Mandarin orange
Mandarin orange | |
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Sapindales |
Family: | Rutaceae |
Genus: | Citrus |
Species: | C. reticulata
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Binomial name | |
Citrus reticulata Blanco , 1837 |
A mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), often simply called mandarin, is a small, rounded
According to genetic studies, the wild mandarin was one of the original citrus species; through breeding or natural hybridization, it is the ancestor of many hybrid citrus cultivars. With the citron and pomelo, it is the ancestor of the most commercially important hybrids (such as sweet and sour oranges, grapefruit, and many lemons and limes). Though the ancestral mandarin orange was bitter, most commercial mandarin strains derive from hybridization with the pomelo, which gives them sweet fruit.
Etymology
The name mandarin orange is a
Citrus reticulata is from Latin, where reticulata means "netted".[2]
Description
Tree

Citrus reticulata is a moderate-sized tree some 7.6 metres (25 ft) in height.
Fruit

Mandarin orange fruits are small 40–80 millimetres (1.6–3.1 in).
Evolution
Origins

The wild mandarin is one of the pure ancestral citrus
Domestication
Mandarins appear to have been domesticated at least twice, in the north and south
The Nanling Mountains are home to northern and southern genetic clusters of domestic mandarins that have similar levels of sugars in the fruit compared to their wild relatives but appreciably (in some almost 90-fold) lower levels of citric acid. The clusters display different patterns of pomelo introgression, have different deduced historical population histories, and are most closely related to distinct wild mandarins, suggesting two independent domestications in the north and south.[12] All tested domesticated cultivars belong to one of these two genetic clusters, with varieties such as Nanfengmiju, Kishu and Satsuma from the northern domestication event producing larger, redder fruit, while varieties such as Willowleaf, Dancy, Sunki, Cleopatra, King, and Ponkan belong to the smaller, yellower-fruited southern cluster.[12]
Taxonomy
The
Genetic analysis is consistent with continental mandarins representing a single species, varying due to hybridization.
Production
In 2022, world production of mandarin oranges (combined with tangerines, clementines, and satsumas in reporting to
Uses
Nutrition
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Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Energy | 223 kJ (53 kcal) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
13.34 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sugars | 10.58 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dietary fibre | 1.8 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
0.31 g | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Protein | 0.81 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Other constituents | Quantity | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Water | 85.2 g | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[19] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[20] |
A mandarin orange contains 85% water, 13%
Culinary
Mandarins have a stronger and sweeter taste than sweet oranges.[5] Mandarins are peeled and eaten fresh or used in salads, desserts and main dishes.[3] Fresh mandarins are used in the production of the liqueur Mandarine Napoléon.[21]
The peel is used fresh, whole or as zest, or dried as chenpi. It can be used as a spice for cooking, baking, drinks, or candy. Essential oil from the fresh peel may be used as a flavouring for candy, in gelatins, ice cream, chewing gum, and baked goods.[3] It is used as a flavouring in some liqueurs.[3]
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Dried mandarin peel used as a seasoning
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Mandarins in a fresh fruit salad
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Chocolate flavoured with Mandarine Napoléon
Cultural significance
In North America, mandarins are commonly purchased in 5- or 10-pound boxes,
See also
References
- The Free Library. Farlex, Inc. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
- ^ a b "Citrus reticulata 'Clementine'". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Mandarin orange; In: Fruits of Warm Climates, p. 142–145". New Crop Resource Online Program. Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- University of California Riverside. 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Karp, David (3 February 2016). "Mandarin oranges, rising stars of the fruit bowl". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ PMID 29885473.
- ^ Karp, David (13 March 2014). "Market watch: The wild and elusive Dancy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
- ^ PMID 29414943. and Supplement
- ISBN 9782918887775.
- ^ PMID 25544367.
- ^ PMID 34312382. and Supplement
- ^ PMID 29885473.
- ^ S2CID 32371305.
- PMID 28631804.
- S2CID 242819146. Retrieved 2021-01-17.
- ^ Karp, David (13 January 2010). "The Seedless Kishu, a small but mighty mandarin". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ISBN 978-94-017-9275-2.
- ^ a b "Mandarin orange production in 2022 (includes tangerines, clementines, and satsumas) from pick lists: World regions/Production quantity/Crops/Year". FAOSTAT, United Nations Corporate Statistical Database. 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- PMID 30844154. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
- ^ "Mandarine Napoléon - History". Mandarine Napoléon. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
- ^ a b c "Information on This Week's Product: Mandarin Oranges" (PDF). BC Agriculture in the Classroom Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
- ^ Andersen, Peter C.; Ferguson, James J. (19 November 2014). "The Satsuma Mandarin". Electronic Data Information Source. IFAS Extension, University of Florida. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
- ^ a b Marion, Paul (19 December 2010). "Oranges at Christmas". Richard Howe; Lowell Politics and Lowell History. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
- ^ "Christmas Stockings". Christmas Traditions in France and in Canada. Ministère de la culture et de la communication de France. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
- ^ "Ark of Taste, Dancy Tangerine, Citrus Tangerina v. Dancy". Slow Food USA. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
- ^ a b "Personalized Christmas Stockings". Stocking Factory. 4 October 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
- ^ "CPW Celebrates 20 Years of Churchill Orchard's Kishu Mandarin Magic". Co-op Partners Warehouse. 24 January 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
- .