Gal-Sal and his two slaves named En-pap X and Sukkalgir, from c. 3100 BC.[51]
Family
The examples and perspective in this chapter may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (January 2024) |
Men may have children, whether biological or
The men's rights movement claims men face disadvantages when claiming child custody, however, empirical research does not support the notion of a judicial bias against men.[58] Mothers do have custody the majority of the time, but fathers do not seek custody the majority of the time, and custody is settled out of court.[59][60]
Work
Men have traditionally held jobs that were not available to women. Such jobs tended to be either more strenuous, more prestigious, or more dangerous. Modern men increasingly take untraditional career paths, such as staying home and raising children while their partner works.[61] Modern men tend to work longer than women, which impacts their ability to spend time with their families.[62] Even in modern times, some jobs remain available only to men, such as military service.[63] Conscription is overwhelmingly sexist, currently only ten countries include women in their conscription programs.[64][65] Men continue to hold more dangerous jobs than women, even in developed countries. In the United States in 2020, ten times as many men died on the job as women, and a man was ten times more likely to die on the job than a woman.[66]
Entertainment and media
Media portrayals of men often replicate traditional understanding of masculinity. Men are portrayed more frequently in television than women and most commonly appear as leads in action and drama programming. Men are typically more active in television programming than women and typically hold more power and status. Due to their prominence, men are more likely to be both the objects and instigators of humorous or disparaging content. Fathers are often portrayed in television as either idealized and caring or clumsy and inept. In advertising, men are disproportionately featured in advertisements for alcohol, vehicles, and business products.[67]
Clothing
Men's clothing typically encompasses a range of garments designed for various occasions, seasons, and styles. Fundamental items of a man's wardrobe include shirts, trousers, suits, and jackets, which are designed to provide both comfort and style while prioritizing functionality. Men's fashion also encompasses more casual garments such as
Education
Men traditionally received more education than women as a result of single-sex education. Universal education, meaning state-provided primary and secondary education independent of gender, is not yet a global norm, even if it is assumed in most developed countries.[69][70] In the 21st century, the balance has shifted in many developed nations, and men now lag behind women in education.[71]
Men are more likely than women to be faculty at universities.[72]
In 2020, 90% of the world's men were literate, compared to 87% of women. But sub-Saharan Africa, and southwest Asia lagged behind the rest of the world; only 72% of men in sub-Saharan Africa were literate.[73]
Rights
In most societies, men have more legal and cultural rights than women,[46] and misogyny is far more prevalent than misandry in society.[74][75] Men typically receive less support after being victims of sexual assault, and rape of males is stigmatized.[76] Domestic violence against men is similarly stigmatized.[77] Opponents of circumcision describe it as a human rights violation.[78] The fathers' rights movement seeks to support separated fathers that do not receive equal rights to care for their children.[79] The men's movement is the response to issues faced by men in Western countries. It includes pro-feminist groups such as the men's liberation movement and anti-feminist groups such as the manosphere.
Gender symbol
The
See also
Notes
- ^ Male may refer to sex or gender.[1] The plural men is sometimes used in certain phrases such as men's studies to denote male humans regardless of age.
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Irrespective of their chromosomal constitution, when the gonadal primordia differentiate into testes, all internal and external genitalia develop following the male pathway. When no testes are present, the genitalia develop along the female pathway. The existence of ovaries has no effect on fetal differentiation of the genitalia. The paramount importance of testicular differentiation for fetal sex development has prompted the use of the expression "sex determination" to refer to the differentiation of the bipotential or primitive gonads into testes.
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Their first biological use is in the Linnaean dissertation Plantae hybridae xxx sistit J. J. Haartman (1751) where in discussing hybrid plants Linnaeus denoted the supposed female parent species by the sign ♀, the male parent by the sign ♂, the hybrid by ☿: 'matrem signo ♀, patrem ♂ & plantam hybridam ☿ designavero'. In subsequent publications he retained the signs ♀ and ♂ for male and female individuals but discarded ☿ for hybrids.
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Bibliography
- Helgeson, Vicki S. (2017). Psychology of Gender (5th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-18687-3.
Further reading
- Andrew Perchuk, Simon Watney, bell hooks, The Masculine Masquerade: Masculinity and Representation, MIT Press 1995
- Pierre Bourdieu, Masculine Domination, Paperback Edition, Stanford University Press 2001
- Robert W. Connell, Masculinities, Cambridge : Polity Press, 1995
- ISBN 0-425-18144-8
- Michael Kimmel (ed.), Robert W. Connell (ed.), Jeff Hearn (ed.), Handbook of Studies on Men and Masculinities, Sage Publications 2004