Mandarin orange

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Mandarin
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species:
C. reticulata
Binomial name
Citrus reticulata
Blanco
, 1837

The mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), also known as mandarin or mandarine, is a small, rounded citrus tree fruit. Treated as a distinct species of orange,[1] it is usually eaten plain or in fruit salads.[1] Tangerines are a group of orange-coloured citrus fruit consisting of hybrids of mandarin orange with some pomelo contribution.

Mandarins are smaller and oblate,

mesocarp,[4] so they are usually easier to peel and to split into segments.[1] Hybrids usually have these traits to a lesser degree. The mandarin is tender and is damaged easily by cold. It can be grown in tropical and subtropical areas.[1][3]

According to genetic studies, the mandarin was one of the

desert lime and the kumquat.[2] Though the ancestral mandarin was bitter, most commercial mandarin strains derive from hybridization with pomelo, which gives them a sweet fruit.[5]

Etymology

The name mandarin orange is a

Sina), meaning Chinese apple], first attested in the 18th century. The Imperial Chinese term "mandarine" was first adopted by the French for this fruit. The reason for the epithet is not clear.[6]

Citrus reticulata is from Latin, where reticulata means "netted".[7]

Botany

Mandarin oranges growing on a tree in Crete.

Citrus reticulata is a moderate-sized tree some 7.6 metres (25 ft) in height.

satsuma). A mature mandarin tree can yield up to 79 kilograms (175 lb) of fruit.[8]

Fruit

Mandarin oranges in a mesh bag
Mandarin orange seeds

Mandarin orange fruits are small 40–80 millimetres (1.6–3.1 in).

seedless or contain a small number of seeds. Mandarin orange fruits are sweet to taste and can be eaten as whole or squeezed to make juice.[1][3]

Production

In 2020, world production of mandarin oranges (combined with tangerines, clementines, and satsumas in reporting to

FAOSTAT) was 38.6 million tonnes, led by China with 60% of the global total.[9] Spain produced more than two million tonnes in 2020, while other significant producers with around one million tonnes each were Turkey, Egypt and Morocco.[9]

Uses

Culinary

Dried mandarin peel
Dried mandarin peel used as a seasoning
Chocolate-coated citrus peel.
Chocolate-coated citrus peel
Peeled and canned mandarin orange segments
Peeled and canned mandarin orange segments

Fresh

See also: List of fruit dishes

Mandarins are generally peeled and eaten fresh or used in salads, desserts and main dishes.[1] Fresh mandarin juice and frozen juice concentrate are commonly available in the United States. The number of seeds in each segment (carpel) varies greatly. Fresh mandarins are also used in the production of some drinks and spirits, such as Mandarine Napoléon.

Peel

The peel is used fresh, whole or zested, or dried as chenpi. It can be used as a spice for cooking, baking, drinks, or candy. Essential oil from the fresh peel may be used as a flavouring for candy, in gelatins, ice cream, chewing gum, and baked goods.[1] It is also used as a flavouring in liqueurs.[1] In Chinese cuisine, the peel of the mandarin orange, called chenpi, is used to flavor sweet dishes and sauces.[citation needed]

Canning

Canned mandarin segments are peeled to remove the white pith before canning; otherwise, they turn bitter. Segments are peeled using a chemical process. First, the segments are scalded in hot water to loosen the skin; then, they are bathed in a

albedo and membranes. Finally, the segments are rinsed several times in plain water. Once orange segments are properly prepared, mandarin oranges undergo heat processing to remove bacteria that can cause spoilage. The oranges are then packed in airtight sealed containers. Ascorbic acid may also be added.[citation needed
]

Medical

Traditional medicine

In traditional Chinese medicine, the dried peel of the fruit is used in the regulation of qi and to enhance digestion.[10]

Nutrition

Mandarin oranges, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy223 kJ (53 kcal)
13.34 g
Sugars10.58 g
Dietary fibre1.8 g
0.31 g
0.81 g
Niacin (B3)
2%
0.376 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
4%
0.216 mg
Vitamin B6
5%
0.078 mg
Folate (B9)
4%
16 μg
Choline
2%
10.2 mg
Vitamin C
30%
26.7 mg
Vitamin E
1%
0.2 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
3%
37 mg
Iron
1%
0.15 mg
Magnesium
3%
12 mg
Manganese
2%
0.039 mg
Phosphorus
2%
20 mg
Potassium
6%
166 mg
Sodium
0%
2 mg
Zinc
1%
0.07 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water85.2 g
Link to USDA Database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[11] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[12]

A mandarin orange contains 85% water, 13%

Daily Value
) in a 100-gram reference serving, with all other nutrients in low amounts.

Cultural significance

Mandarin fruitlets

In Canada and the United States, they are commonly purchased in 5- or 10-pound boxes,

chocolate coins
wrapped in gold foil.

Satsumas were also grown in the United States from the early 1900s. Still, Japan remained a major supplier.[16] U.S. imports of these Japanese oranges was suspended due to hostilities with Japan during World War II.[13] While they were one of the first Japanese goods allowed for export after the end of the war, residual hostility led to the rebranding of these oranges as "Mandarin" oranges instead of "Japanese" oranges.[13]

The delivery of the first batch of mandarin oranges from Japan in the port of Vancouver, British Columbia (Canada) is greeted with a festival that combines Santa Claus and Japanese dancers[15]—young girls dressed in traditional kimono.[17]

Historically, the Christmas fruit sold in North America was mostly

Dancys, but now it is more often a hybrid.[18]

Literature

In Canadian literature, particularly in Gabrielle Roy's novel about Montreal, The Tin Flute, a mandarin orange figures as a touch of luxury for the dying son of the poor Lacasse family, around which the novel is woven.[citation needed] Mandarin oranges are mentioned in Sinclair Ross' 1942 novel, As for Me and My House, and his 1939 short story, Cornet at Night.[19]

Genetics and origin

Further information: Citrus taxonomy

Mandarins are one of the pure ancestral citrus

ichang papeda, which grows wild in the same region.[22]

The Nanling Mountains are also home to northern and southern genetic clusters of domestic mandarins that have similar levels of sugars in the fruit compared to their wild relatives but appreciably (in some almost 90-fold) lower levels of citric acid. The clusters display different patterns of pomelo introgression, have different deduced historical population histories, and are most closely related to distinct wild mandarins, suggesting two independent domestications in the north and south.[22] All tested domesticated cultivars were found to belong to one of these two genetic clusters, with varieties such as Nanfengmiju, Kishu and Satsuma deriving from the northern domestication event producing larger, redder fruit, while Willowleaf, Dancy, Sunki, Cleopatra, King, Ponkan, and others derived from the smaller, yellower-fruited southern cluster.[22]

The

King (C. nobilis), Mediterranean (willowleaf), small-fruited (C. indica, C. tachibana and C. reshni), and mandarin hybrids.[24] In the genomic-based species taxonomy of Ollitrault et al., only pure mandarins would fall under C. reticulata, while the pomelo admixture found in the majority of mandarins would cause them to be classified as varieties of C. aurantium.[25]

Genetic analysis is consistent with continental mandarins representing a single species, with much of the variation within mandarins being due to hybridization.

Cleopatra mandarins that likewise previously were thought to be pure but since found to contain small regions of introgressed pomelo DNA are too sour to be edible, but are widely used as rootstock and grown for juice.[23][2] Another group of mandarins, including some tangerines, Satsuma and King mandarins, show a greater pomelo contribution and derive from the limited-pomelo hybrids being crossed again, with sweet orange or pomelo, and likewise backcrossing in some cases, producing cultivars with moderate to high levels of pomelo introgression.[2] Hybrid mandarins thus fall on a continuum of increasing pomelo contribution with clementines, sweet and sour oranges, and grapefruit.[20]
Mandarins and their hybrids are sold under a variety of names.

Varieties

See also: Citrus taxonomy
Unripe fruit

Stem mandarins (Citrus reticulata)

  • Mangshan wild mandarins (only some, others being the genetically distinct mangshanyegan)[22]
  • Daoxian mandarines[22]
  • Suanpangan[22]

Domesticated mandarins and hybrids

(Species names are those from the Tanaka system. Recent genomic analysis would place them all in Citrus reticulata,[2] except the C. ryukyuensis hybrids[21])

Citrus nobilis) × 'Willow Leaf' (Citrus × deliciosa
) cross, developed by Dr H.B. Frost
  • Sun Chu Sha[20][2]
  • Nanfengmiju - one of China's most widely cultivated varieties.[26]
  • Cleopatra mandarin,[20] acidic mandarin containing very small amount of pomelo introgression.[2]
  • Sunki,[20] acidic mandarin containing very small amount of pomelo introgression.[2]
  • Dancy, Sunburst or Murcott (Honey) cultivars. Some tangerine × grapefruit hybrids are legally sold as tangerines in the US.[28][29]
  • Mediterranean/Willowleaf/Thorny (Citrus × deliciosa), a mandarin with small amounts of pomelo.[30]
  • Dalanghita (Citrus reticulata) is a smaller mandarin endemic widely cultivated in the Philippines. Also known by other local names, naranghita and sintones.[31]
  • Huanglingmiao (Citrus reticulata), a mandarin–pomelo hybrid.[2][32]
  • Kishumikan (Citrus reticulata), or simply Kishu, a close clonal relative of Huanglingmiao, the two sharing a common origin before diverging as they were propagated[2]
    • Kunenbo (Citrus nobilis) a heterogeneous group that includes at least four distinct mandarin-pomelo hybrids.[33]
      • King (in full, 'King of Siam', Citrus nobilis) a Kunenbo mandarin with high levels of pomelo admixture, sometimes classed as a tangor.[2][33]
        • Kinnow (see image), a King × Willowleaf hybrid.
      • Satsuma (Citrus unshiu), a mandarin × pomelo hybrid with more pomelo than seen in most mandarins. It derived from a cross between a Huanglingmiao/Kishu and a non-King Kunenbo that was itself a pomelo × Huanglingmiao/Kishu cross.[2][33] It is a seedless variety, of which there are over 200 cultivars, including Wenzhou migana, Owari, and mikan; the source of most canned mandarins, and popular as a fresh fruit due to its ease of consumption
        • Owari, a well-known Satsuma cultivar that ripens during the late autumn
    • Komikan, a variety of Kishumikan[33]
  • The Ponkan (Citrus reticulata), a mandarin–pomelo hybrid[20][30]
    • The
      Dancy tangerine (Citrus tangerina) is a hybrid, the cross of a Ponkan with another unidentified hybrid mandarin.[2] Until the 1970s, most tangerines grown and eaten in the US were Dancys, and it was known as "Christmas tangerine"[18] and zipper-skin tangerine[34]
      • Iyokan (Citrus iyo), a cross between the Dancy tangerine and another Japanese mandarin variety, the kaikoukan.[33]
  • Bang Mot tangerine, a mandarin variety popular in Thailand.
  • Shekwasha (Citrus depressa), a group of clonal citrus that arose from multiple independent natural crosses of C. ryukyuensis with a Sun Chu Sha relative,[21]
    a very sour mandarin grown for its acidic juice.
  • Tachibana, also a cluster of similar clones, deriving from natural crosses between different individual C. ryukyuensis and a clonal C. reticulata lineage with both northern and southern subspecies contribution.[21]
  • Kinnow, also known as Pakistani mandarin is popular variety in Pakistan and Middle East.

Mandarin crosses

ternary diagram (mandarin at top). Genetically distinct hybrids often bear the same common name.[35]
  • Tangelos, a generic term for modern mandarin (tangerine) × pomelo and mandarin × grapefruit crosses
    • The Mandelo or 'cocktail grapefruit', a cross between a Dancy/King mixed mandarin and a pomelo.[2] The term is also sometimes used generically, like a tangelo, for recent mandarin × pomelo hybrids.
  • The
    sour orange (Citrus x aurantium) derives from a direct cross between a pure mandarin and a pomelo[32]
  • The common sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis) derives from a cross between a non-pure mandarin and pomelo parents[32]
    • Tangors, or Temple oranges, are crosses between the mandarin orange and the common sweet orange;[32] their thick rind is easy to peel, and its bright orange pulp is sour-sweet and full-flavoured. Some such hybrids are commonly called mandarins or tangerines.
      • Clementine (Citrus × clementina), a spontaneous hybrid between a Willowleaf mandarin orange and a sweet orange.[30][36] sometimes known as a "Thanksgiving Orange" or "Christmas orange", as its peak season is winter; an important commercial mandarin orange form, having displaced mikans in many markets.
        • Clemenules or Nules, a variety of Clementine named for the Valencian town where it was first bred in 1953; it is the most popular variety of Clementine grown in Spain.[37]
        • Fairchild is a hybrid of Clementine and Orlando
          tangelo
      • Murcott, a mandarin × sweet orange hybrid,[30][38] one parent being the King.[33]
        • Tango is a proprietary seedless mid-late season irradiated selection of Murcott developed by the University of California Citrus Breeding Program.[8]
      • Kiyomi (Citrus unshiu × sinensis) is a Satsuma/sweet orange hybrid from Japan
        • Dekopon, a hybrid between Kiyomi and ponkan, marketed in the United States as Sumo Citrus(R)
    • Grapefruit (Citrus x paradisi), the result of backcrossing the sweet orange with pomelo
    • Meyer lemon (Citrus x meyer), a cross between a mandarin × pomelo hybrid and a citron.[35]
    • Palestinian sweet lime (Citrus x limettioides), a distinct (mandarin × pomelo) × citron hybrid[35]
  • Rangpur lime (Citrus x limonia), a pure-mandarin × citron cross[35]
  • Rough lemon (Citrus x jambhiri), a pure-mandarin × citron cross, distinct from rangpur[35]
  • Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana), a pure-mandarin x citron cross, distinct from rangpur and rough lemon
  • Jabara (Citrus jabara), a Kunenbo mandarin × yuzu cross.[33]
  • several of the kumquat-hybrid
    orangequat, mandarinquat and sunquat

Non-mandarins

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Mandarin orange; In: Fruits of Warm Climates, p. 142–145". New Crop Resource Online Program. Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  2. ^
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  3. ^ a b c d e f Karp, David (3 February 2016). "Mandarin oranges, rising stars of the fruit bowl". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  4. ^ Karp, David (13 March 2014). "Market watch: The wild and elusive Dancy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  5. ^
    PMID 29885473
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  6. The Free Library
    . Farlex, Inc. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  7. ^ a b "Citrus reticulata 'Clementine'". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  8. ^ a b "Tango mandarin; Citrus reticulata Blanco". Citrus Variety Collection. College of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of California Riverside. 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  9. ^ a b "Mandarin orange production in 2020 (includes tangerines, clementines, and satsumas)". FAOSTAT, United Nations Corporate Statistical Database. 2022. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
  10. OCLC 40587077
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  11. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  12. PMID 30844154.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
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  13. ^ a b c "Information on This Week's Product: Mandarin Oranges" (PDF). BC Agriculture in the Classroom Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  14. ^ a b "Personalized Christmas Stockings". Stocking Factory. 4 October 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  15. ^ a b Marion, Paul (19 December 2010). "Oranges at Christmas". Richard Howe; Lowell Politics and Lowell History. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  16. ^ Andersen, Peter C.; Ferguson, James J. (19 November 2014). "The Satsuma Mandarin". Electronic Data Information Source. IFAS Extension, University of Florida. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  17. ^ "Christmas Stockings". Christmas Traditions in France and in Canada. Ministère de la culture et de la communication de France. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  18. ^ a b "Ark of Taste, Dancy Tangerine, Citrus Tangerina v. Dancy". Slow Food USA. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
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  26. ^ a b Karp, David (13 January 2010). "The Seedless Kishu, a small but mighty mandarin". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  27. ^ "Citrus tangerina Yu.Tanaka — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  28. ^ Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch (2018-07-10). "Robinson Tangerine". ufl.edu.
  29. ^ Commernet, 2011. "20-13.0061. Sunburst Tangerines; Classification and Standards, 20-13. Market Classification, Maturity Standards And Processing Or Packing Restrictions For Hybrids, D20. Departmental, 20. Department of Citrus, Florida Administrative Code". State of Florida. Retrieved 14 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  31. ^ "Dalanghita". www.medicinalplantsdatabase.com. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
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  34. ^ Larry K. Jackson and Stephen H. Futch (2018-06-06). "HS169/CH074: Dancy Tangerine". ufl.edu.
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  37. ^ Toni Siebert (30 July 2009). "Nules". Citrus Variety Database. University Of California. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  38. ^ Stephen H. Futch and Larry K. Jackson (2018-05-09). "HS174/CH078: Murcott (Honey Tangerine)". ufl.edu.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Citrus reticulata.
Wikispecies has information related to Citrus reticulata.
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