Mandarin orange

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Mandarin orange
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species:
C. reticulata
Binomial name
Citrus reticulata
Blanco
, 1837

A mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata), often simply called mandarin, is a small, rounded

mesocarp
, so they are usually easier to peel and to split into segments. Hybrids have these traits to lesser degrees. The mandarin orange is tender and is damaged easily by cold. It can be grown in tropical and subtropical areas.

According to genetic studies, the wild mandarin was one of the original citrus species; through breeding or natural hybridization, it is the ancestor of many hybrid citrus cultivars. With the citron and pomelo, it is the ancestor of the most commercially important hybrids (such as sweet and sour oranges, grapefruit, and many lemons and limes). Though the ancestral mandarin orange was bitter, most commercial mandarin strains derive from hybridization with the pomelo, which gives them sweet fruit.

Etymology

The name mandarin orange is a

Sina), meaning Chinese apple], first attested in the 18th century. The Imperial Chinese term "mandarine" was first adopted by the French for this fruit. The reason for the epithet is not clear.[1]

Citrus reticulata is from Latin, where reticulata means "netted".[2]

Description

Tree

Fruiting mandarin tree in Crete

Citrus reticulata is a moderate-sized tree some 7.6 metres (25 ft) in height.

satsuma). A mature mandarin tree can yield up to 79 kilograms (175 lb) of fruit.[4]

Fruit

Mandarin oranges in a mesh bag

Mandarin orange fruits are small 40–80 millimetres (1.6–3.1 in).

mesocarp, so they are easy to peel and to split into segments.[7]

Evolution

Origins

Many Citrus species are hybrids of mandarin and either citron or pomelo. Some mandarins are the original wild species, but most are hybrids.[8]

The wild mandarin is one of the pure ancestral citrus

taxa; they evolved in a restricted region of South China and Vietnam.[9][10][6]

Domestication

Mandarins appear to have been domesticated at least twice, in the north and south

ichang papeda, which grows wild in the same region.[12]

The Nanling Mountains are home to northern and southern genetic clusters of domestic mandarins that have similar levels of sugars in the fruit compared to their wild relatives but appreciably (in some almost 90-fold) lower levels of citric acid. The clusters display different patterns of pomelo introgression, have different deduced historical population histories, and are most closely related to distinct wild mandarins, suggesting two independent domestications in the north and south.[12] All tested domesticated cultivars belong to one of these two genetic clusters, with varieties such as Nanfengmiju, Kishu and Satsuma from the northern domestication event producing larger, redder fruit, while varieties such as Willowleaf, Dancy, Sunki, Cleopatra, King, and Ponkan belong to the smaller, yellower-fruited southern cluster.[12]

Taxonomy

The

King (C. nobilis), Mediterranean (willowleaf), small-fruited (C. indica, C. tachibana and C. reshni), and mandarin hybrids.[14] In the genomic-based species taxonomy of Ollitrault et al., only pure wild type mandarins would fall under C. reticulata, while the pomelo admixture found in the majority of mandarins would cause them to be classified as varieties of the hybrid bitter orange, C. aurantium.[15]

Genetic analysis is consistent with continental mandarins representing a single species, varying due to hybridization.

Cleopatra mandarins likewise contain small regions of introgressed pomelo DNA; they are too sour to eat, but are widely used as rootstock and grown for juice.[13][8] Another group, including some tangerines, satsuma and king mandarins, show more pomelo contribution.[8] Hybrid mandarins thus fall on a continuum of increasing pomelo contribution with clementines, sweet and sour oranges, and grapefruit.[10][17][8]

Production

In 2022, world production of mandarin oranges (combined with tangerines, clementines, and satsumas in reporting to

FAOSTAT) was 44.2 million tonnes, led by China with 61% of the global total.[18] Spain produced 1.8 million tonnes in 2022, with Turkey, Egypt, and Morocco as other significant producers.[18]

Uses

Nutrition

Mandarin oranges, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy223 kJ (53 kcal)
13.34 g
Sugars10.58 g
Dietary fibre1.8 g
0.31 g
Protein
0.81 g
Vitamins and minerals
Niacin (B3)
2%
0.376 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
4%
0.216 mg
Vitamin B6
5%
0.078 mg
Folate (B9)
4%
16 μg
Choline
2%
10.2 mg
Vitamin C
30%
26.7 mg
Vitamin E
1%
0.2 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV
Calcium
3%
37 mg
Iron
1%
0.15 mg
Magnesium
3%
12 mg
Manganese
2%
0.039 mg
Phosphorus
2%
20 mg
Potassium
6%
166 mg
Sodium
0%
2 mg
Zinc
1%
0.07 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water85.2 g

Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[19] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[20]

A mandarin orange contains 85% water, 13%

Daily Value
) in a 100-gram reference serving, with all other nutrients in low amounts.

Culinary

Mandarins have a stronger and sweeter taste than sweet oranges.[5] Mandarins are peeled and eaten fresh or used in salads, desserts and main dishes.[3] Fresh mandarins are used in the production of the liqueur Mandarine Napoléon.[21]

The peel is used fresh, whole or as zest, or dried as chenpi. It can be used as a spice for cooking, baking, drinks, or candy. Essential oil from the fresh peel may be used as a flavouring for candy, in gelatins, ice cream, chewing gum, and baked goods.[3] It is used as a flavouring in some liqueurs.[3]

Cultural significance

In North America, mandarins are commonly purchased in 5- or 10-pound boxes,

Dancys, but now it is more often a hybrid.[26] This Japanese tradition merged with European traditions related to the Christmas stocking. Saint Nicholas is said to have put gold coins into the stockings of three poor girls so that they would be able to afford to get married.[27] Sometimes the story is told with gold balls instead of bags of gold, and oranges became a symbolic stand-in for these gold balls, and are put in Christmas stockings in Canada.[27][24] Their use as Christmas gifts probably spread from the Japanese immigrant community.[28] Mandarin oranges are mentioned in Sinclair Ross' 1942 novel, As for Me and My House, and his 1939 short story, Cornet at Night.[29]

See also

References

  1. The Free Library
    . Farlex, Inc. Retrieved October 5, 2016.
  2. ^ a b "Citrus reticulata 'Clementine'". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden. 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Morton, Julia F. (1987). "Mandarin orange; In: Fruits of Warm Climates, p. 142–145". New Crop Resource Online Program. Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Purdue University. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  4. University of California Riverside
    . 2010. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e Karp, David (3 February 2016). "Mandarin oranges, rising stars of the fruit bowl". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  6. ^
    PMID 29885473
    .
  7. ^ Karp, David (13 March 2014). "Market watch: The wild and elusive Dancy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
  8. ^
    PMID 29414943
    . and Supplement
  9. .
  10. ^ .
  11. ^ . and Supplement
  12. ^ .
  13. ^ .
  14. .
  15. . Retrieved 2021-01-17.
  16. ^ Karp, David (13 January 2010). "The Seedless Kishu, a small but mighty mandarin". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  17. .
  18. ^ a b "Mandarin orange production in 2022 (includes tangerines, clementines, and satsumas) from pick lists: World regions/Production quantity/Crops/Year". FAOSTAT, United Nations Corporate Statistical Database. 2024. Retrieved 25 April 2024.
  19. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  20. PMID 30844154
    . Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  21. ^ "Mandarine Napoléon - History". Mandarine Napoléon. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2023.
  22. ^ a b c "Information on This Week's Product: Mandarin Oranges" (PDF). BC Agriculture in the Classroom Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  23. ^ Andersen, Peter C.; Ferguson, James J. (19 November 2014). "The Satsuma Mandarin". Electronic Data Information Source. IFAS Extension, University of Florida. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  24. ^ a b Marion, Paul (19 December 2010). "Oranges at Christmas". Richard Howe; Lowell Politics and Lowell History. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  25. ^ "Christmas Stockings". Christmas Traditions in France and in Canada. Ministère de la culture et de la communication de France. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  26. ^ "Ark of Taste, Dancy Tangerine, Citrus Tangerina v. Dancy". Slow Food USA. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  27. ^ a b "Personalized Christmas Stockings". Stocking Factory. 4 October 2008. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 15 January 2013.
  28. ^ "CPW Celebrates 20 Years of Churchill Orchard's Kishu Mandarin Magic". Co-op Partners Warehouse. 24 January 2024. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  29. .