Manchester Liberalism

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Manchester Liberalism (also called the Manchester School, Manchester Capitalism and Manchesterism) comprises the political, economic and social movements of the 19th century that originated in

anti-slavery, freedom of the press and separation of church and state.[1]

Manchester background

textile mills
of northern England were faced with increasing food prices. In turn, mill owners had to pay higher wages, which meant that the price of finished goods was higher, and the foreign trade competitiveness of their products was reduced.

Anti-Corn Law League

Mercantilism holds that a country’s prosperity is dependent on large exports, but limited imports of goods. At the beginning of the 19th century, trade in Britain was still subject to import quotas, price ceilings and other state interventions. That led to shortages of certain goods in British markets, in particular corn (grains usually requiring grinding, most often, but not always wheat).

Manchester became the headquarters of the Anti-Corn Law League from 1839. The League campaigned against the Corn Laws, which it said would reduce food prices and increase the competitiveness of manufactured goods abroad. Manchester Liberalism grew out of that movement. That has led to the situation seen in modern Britain, where the country benefits from less expensive food, imported from trading partners, and those partners in turn benefit from less expensive goods imported from Britain, in a system of globalised cooperation in production.

Manchester Liberalism has a theoretical basis in the writings of Adam Smith, David Hume and Jean-Baptiste Say.

The great champions of the Manchester School were Richard Cobden and John Bright. As well as being advocates of free trade,[2] they were radical opponents of war and imperialism, and proponents of peaceful relations between peoples. The "Little Englander" movement saw little benefit in paying taxes to defend colonies such as Canada, which contributed little trade to Manchester manufacturers and could not supply their main raw material of cotton.[3]

Terminology

In January 1848, Conservative Benjamin Disraeli first used the term "the Manchester School".[4] According to historian Ralph Raico and as indicated by the German liberal Julius Faucher in 1870, the term "Manchesterism" was invented by Ferdinand Lassalle (the founder of German socialism) and was meant as an abusive term.[5]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ Wallace (1960)
  2. S2CID 213110700
    .
  3. ISBN 9780773575004
    .
  4. ^ M.G. Wiebe (ed.) Benjamin Disraeli Letters: Volume Five 1848-1851, p. 131, Letter to Prince Metternich.
  5. ^ Raico, Ralph (2004) Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th Century Ecole Polytechnique, Centre de Recherce en Epistemologie Appliquee, Unité associée au CNRS

Further reading

  • Bresiger, Gregory. "Laissez Faire and Little Englanderism: The Rise, Fall, Rise, and Fall of the Manchester School," Journal of Libertarian Studies (1997) 13#1 pp 45–79. online
  • William Dyer Grampp, The Manchester School of Economics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960), the standard scholarly history
  • Wallace, Elisabeth. "The Political Ideas of the Manchester School," University of Toronto Quarterly (1960) 29#2 pp 122–138
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