Management cybernetics

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The viable system model (VSM) by Stafford Beer.

Management cybernetics is concerned with the application of

organizations. "Management cybernetics" was first introduced by Stafford Beer in the late 1950s[1] and introduces the various mechanisms of self-regulation applied by and to organizational settings, as seen through a cybernetics perspective. Beer developed the theory through a combination of practical applications and a series of influential books. The practical applications involved steel production, publishing and operations research in a large variety of different industries. Some consider that the full flowering of management cybernetics is represented in Beer's books.[2] However, learning continues (see below).[3]

Research into operations

As practiced by Beer, research into operations involved multidisciplinary teams seeking practical assistance for difficult managerial issues.

Russell Ackoff, became increasingly disenchanted with that term as the field transitioned into one in which a predefined set of mathematical tools was applied to well-formulated problems.[citation needed] Beer's critique of traditional OR, in part, was that it became a matter of experts in mathematics looking for situations that could be conformed to their methods. Beer insisted that what was needed for effective research into operations was to first understand the key dynamics within the situation and only then to select the theory or methods that would allow one to understand that situation in detail. Beer's "Decision and Control", especially chapter six, discusses the methodology in some detail.[5]

Viable system model (VSM)

Viable means capable of independent existence and implies both maintaining internal stability and adaptation to a changing environment. "Internal stability" and "adaptation" can be in conflict, particularly if the relevant environment is changing rapidly, so the viable system model (VSM) is about maintaining a balance between the two such that the system is able to survive.[6]

The VSM is a model of the structures and functions that are both necessary and sufficient for the long-term survival of a system in a changing environment. Allenna Leonard, Beer's longtime partner, suggested that the most useful way to think about the VSM is as a language. The VSM is a language of viability. The VSM is a language for diagnosing organizations and managerial teams in terms of their viability or lack thereof. The VSM is also a language for designing organizations and managerial teams that will be viable.

Syntegration

One of the great difficulties in managing the modern large organization is that many of the issues are far too complex for even small groups. The critical knowledge is often dispersed among a substantial number of people. Organizations are often faced with choosing between 1) very costly and time-consuming meetings of large groups or 2) making bad decisions based on an inadequate grasp of the relevant factors. Integration is a group method designed to solve this conundrum.

Integration melds a number of cybernetic principles with

syntegrity" format involved 30 people divided into 12 overlapping teams to deal with some broad and initially ill-defined issues. The teams and roles within the teams are arranged to achieve the mathematically optimum degree of resonance of information throughout the entire group. In practice, integration achieves a remarkable degree of shared understanding of the initial issue. In integrations intended to develop a plan of action, the implementation phase is usually very quick and effective, probably because of the shared understanding developed among the participants.[citation needed
]

Learning and development

The literature on management cybernetics is extensive. The

Macy Conferences[11]).[12] Angus Jenkinson related cybernetics to identity, Service-dominant logic, Goethean science of metamorphosis, and imparity in ternary theory[13] in describing the cybernetics of organisation structure.[14][15]

Organizational cybernetics

Organizational cybernetics (OC) is sometimes distinguished from management cybernetics.[clarification needed][citation needed] Both use many of the same terms and draw on some of the same source but are said to interpret them according to slightly different philosophies of systems thinking.

Organizational cybernetics studies organizational design, and the regulation and self-regulation of organizations from a systems theory perspective also drawing on Beer and cybernetics, but also takes the social dimension into consideration. Extending the principles of autonomous agency theory (AAT), cultural agency theory (CAT) has been formulated for the generation of higher cybernetic orders.[16]

Researchers in economics, public administration and political science focus on the changes in institutions, organisation and mechanisms of social steering at various levels (sub-national, national, European, international) and in different sectors (including the private, semi-private and public sectors; the latter sector is emphasised).[17][18]

There is also an extensive related field also growing out of

General systems theory and cybernetics via Autopoiesis, the biological theory of Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela influencing Niklas Luhmann, and research by complexity and systems theory scholars. In this context, the term autopoiesis could be likened to the principle of reproducibility in organizational outcomes.[5][19]

See also

References

  1. ^ Jonathan Rosenhead (2006) "IFORS' Operational Research Hall of Fame Stafford Beer", in International Transactions in Operational Research Vol 13, nr.6, pp. 577–578.
  2. Michael C. Jackson
    (1991), Systems Methodology for the Management Sciences.
  3. ISBN 978-3-319-42620-4
    .
  4. ^ Beer, Stafford. 1979. The Heart of Enterprise. Chichester [Eng.]; New York: Wiley.
  5. ^ a b "Researches status and trends of management cybernetics and viable system model" (PDF). Emerald Insight.
  6. ^ Beer, op.cit.}
  7. ISBN 9782881245183
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-470-06056-8
    .
  9. ^ Espejo, Raul and Alfonso Reyes. 2011. Organizational Systems: Managing Complexity with the Viable System Model. Springer Science & Business Media.
  10. ^ Stewart, D.J. 1989. A ternary domanial structure as a basis for cybernetics and its place in knowledge. Kybernetes 18 (4): 19-28.; Stewart, D J. "The Ternary Analysis of Work and Working Organisations." Kybernetes (2000).
  11. ^ von Foerster, Heinz, John Stroud, Lawrence S Kubie, and Norbert Wiener. 2003. Cybernetics | kybernetik the macy-conferences 1946--1953. Transactions, Claus Pias (Hrsg.), Zürich/Berlin: Diaphanes456.
  12. ^ Malik, F. (2011). Management: Mastering Complexity: Corporate policy and governance: How organizations self-organize. . Campus Verlag.; Malik, Fredmund. 2010. Management: The Essence of the Craft. . Management: Mastering Complexity. Campus Verlag.; Malik, Fredmund. 2011. Strategy: Navigating the Complexity of the New World. . Trans. J Scherer Frankfurt; New York: Campus Verlag, 2016.; Malik, Fredmund. 2012. The Right Corporate Governance: Effective Top Management for Mastering Complexity. . Campus Verlag.
  13. ^ Stewart, op.cit.
  14. ^ Jenkinson, Angus. 2019. Imparity, service-dominant logic, and the architecture of enterprise. . In . 1 vols. Cybernetics Society Annual Conferences 51. King's College, London: Cybernetics Society. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6V4lFsHsFY8.
  15. ^ "Management cybernetics: total quality management". Emerald Insight.
  16. ^ Yolles, M.I, Fink, G. (2014). Personality, pathology and mindsets: – Agency, Personality and Mindscapes, Kybernetes, 43(1)
  17. ^ Organisational Cybernetics[permanent dead link], Nijmegen School of Management, The Netherlands.
  18. S2CID 220642374
    . Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  19. ISBN 978-3-642-14315-1
    .

Further reading

External links

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