Manchester
Manchester | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 53°28′44″N 2°14′43″W / 53.4790°N 2.2452°W | |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Country | England |
Region | North West |
Ceremonial county and city region | Greater Manchester |
Founded | 1st century AD |
Town charter | 1301 |
City status | 29 March 1853 |
Metropolitan borough | 1 April 1974 |
Administrative HQ | Manchester Town Hall |
Government | |
• Type | Metropolitan borough |
• Body | Manchester City Council |
• Executive | Leader and cabinet |
• Control | Labour |
• Leader | Bev Craig (L) |
• Lord Mayor | Paul Andrews |
• MPs | 5 MPs
|
Area | |
• Total | 45 sq mi (116 km2) |
• Rank | 181st |
Population (2022)[4] | |
• Total | 568,996 |
• Rank | 6th |
• Density | 12,700/sq mi (4,920/km2) |
Demonyms | |
Ethnicity (2021) | |
• Ethnic groups | |
Religion (2021) | |
• Religion | List
|
UTC+1 (BST) | |
Postcode area | |
Dialling code | 0161 |
ISO 3166 code | GB-MAN |
GSS code | E08000003 |
Website | manchester |
Manchester (/ˈmæntʃɪstər, -tʃɛs-/ )[6][7] is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England, which had an estimated population of 568,996 in 2022.[4] It contributes to the third-most populous metropolitan area in the United Kingdom as a part of Greater Manchester, which has a population of approximately 2.92 million.[8] It is bordered by the Cheshire Plain to the south, the Pennines to the north and east, and the neighbouring city of Salford to the west. The city borders the boroughs of Trafford, Stockport, Tameside, Oldham, Rochdale, Bury and Salford.
The
The city is notable for
Manchester has a large
Toponymy
The name Manchester originates from the
The city is widely known as "the capital of the North".[16][17][18][19]
History
Early history
The
In the
Manchester is mentioned as having a market in 1282.[30] Around the 14th century, Manchester received an influx of Flemish weavers, sometimes credited as the foundation of the region's textile industry.[31] Manchester became an important centre for the manufacture and trade of woollens and linen, and by about 1540, had expanded to become, in John Leland's words, "The fairest, best builded, quickest, and most populous town of all Lancashire".[23] The cathedral and Chetham's buildings are the only significant survivors of Leland's Manchester.[24]
During the
Significant quantities of cotton began to be used after about 1600, firstly in linen and cotton
Industrial Revolution
Manchester was one of the centres of
Manchester became known as the world's largest marketplace for cotton goods[23][34] and was dubbed "Cottonopolis" and "Warehouse City" during the Victorian era.[33] In Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, the term "manchester" is still used for household linen: sheets, pillow cases, towels, etc.[35] The industrial revolution brought about huge change in Manchester and was key to the increase in Manchester's population.
Manchester began expanding "at an astonishing rate" around the turn of the 19th century as people flocked to the city for work from Scotland, Wales, Ireland and other areas of England as part of a process of unplanned urbanisation brought on by the Industrial Revolution.[36][37][38] It developed a wide range of industries, so that by 1835 "Manchester was without challenge the first and greatest industrial city in the world".[34] Engineering firms initially made machines for the cotton trade, but diversified into general manufacture. Similarly, the chemical industry started by producing bleaches and dyes, but expanded into other areas. Commerce was supported by financial service industries such as banking and insurance.
Trade, and feeding the growing population, required a large transport and distribution infrastructure: the canal system was extended, and Manchester became one end of the world's first intercity passenger railway—the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Competition between the various forms of transport kept costs down.[23] In 1878 the GPO (the forerunner of British Telecom) provided its first telephones to a firm in Manchester.[39]
The
A centre of capitalism, Manchester was once the scene of bread and labour riots, as well as calls for greater political recognition by the city's working and non-titled classes. One such gathering ended with the
Manchester has a notable place in the history of
At that time, it seemed a place in which anything could happen—new industrial processes, new ways of thinking (the
Although the Industrial Revolution brought wealth to the city, it also brought poverty and squalor to a large part of the population. Historian Simon Schama noted that "Manchester was the very best and the very worst taken to terrifying extremes, a new kind of city in the world; the chimneys of industrial suburbs greeting you with columns of smoke". An American visitor taken to Manchester's blackspots saw "wretched, defrauded, oppressed, crushed human nature, lying and bleeding fragments".[46]
The number of cotton mills in Manchester itself reached a peak of 108 in 1853.[33] Thereafter the number began to decline and Manchester was surpassed as the largest centre of cotton spinning by Bolton in the 1850s and Oldham in the 1860s.[33] However, this period of decline coincided with the rise of the city as the financial centre of the region.[33] Manchester continued to process cotton, and in 1913, 65% of the world's cotton was processed in the area.[23] The First World War interrupted access to the export markets. Cotton processing in other parts of the world increased, often on machines produced in Manchester. Manchester suffered greatly from the Great Depression and the underlying structural changes that began to supplant the old industries, including textile manufacture.
Blitz
Like most of the UK, the Manchester area was mobilised extensively during the
Post-Second World War
Cotton processing and trading continued to decline in peacetime, and the exchange closed in 1968.[23] By 1963 the port of Manchester was the UK's third largest,[50] and employed over 3,000 men, but the canal was unable to handle the increasingly large container ships. Traffic declined, and the port closed in 1982.[51] Heavy industry suffered a downturn from the 1960s and was greatly reduced under the economic policies followed by Margaret Thatcher's government after 1979. Manchester lost 150,000 jobs in manufacturing between 1961 and 1983.[23]
Regeneration began in the late 1980s, with initiatives such as the Metrolink, the Bridgewater Concert Hall, the Manchester Arena, and (in Salford) the rebranding of the port as Salford Quays. Two bids to host the Olympic Games were part of a process to raise the international profile of the city.[53]
Manchester has a history of attacks attributed to Irish Republicans, including the Manchester Martyrs of 1867, arson in 1920, a series of explosions in 1939, and two bombs in 1992. On Saturday 15 June 1996, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) carried out the 1996 Manchester bombing, the detonation of a large bomb next to a department store in the city centre. The largest to be detonated on British soil, the bomb injured over 200 people, heavily damaged nearby buildings, and broke windows 1⁄2 mile (800 m) away. The cost of the immediate damage was initially estimated at £50 million, but this was quickly revised upwards.[54] The final insurance payout was over £400 million; many affected businesses never recovered from the loss of trade.[55]
Since 2000
Spurred by the investment after the 1996 bombing and aided by the XVII Commonwealth Games, the city centre has undergone extensive regeneration.[53] New and renovated complexes such as The Printworks and Corn Exchange have become popular shopping, eating and entertainment areas. Manchester Arndale is the UK's largest city-centre shopping centre.[56]
Large city sections from the 1960s have been demolished, re-developed or modernised with the use of glass and steel. Old mills have been converted into apartments.
On 22 May 2017, an
Birmingham has historically been considered to be England or the UK's second city, but in the 21st century claims to this unofficial title have also been made for Manchester.[62][63][64]
Government
The City of Manchester is governed by the Manchester City Council. The Greater Manchester Combined Authority, with a directly elected mayor, has responsibilities for economic strategy and transport, amongst other areas, on a Greater Manchester-wide basis. Manchester has been a member of the English Core Cities Group since its inception in 1995.[65]
The town of Manchester was granted a charter by Thomas Grelley in 1301 but lost its borough status in a court case of 1359. Until the 19th century local government was largely in the hands of manorial courts, the last of which was dissolved in 1846.[45]
From
In 1885,
In November 2014, it was announced that Greater Manchester would receive a new directly elected mayor. The mayor would have fiscal control over health, transport, housing and police in the area.[67] Andy Burnham was elected as the first mayor of Greater Manchester in 2017.
Geography
Manchester | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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At 53°28′0″N 2°14′0″W / 53.46667°N 2.23333°W, 160 miles (260 km) northwest of London, Manchester lies in a bowl-shaped land area bordered to the north and east by the Pennines, an upland chain that runs the length of northern England, and to the south by the Cheshire Plain. Manchester is 35.0 miles (56.3 km) north-east of Liverpool and 35.0 miles (56.3 km) north-west of Sheffield, making the city the halfway point between the two. The city centre is on the east bank of the River Irwell, near its confluences with the Rivers Medlock and Irk, and is relatively low-lying, being between 35 and 42 metres (115 and 138 feet) above sea level.[68] The River Mersey flows through the south of Manchester. Much of the inner city, especially in the south, is flat, offering extensive views from many highrise buildings in the city of the foothills and moors of the Pennines, which can often be capped with snow in the winter months. Manchester's geographic features were highly influential in its early development as the world's first industrial city. These features are its climate, its proximity to a seaport at Liverpool, the availability of waterpower from its rivers, and its nearby coal reserves.[69]
The name Manchester, though officially applied only to the metropolitan district within Greater Manchester, has been applied to other, wider divisions of land, particularly across much of the Greater Manchester county and urban area. The "Manchester City Zone", "
For purposes of the
Climate
Manchester experiences a
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Record high °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) |
19.0 (66.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.1 (77.2) |
26.7 (80.1) |
31.3 (88.3) |
38.0 (100.4) |
33.7 (92.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.0 (80.6) |
17.7 (63.9) |
15.1 (59.2) |
38.0 (100.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.3 (68.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
13.9 (57.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.7 (44.1) |
8.8 (47.8) |
11.9 (53.4) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
16.4 (61.5) |
14.0 (57.2) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.1 (44.8) |
4.6 (40.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.7 (35.1) |
1.6 (34.9) |
3.3 (37.9) |
4.9 (40.8) |
7.7 (45.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
12.4 (54.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
7.4 (45.3) |
4.2 (39.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.6 (43.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | −17.6 (0.3) |
−13.1 (8.4) |
−9.7 (14.5) |
−4.9 (23.2) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
0.8 (33.4) |
5.4 (41.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−4.7 (23.5) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−14.0 (6.8) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 72.3 (2.85) |
51.4 (2.02) |
61.2 (2.41) |
54.0 (2.13) |
56.8 (2.24) |
66.1 (2.60) |
63.9 (2.52) |
77.0 (3.03) |
71.5 (2.81) |
92.5 (3.64) |
81.5 (3.21) |
80.7 (3.18) |
828.8 (32.63) |
Average snowfall mm (inches) | 24 (0.9) |
19 (0.7) |
10 (0.4) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.1) |
15 (0.6) |
71 (2.7) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13.1 | 9.7 | 12.3 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 11.1 | 10.9 | 12.0 | 11.1 | 13.6 | 14.1 | 13.5 | 142.9 |
Average snowy days | 6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 20 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
83 | 81 | 77 | 74 | 72 | 74 | 76 | 77 | 79 | 81 | 83 | 84 | 79 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | 2 (36) |
2 (36) |
3 (37) |
4 (39) |
7 (45) |
9 (48) |
11 (52) |
12 (54) |
10 (50) |
8 (46) |
5 (41) |
3 (37) |
6 (43) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 52.5 | 73.9 | 99.0 | 146.9 | 188.3 | 172.5 | 179.7 | 166.3 | 131.2 | 99.3 | 59.5 | 47.1 | 1,416.2 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.4 | 3.4 | 5.2 | 6.8 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 5.1 |
Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Source 1: Met Office[80] NOAA (relative humidity and snow days 1961–1990)[81] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: KNMI[82][83] Current Results - Weather and Science[84] Meteo Climat[85] Time and Date: Average dew point (1985-2015)[86] WeatherAtlas[87] |
Green belt
Manchester lies at the centre of a green belt region extending into the wider surrounding counties. This reduces urban sprawl, prevents towns in the conurbation from further convergence, protects the identity of outlying communities, and preserves nearby countryside. It is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.[88]
Due to being already highly urban, the city contains limited portions of protected green-belt area within
Demographics
Historically the population of Manchester began to increase rapidly during the Victorian era, estimated at 354,930 for Manchester and 110,833 for Salford in 1865,[91] and peaking at 766,311 in 1931. From then the population began to decrease rapidly, due to slum clearance and the increased building of social housing overspill estates by Manchester City Council after the Second World War such as Hattersley and Langley.[92]
The 2012 mid-year estimate for the population of Manchester was 510,700. This was an increase of 7,900, or 1.6 per cent, since the 2011 estimate. Since 2001, the population has grown by 87,900, or 20.8 per cent, making Manchester the third fastest-growing area in the 2011 census.[93] The city experienced the greatest percentage population growth outside London, with an increase of 19 per cent to over 500,000.[94] Manchester's population is projected to reach 532,200 by 2021, an increase of 5.8 per cent from 2011. This represents a slower rate of growth than the previous decade.[93]
The Greater Manchester Built-up Area in 2011 had an estimated population of 2,553,400. In 2012 an estimated 2,702,200 people lived in Greater Manchester. An 6,547,000 people were estimated in 2012 to live within 30 miles (50 km) of Manchester and 11,694,000 within 50 miles (80 km).[93]
Between the beginning of July 2011 and end of June 2012 (mid-year estimate date), births exceeded deaths by 4,800. Migration (internal and international) and other changes accounted for a net increase of 3,100 people between July 2011 and June 2012. Compared with Greater Manchester and with England, Manchester has a younger population, with a particularly large 20–35 age group.[93]
There were 76,095 undergraduate and postgraduate students at Manchester Metropolitan University, the University of Manchester and Royal Northern College of Music in the 2011/2012 academic year.
Of all households in Manchester, 0.23 per cent were Same-Sex Civil Partnership households, compared with an English national average of 0.16 per cent in 2011.[95]
The Manchester
Religion
Since the 2001 census, the proportion of Christians in Manchester has fallen by 22 per cent from 62.4 per cent to 48.7 per cent in 2011. The proportion of those with no religious affiliation rose by 58.1 per cent from 16 per cent to 25.3 per cent, whilst the proportion of Muslims increased by 73.6 per cent from 9.1 per cent to 15.8 per cent. The size of the Jewish population in Greater Manchester is the largest in Britain outside London.[99]
Ethnicity
In terms of
Kidd identifies
Ethnicity of Manchester, from 1971 to 2021:
Ethnic group | Year | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1971 estimations[106] | 1981 estimations[107] | 1991[108] | 2001[109] | 2011[110] | 2021[111] | |||||||
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
White: Total | 512,936 | 95.8% | 396,487 | 92.1% | 353,685 | 87.4% | 318,013 | 81% | 335,109 | 66.6% | 313,632 | 56.8% |
White: British | – | – | – | – | – | – | 292,498 | 74.5% | 298,237 | 59.3% | 268,572 | 48.7% |
White: Irish | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14,826 | 3.8% | 11,843 | 2.4% | 9,442 | 1.7% |
White: Traveller of Irish heritage | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 509 | 0.1% | 597 | 0.1% |
White: Gypsy/Roma | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 883 | 0.2% |
White: Other | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10,689 | 2.7% | 24,520 | 4.9% | 34,138 | 6.2% |
Asian / Asian British : Total
|
– | – | – | – | 26,766 | 6.6% | 41,003 | 10.4% | 85,986 | 17.1% | 115,109 | 20.9% |
Asian / Asian British: Indian | – | – | – | – | 4,404 | 5,817 | 11,417 | 2.3% | 14,857 | 2.7% | ||
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | – | – | 15,360 | 3.8% | 23,104 | 5.9% | 42,904 | 8.5% | 65,875 | 11.9% |
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | – | – | 2,000 | 3,654 | 6,437 | 1.3% | 9,673 | 1.8% | ||
Asian / Asian British: Chinese | – | – | – | – | 3,103 | 5,126 | 13,539 | 2.7% | 12,644 | 2.3% | ||
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians | – | – | – | – | 1,899 | 3,302 | 11,689 | 2.3% | 12,060 | 2.2% | ||
Black / Black British: Total | – | – | – | – | 18,898 | 4.7% | 17,739 | 4.5% | 43,484 | 8.6% | 65,893 | 12% |
Black: African | – | – | – | – | 3,465 | 0.9% | 6,655 | 1.7% | 25,718 | 5.1% | 47,858 | 8.7% |
Black: Caribbean | – | – | – | – | 10,390 | 2.6% | 9,044 | 2.3% | 9,642 | 1.9% | 10,472 | 1.9% |
Black: Other Blacks | – | – | – | – | 5,043 | 2,040 | 8,124 | 1.6% | 7,563 | 1.4% | ||
Mixed / British Mixed | – | – | – | – | – | – | 12,673 | 3.2% | 23,161 | 4.6% | 29,026 | 5.2% |
White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,295 | 8,877 | 1.8% | 9,987 | 1.8% | |
White and Black African | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2,412 | 4,397 | 0.9% | 5,992 | 1.1% | |
White and Asian | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2,459 | 4,791 | 1% | 6,149 | 1.1% | |
Any other mixed background | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2,507 | 5,096 | 1% | 6,898 | 1.2% | |
Other: Total | – | – | – | – | 5,517 | 1.4% | 3,391 | 0.9% | 15,387 | 3.1% | 28,278 | 5.1% |
Other: Arab | – | – | – | – | 5,517 | 1.4% | 3,391 | 0.9% | 9,503 | 1.9% | 15,028 | 2.7% |
Other: Any other ethnic group | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,884 | 1.2% | 13,250 | 2.4% |
Ethnic minority | 22,484 | 4.2% | 33,944 | 7.9% | 51,181 | 12.6% | 74,806 | 19% | 168,018 | 33.4% | 238,306 | 43.2% |
Total: | 535,420 | 100% | 430,431 | 100% | 404,866 | 100% | 392,819 | 100% | 503,127 | 100% | 551,938 | 100% |
Ethnicity of school pupils
Ethnic group | School year[112][113] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2004/2005 | 2021/2022 | |||
Number | % | Number | % | |
White: Total | 34,860 | 64% | 34,609 | 37.6% |
White: British | 33,698 | 61.9% | 29,591 | 32.2% |
White: Irish | 373 | 320 | 0.3% | |
White: Traveller of Irish heritage | 106 | 87 | 0.1% | |
White: Gypsy/Roma | 23 | 286 | 0.3% | |
White: Other | 658 | 4,325 | 4.7% | |
Asian / Asian British : Total
|
8,893 | 16.3% | 23,594 | 25.9% |
Asian / Asian British: Indian | 770 | 2,163 | 2.4% | |
Asian / Asian British: Pakistani | 6,204 | 15,838 | 17.3% | |
Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi | 971 | 2,157 | 2.4% | |
Asian / Asian British: Chinese | 390 | 1,073 | 1.2% | |
Asian / Asian British: Other Asians | 558 | 2,363 | 2.6% | |
Black / Black British: Total | 4,700 | 8.6% | 15,699 | 17.1% |
Black: Caribbean | 1,517 | 1,324 | 1.4% | |
Black: African | 2,618 | 11,014 | 12.0% | |
Black: Other Blacks | 564 | 3,361 | 3.7% | |
Mixed / British Mixed | 3,530 | 6.5% | 8,808 | 9.5% |
Other: Total | 1,690 | 3.1% | 7,448 | 8.1% |
Unclassified | 793 | 1.5% | 1,628 | 1.8% |
Total: | 54,470 | 100% | 91,786 | 100% |
Economy
Year | GVA (£ million) |
Growth (%) |
---|---|---|
2002 | 24,011 | 3.8% |
2003 | 25,063 | 4.4% |
2004 | 27,862 | 11.2% |
2005 | 28,579 | 2.6% |
2006 | 30,384 | 6.3% |
2007 | 32,011 | 5.4% |
2008 | 32,081 | 0.2% |
2009 | 33,186 | 3.4% |
2010 | 33,751 | 1.7% |
2011 | 33,468 | 0.8% |
2012 | 34,755 | 3.8% |
2013 | 37,560 | 9.6% |
The
As the UK economy continues to recover from its 2008–2010 downturn, Manchester compares favourably according to recent figures. In 2012 it showed the strongest annual growth in business stock (5 per cent) of all core cities.[117] The city had a relatively sharp increase in the number of business deaths, the largest increase in all the core cities, but this was offset by strong growth in new businesses, resulting in strong net growth.
Manchester's civic leadership has a reputation for business acumen.[118] It owns two of the country's four busiest airports and uses its earnings to fund local projects.[119] Meanwhile, KPMG's competitive alternative report found that in 2012 Manchester had the 9th lowest tax cost of any industrialised city in the world,[120] and fiscal devolution has come earlier to Manchester than to any other British city: it can keep half the extra taxes it gets from transport investment.[118]
KPMG's competitive alternative report also found that Manchester was Europe's most affordable city featured, ranking slightly better than the Dutch cities of Rotterdam and Amsterdam, which all have a cost-of-living index of less than 95.[120]
Manchester is a city of contrast, where some of the country's most deprived and most affluent neighbourhoods can be found.
Women fare better in Manchester than the rest of the country in comparative pay with men. The per hours-worked gender pay gap is 3.3 per cent compared with 11.1 per cent for Britain.[127] 37 per cent of the working-age population in Manchester have degree-level qualifications, as opposed to an average of 33 per cent across other core cities,[127] although its schools under-perform slightly compared with the national average.[128]
Manchester has the largest UK office market outside London, according to GVA Grimley, with a quarterly office uptake (averaged over 2010–2014) of some 250,000 square feet – equivalent to the quarterly office uptake of Leeds, Liverpool and Newcastle combined and 90,000 square feet more than the nearest rival, Birmingham.[129] The strong office market in Manchester has been partly attributed to "northshoring" (from offshoring), which entails the relocation or alternative creation of jobs away from the overheated South to areas where office space is possibly cheaper and the workforce market less saturated.[130]
Landmarks
Manchester's buildings display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from
Manchester also has a number of
Heaton Park in the north of the city borough is one of the largest municipal parks in Europe, covering 610 acres (250 ha) of parkland.[133] The city has 135 parks, gardens, and open spaces.[134]
Two large squares hold many of Manchester's public monuments. Albert Square has monuments to
is on display near Manchester Airport.Manchester has six designated
Transport
Rail
Two of the city's four main line termini did not survive the 1960s: Manchester Central and Manchester Exchange each closed in 1969. In addition, Manchester Mayfield station closed to passenger services in 1960; its buildings and platforms are still extant, next to Piccadilly station, but are due to be redeveloped in the 2020s.
Today, the city is well served by its rail network although it is now working to capacity,
Recent improvements in Manchester as part of the
Metrolink (tram/light rail)
Manchester became the first city in the UK to acquire a modern
Bus
The city has one of the most extensive bus networks outside London, with over 50 bus companies operating in the
Air
A smaller
Canal
An extensive canal network, including the Manchester Ship Canal, was built to carry freight from the Industrial Revolution onward; the canals are still maintained, though now largely repurposed for leisure use.[162] In 2012, plans were approved to introduce a water taxi service between Manchester city centre and MediaCityUK at Salford Quays.[163] It ceased to operate in June 2018, citing poor infrastructure.[164]
Cycling
Cycling for transportation and leisure enjoys popularity in Manchester and the city also plays a major role in British cycle racing.[165][166]
Culture
Music
Bands that have emerged from the Manchester music scene include
Its main pop music venue is Manchester Arena, voted "International Venue of the Year" in 2007.[169] With over 21,000 seats, it is the largest arena of its type in Europe.[169] In terms of concertgoers, it is the busiest indoor arena in the world, ahead of Madison Square Garden in New York and The O2 Arena in London, which are second and third busiest.[170] Other venues include Manchester Apollo, Albert Hall, Victoria Warehouse and the Manchester Academy. Smaller venues include the Band on the Wall, the Night and Day Café,[171] the Ruby Lounge,[172] and The Deaf Institute.[173] Manchester also has the most indie and rock music events outside London.[174]
Manchester has two
Brass band music, a tradition in the north of England, is important to Manchester's musical heritage;[177] some of the UK's leading bands, such as the CWS Manchester Band and the Fairey Band, are from Manchester and surrounding areas, and the Whit Friday brass-band contest takes place annually in the neighbouring areas of Saddleworth and Tameside.
Performing arts
Manchester has a thriving theatre, opera and dance scene, with a number of large performance venues, including
Smaller venues include the
Since 2007, the city has hosted the
Museums and galleries
Manchester's museums celebrate Manchester's Roman history, rich industrial heritage and its role in the Industrial Revolution, the textile industry, the Trade Union movement, women's suffrage and football. A reconstructed part of the Roman fort of Mamucium is open to the public in Castlefield.
The
The municipally owned
Literature
Manchester is a
Charles Dickens is reputed to have set his novel Hard Times in the city, and though partly modelled on Preston, it shows the influence of his friend Mrs Gaskell.[197] Gaskell penned all her novels but Mary Barton at her home in 84 Plymouth Grove. Often her house played host to influential authors: Dickens, Charlotte Brontë, Harriet Beecher Stowe and Charles Eliot Norton, for example.[198] It is now open as a literary museum.
Nightlife
The night-time economy of Manchester has expanded significantly since about 1993, with investment from breweries in bars, public houses and clubs, along with active support from the local authorities.[204] The more than 500 licensed premises[205] in the city centre have a capacity to deal with more than 250,000 visitors,[206] with 110,000–130,000 people visiting on a typical weekend night,[205] making Manchester the most popular city for events at 79 per thousand people.[207] The night-time economy has a value of about £100 million,[208] and supports 12,000 jobs.[205]
The
Gay village
Education
There are three universities in the City of Manchester. The
The three universities are grouped around Oxford Road on the southern side of the city centre, which forms Europe's largest urban higher-education precinct.[217] Together they have a combined population of over 80,000 students as of 2022.[211]
One of Manchester's notable secondary schools is Manchester Grammar School. Established in 1515,[218] as a free grammar school next to what is now the cathedral, it moved in 1931 to Old Hall Lane in Fallowfield, south Manchester, to accommodate the growing student body. In the post-war period, it was a direct grant grammar school (i.e. partially state funded), but it reverted to independent status in 1976 after abolition of the direct-grant system.[219] Its previous premises are now used by Chetham's School of Music. There are three schools nearby: William Hulme's Grammar School, Withington Girls' School and Manchester High School for Girls.
In 2019, the Manchester
Sport
Two
Sporting facilities built for the
Media
The Guardian newspaper was founded in the city in 1821 as The Manchester Guardian. Until 2008, its head office was still in the city, though many of its management functions were moved to London in 1964.[23][228] For many years most national newspapers had offices in Manchester: The Daily Telegraph, Daily Express, Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, The Sun. At its height, 1,500 journalists were employed, earning the city the nickname "second Fleet Street". In the 1980s the titles closed their northern offices and centred their operations in London.[229]
The main regional newspaper in the city is the Manchester Evening News, which was for over 80 years the sister publication of The Manchester Guardian.[228] The Manchester Evening News has the largest circulation of a UK regional evening newspaper and is distributed free of charge in the city centre on Thursdays and Fridays, but paid for in the suburbs. Despite its title, it is available all day.[230]
Several local weekly free papers are distributed by the MEN group. The
An attempt to launch a Northern daily newspaper, the North West Times, employing journalists made redundant by other titles, closed in 1988.
Television
Manchester has been a centre of television broadcasting since the 1950s. A number of television studios have been in operation around the city, and have since relocated to MediaCityUK in neighbouring Salford.
The ITV franchise Granada Television has been based in Manchester since 1954. Now based at MediaCityUK, the company's former headquarters at Granada Studios on Quay Street with its distinctive illuminated sign were a prominent landmark on the Manchester skyline for several decades.[233][234][235] Granada produces Coronation Street,[236] local news and programmes for North West England. Although its influence has waned, Granada had been described as "the best commercial television company in the world".[237][238]
With the growth in regional television in the 1950s, Manchester became one of the BBC's three main centres in England.[234] In 1954, the BBC opened its first regional BBC Television studio outside London, Dickenson Road Studios, in a converted Methodist chapel in Rusholme. The first edition of Top of the Pops was broadcast here on New Year's Day 1964.[239][240]
From 1975, BBC programmes including
The Manchester television channel, Channel M, owned by the Guardian Media Group operated from 2000, but closed in 2012.[234][246] Manchester is also covered by two internet television channels: Quays News and Manchester.tv. The city had a new terrestrial channel from January 2014 when YourTV Manchester, which won the OFCOM licence bid in February 2013. It began its first broadcast, but in 2015, That's Manchester took over to air on 31 May and launched the freeview channel 8 service slot, before moving to channel 7 in April 2016.
Radio
The city has the highest number of local radio stations outside London, including
Twin cities
Manchester has formal
- Amsterdam, Netherlands[252] (2007)
- Bilwi, Nicaragua[252]
- Chemnitz, Germany (1983)[253]
- Córdoba, Spain[252]
- Faisalabad, Pakistan (1997)[252]
- Los Angeles, United States (2009)
- Rehovot, Israel[252]
- Saint Petersburg, Russia[252] (1962)
- Wuhan, People's Republic of China (1986)[254]
- Osaka, Japan[252]
Manchester is home to the largest group of consuls in the UK outside London. The expansion of international trade links during the Industrial Revolution led to the introduction of the first consuls in the 1820s and since then over 800, from all parts of the world, have been based in Manchester. Manchester hosts consular services for most of the north of England.[255]
See also
- List of Freemen of the City of Manchester
- Manchester dialect
- Symbols of Manchester, including the city's worker bee motif
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