Manchu name

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Manchu names are the names of the Manchu people in their own language. In addition to such names, most modern Manchus live in China and possess Chinese names.

Traditionally, Manchus were called only by their

clan name (Manchu
: hala). Each clan would be divided into several sub-clans (mukūn), but these did not have separate names.

Given names

Manchus given names are distinctive. Generally, there are several forms, such as bearing suffixes "-ngga", "-ngge" or "-nggo", meaning "having the quality of";[1] bearing the suffixes "-tai" or "-tu", meaning "having";[2][3] bearing the suffix, "-ju", "-boo";[2] numerals[note 1][2][3] or animal names.[note 2][1][2]

Manchu given names were used solely or with titles but not with clan names. For example, Fiyanggū, who was from the Donggo clan, belonged to the Manchu

Dzungars, was usually called "Fiyanggū be" (Lord Fiyanggū) since Fiyanggū (youngest) was a relatively major given name. Unlike Chinese and Europeans, he was not to be called by combination of family name and given name, i.e. Donggo Fiyanggū or Fiyanggū Donggo. Although we can find Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun
and other figures, but it is a very modern practice. To specify the clan name, Manchus would have said something like "Donggo hala-i Fiyanggū" (Fiyanggū of the Donggo clan).

The

Manchus had an immense variety of given names. For most of them, it is difficult to find the meanings. Some scholars try to categorize them. Erich Haenisch
classified them into sixteen categories including animals (Eje: bull, Yelu: boar), plants (Fodo: willow, Maca: garlic), qualities (Ayan: big, Bayan: rich, Niowanggiyan: green), etc. Ch'en Chieh-hsien classified Manchu personal names into seven main categories. But there are many names that are not included in either categorization.

Some Manchu names seem nothing more than partial phonetic alternation of other ones. For example, the names of brothers of a clan were Ulušun, Hūlušun, Ilušun, Delušun, Fulušun and Jalušun in order of age, where only the initial syllables are changed. Another example is Nurhaci. His brothers were Šurgaci and Murhaci.

Like other non-Chinese terms, Manchu names are often transcribed into Chinese in a chaotic pattern since they were taken from Chinese sources. It is difficult to reconstruct original Manchu spellings from their Chinese transcription. Sometimes the first syllable of a Manchu given name is misinterpreted as a Chinese surname. For instance, the Manchu official

a famous travel record
, is mistaken for a Chinese man named "Tu Lishen".

The Jurchens and their Manchu descendants had Khitan linguistic and grammatical elements in their personal names like suffixes.[4] Many Khitan names had a "ju" suffix.[5]

Nikan (Han Chinese) was a common first name for Manchus.

Aisin Gioro princes and grandsons of Nurhaci who supported Prince Dorgon.[10][11][12] Nurhaci's first son was Cuyen, one of whose sons was Nikan.[13]

During the

Sibe script
but can also be found in Manchu literature. The marker represented as the grapheme of the middle form of letter A is put on a syllable boundary so that we can distinguish Guangying (Guwang'ing) from Guanjing (Guwanging), etc.

Clan names

《The Comprehensive Book of the Eight Manchurian Banners' Surname-Clans (八旗满洲氏族通谱, ᠵᠠᡴᡡᠨ
ᡤᡡᠰᠠᡳ
ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠᠰᠠᡳ
ᠮᡠᡴᡡᠨ
ᡥᠠᠯᠠ
ᠪᡝ
ᡠᡥᡝᡵᡳ
ᡝᠵᡝᡥᡝ
ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝJakūn Gūsai Manjusai Mukūn Hala be Uheri Ejehe Bithe）》 p.33

Like the

Manchus were simply called by given name but they had their own clan names (hala in Manchu). Hala consisted of several mukūn, the unit of exogamy
. Unlike hala, mukūn did not have corresponding names.

The Comprehensive Book of the Eight Manchurian

Banners
' Surname-Clans (八旗滿洲氏族通譜 Baqi Manzhou Zhizu Tongpu), compiled in the middle 18th century, records many Manchu clan names. Among more than a thousand names, about 600 names are the Manchus'.

Gioro, a major clan name, is one of the few hala that has various variants such as Irgen, Silin and Šušu, possibly to distinguish from the imperial family name Aisin-Gioro. Since the mid-to-late Qing Dynasty, Manchus have increasingly adopted Han Chinese surnames, and today, very few Manchus bear traditional Manchu family names.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ e.g. Nadanju (70 in Manchu), Susai (5 in Manchu), Liošici (67, a Mandarin homophone) and Bašinu (85, a Mandarin homophone)[2]
  2. ^ e.g. Dorgon (badger) and Arsalan (lion)[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c Aisin Gioro 2004, p. 979
  2. ^ a b c d e Elliott 2001, p. 243
  3. ^ a b Aisin Gioro 2004, p. 978
  4. ISSN 0931-282X
    .
  5. ISSN 0931-282X
    .
  6. ISBN 978-0-8047-4684-7
    .
  7. ISBN 978-0-520-92884-8
    .
  8. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1
    .
  9. ISBN 978-0-02-933680-9
    .
  10. ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0
    . nikan mandahai.
  11. ISBN 978-0-520-04804-1
    .
  12. ISBN 978-0-7315-0654-5
    .
  13. ^ Serie orientale Roma. Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. 1970. p. 174.
  • Stary, Giovanni. A Dictionary of Manchu Names: A Name Index to the Manchu Version of the "Complete Genealogies of the Manchu Clans and Families of the Eight Banners" Jakūn gūsai Manjusai mukūn hala be uheri ejehe bithe Baqi Manzhou shizu tongpu, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz ed., 2000. Aetas Manjurica 8.
  • Aisin Gioro (2004). Manchu language basic knowledge. Beijing: Xueyuan Press.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchu_name&oldid=1219853572"