Manfred von Ardenne
Manfred von Ardenne | |
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Applied Physics | |
Institutions | Soviet atomic bomb project TU Dresden |
Manfred baron von Ardenne (German pronunciation:
Von Ardenne is seen as one of the main inventors of the television.[1][2]
Career
Early years
The stormy life of von Ardenne's grandmother,
Born in 1907 in Hamburg to a wealthy aristocratic family, Ardenne was the oldest of five children. In 1913, Ardenne's father, assigned to the Kriegsministerium, moved to Berlin. From Ardenne's earliest youth, he was intrigued by any form of technology, and this was fostered by his parents. Ardenne's early education was at home through private teachers. In Berlin, from 1919, Ardenne attended the Realgymnasium, where he pursued his interests in physics and technology. In a school competition, he submitted models of a camera and an alarm system, for which he was awarded first place.[3][4]
In 1923, at the age of 15, he received his first patent for an electronic tube with multiple (three) systems in a single tube for applications in wireless telegraphy. At this time, Ardenne prematurely left the Gymnasium to pursue the development of radio engineering with the entrepreneur
Without an
In 1928, he came into his inheritance with full control as to how it could be spent, and he established his private research laboratory Forschungslaboratorium für Elektronenphysik,
At the
In 1937, Ardenne developed the scanning transmission electron microscope. During World War II, he took part in the study and application of radar.[3]
In 1941 the "
In the Soviet Union
Von Ardenne,
All four of the pact members were taken to the Soviet Union. Von Ardenne was made head of Institute A,[17] in Sinop,[18][19] a suburb of Sukhumi. In his first meeting with Lavrentij Beria, von Ardenne was asked to participate in the Soviet atomic bomb project, but von Ardenne quickly realized that participation would prohibit his repatriation to Germany, so he suggested isotope enrichment as an objective, which was agreed to.
Goals of Ardenne's Institute A included: (1) Electromagnetic separation of isotopes, for which von Ardenne was the leader, (2) Techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation, for which Peter Adolf Thiessen was the leader, and (3) Molecular techniques for separation of uranium isotopes, for which Max Steenbeck was the leader; Steenbeck was a colleague of Hertz at Siemens.
Others at Institute A included Ingrid Schilling, Alfred Schimohr, Gerhard Siewert, and Ludwig Ziehl.[20] By the end of the 1940s, nearly 300 Germans were working at the institute, and they were not the total work force.[21]
Hertz was made head of Institute G,[22] in Agudseri (Agudzery),[18][19] about 10 km southeast of Sukhumi and a suburb of Gul’rips (Gulrip'shi); after 1950, Hertz moved to Moscow. Volmer went to the Nauchno-Issledovatel'skij Institut-9 (NII-9, Scientific Research Institute No. 9),[23] in Moscow; he was given a design bureau to work on the production of heavy water.[24] In Institute A, Thiessen became leader for developing techniques for manufacturing porous barriers for isotope separation.[25]
At the suggestion of authorities, Ardenne eventually shifted his research from isotope separation to plasma research directed towards controlled nuclear fusion.[26]
In 1947, Ardenne was awarded a
Return to (East) Germany
After Ardenne's arrival in the
In 1957, Ardenne became a member of the "Forschungsrat" of the DDR. In that year, he developed an endoradiosonde for medical diagnostics. In 1958, he was awarded the "Nationalpreis" of the DDR; the same year he became a member of the "Friedensrat". In 1959, he received a patent for the electron-beam furnace he developed. In 1961, he was selected a chairman of the "Internationale Gesellschaft für medizinische Elektronik und biomedizinische Technik". From the 1960s, he expanded his medical research and became well known for his oxygen multi-step therapy and cancer multi-step therapy.[3][28][29][30]
In 1963, Ardenne became president of the "Kulturbund" of the DDR. During the period 1963 to 1989, he was a delegate to the "
After the creation of the Dresden-Hamburg city partnership (1987), Ardenne became an
At the time of his death on 26 May 1997, Ardenne held around 600 patents.[31]
In 2002 the German "Europäische Forschungsgesellschaft Dünne Schichten" ("European Thin-Film Research Society") named an annual prize in von Ardenne's honor.[32]
Personal life
In 1937, Ardenne married Bettina Bergengruen; they had four children.[3]
Honors
Von Ardenne received many honors:[33]
- 3 July 1941 – Silver Leibniz Medal of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
- 2 January 1945 – Appointed to the Reichsforschungsrat
- 8 December 1947 – Stalin Prize of the USSR
- 31 December 1953 – Stalin Prize of the USSR
- 26 July 1955 – Member of the Physics Section of the German Academy of Sciences
- 10 November 1955 – Member of the Wissenschaftlichen Rates für friedliche Anwendung der Atomenergie (Scientific Council for Peaceful Applications of Atomic Energy) of the Council of Ministers of the GDR
- 1 June 1956 – Honorary ProfessorTechnische Hochschule Dresden
- 15 July 1957 – Member of the Forschungsrates (Research Council) of the GDR
- 7 December 1957 – Ernst Moritz Arndt Medal
- 18 April 1958 – Peace Medal of the GDR
- 25 September 1958 – Honorary Doctorate of Natural Sciences from the Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald
- 7 October 1958 – National Prize, First Class
- 4 January 1959 – Grand Cross of Service Medal of the United Arab Republic
- 27 May 1961 – President of the Gesellschaft für biomedizinische Technik (Society for Biomedical Technology)
- 2 November 1962 – member of the Wissenschaftlichen Rates des Ministerium für Gesundheitswesen (Scientific Council of the Ministry for Health Service) of the GDR
- 7 October 1965 – National Prize, Second Class
- 15 December 1965 – Member of the International Astronautical Academy of Paris
- 12 May 1970 – Lenin Medal
- 29 October 1973 – Hans Bredow Medal
- 12 December 1978 – Honorary Doctor of Medicine of the Akademie Dresden
- 20 June 1979 – Honorary Member of the Forschungsrates of the GDR
- 1 December 1981 – Barkhausen Medal of the Technische Universität Dresden
- 20 January 1982 – Gold Patriotic Service Medal
- 22 September 1982 – Honorary Doctor of Education of the Pädagogische Hochschule Dresden*25 October 1983 – Honorary Member of the Gesellschaft für Ultraschalltechnik (Society for Ultrasonics)
- 19 February 1984 – Honorary Member of the Ärztegesellschaft für Sauerstoff-Mehrschritt-Therapie (Physicians Society for Oxygen Multi-step Therapy)
- 11 April 1986 – Wilhelm Ostwald Medal of the Saxony Academy of Sciences
- 2 June 1986 – Richard Theile Medal of the German Television Technology Society
- 9 July 1986 – Ernst Abbe Medal of the Chamber of Technology of the GDR
- 24 April 1987 – Medal of the Art and Science Senate of Hamburg
- 15 May 1987 – Ernst Krokowski Prize of the Society for Biological Cancer Prevention
- 3 March 1988 – Ernst Haeckel Medal of Urania
- 21 October 1988 – Gold Diesel Medal of Munich
- 25 November 1988 – Friedrich von Schiller Prize of Hamburg
- 26 September 1989 – Honorary Citizen of Dresden
- 15 July 1993 – Colani Design France Prize
Books
- Manfred von Ardenne Tabellen der Elektronenphysik, Ionenphysik und Übermikroskopie. Bd. 1. Hauptgebiete (VEB Dt. Verl. d. Wissenschaften, 1956)
- Manfred von Ardenne Tabellen zur angewandten Kernphysik (Dt. Verl. d. Wissensch., 1956)
- Manfred von Ardenne Eine glückliche Jugend im Zeichen der Technik (Kinderbuchverl., 1962)
- Manfred von Ardenne Eine glückliche Jugend im Zeichen der Technik (Urania-Verl., 1965)
- Manfred von Ardenne Ein glückliches Leben für Technik und Forschung (Suhrkamp Verlag KG, 1982)
- Manfred von Ardenne Sauerstoff- Mehrschritt- Therapie. Physiologische und technische Grundlagen (Thieme, 1987)
- Manfred von Ardenne Sechzig Jahre für Forschung und Fortschritt. Autobiographie (Verlag der Nation, 1987)
- Manfred von Ardenne Mein Leben für Forschung und Fortschritt (Ullstein, 1987)
- Siegfried Reball, Manfred von Ardenne, and Gerhard Musiol Effekte der Physik und ihre Anwendungen (Deutscher Verlag, 1989)
- Manfred von Ardenne, Gerhard Musiol, and Siegfried Reball Effekte der Physik und ihre Anwendungen (Deutsch, 1990)
- Manfred von Ardenne Die Erinnerungen (Herbig Verlag, 1990)
- Manfred von Ardenne Fernsehempfang: Bau und Betrieb einer Anlage zur Aufnahme des Ultrakurzwellen-Fernsehrundfunks mit Braunscher Röhre (Weidmannsche, 1992)
- Manfred von Ardenne Wegweisungen eines vom Optimismus geleiteten Lebens: Sammlung von Hinweisen, Lebenserfahrungen, Erkenntnissen, Aussprüchen und Aphorismen über sieben der Forschung gewidmeten Jahrzehnte (Verlag Kritische Wissensch., 1996)
- Manfred von Ardenne Erinnerungen, fortgeschrieben (Droste, 1997)
- Manfred von Ardenne, Alexander von Ardenne, and Christian Hecht Systemische Krebs-Mehrschritt-Therapie (Hippokrates, 1997)
- Manfred von Ardenne Gesundheit durch Sauerstoff- Mehrschritt- Therapie (Nymphenburger, 1998)
- Manfred von Ardenne Wo hilft Sauerstoff-Mehrschritt-Therapie? (Urban & Fischer Verlag, 1999)
- Manfred von Ardenne Arbeiten zur Elektronik. 1930, 1931, 1937, 1961, 1968 (Deutsch, 2001)
- Manfred von Ardenne Die physikalischen Grundlagen der Rundfunkanlagen (Funk Verlag, 2002)
- Manfred von Ardenne and Manfred Lotsch Ich bin ihnen begegnet (Droste, 2002)
- Manfred von Ardenne Des Funkbastlers erprobte Schaltungen: Reprint der Originalausgabe von 1926 (Funk Verlag, 2003)
- Manfred von Ardenne, Gerhard Musiol, and Siegfried Reball Effekte der Physik und ihre Anwendungen (Deutsch, 2003)
- Manfred von Ardenne Empfang auf kurzen Wellen - Möglichkeiten, Schaltungen und praktische Winke: Reprint der Originalausgabe von 1928 (Funk Verlag, 2005)
- Manfred von Ardenne, Gerhard Musiol, and Siegfried Reball Effekte der Physik und ihre Anwendungen (Deutsch, 2005)
- Manfred von Ardenne and Kurt Borchardt (editors) Handbuch der Funktechnik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (Franckh)
See also
- Technische Hochschule Dresden
- Environmental scanning electron microscope
- Raster scan
- Russian Alsos
- German inventors and discoverers
References
- ^ "Manfred von Ardenne - Herr des Fernsehens".
- ^ "Ein Berliner Baron erfand den Vater aller Fernseher".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ardenne – Deutsches Historisches Museum.
- S2CID 94403861.
- ^ sachen.de Archived 2008-03-25 at the Wayback Machine - Zur Ehrung von Manfred von Ardenne.
- S2CID 117900835.
- ^ von Ardenne, Manfred (1938). "Das Elektronen-Rastermikroskop. Praktische Ausführung". Zeitschrift für technische Physik (in German). 19: 407–416.
- ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 6-7.
- ^ Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see entry for Ardenne.
- ^ "Cathode radio television sender on which Baron Manfred von Ardenne has been experimenting since 1928" (photo), The New York Times, August 16, 1931, p. XX8.
- ^ "Television at the Berlin Radio Exhibition", Television, October 1931, p. 310, 311, 318.
- ^ Albert Abramson, Zworykin: Pioneer of Television, University of Illinois Press, 1995, p. 111.
- ^ Von Ardenne - Dieter Wunderlich.
- ^ Heinemann-Grüder, 2002, 44.
- ^ Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Thiessen.
- ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 5.
- ^ Institute A was used as the basis for the Sukhumi Physical-Technical Institute. See Oleynikov, 2000, 12.
- ^ a b Oleynikov, 2000, 11-12.
- ^ a b Naimark, 1995, 213.
- ^ Maddrell, 2006, 179-180.
- ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 10-11.
- Gustav Hertz was the leader, (2) Development of a condensation pump, for which Justus Mühlenpfordt was the leader, (3) Design and build a mass spectrometer for determining the isotopic composition of uranium, for which Werner Schütze was the leader, (4) Development of frameless (ceramic) diffusion partitions for filters, for which Reinhold Reichmann was the leader, and (5) Development of a theory of stability and control of a diffusion cascade, for which Heinz Barwichwas the leader. See Oleynikov, 2000, 12-13 and 18. Also see Kruglov, 2002, 131.
- ^ Today, NII-9 is the Bochvar All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Inorganic Materials, Bochvar VNIINM. See Oleynikov, 2000, 4.
- ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 13.
- ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 11.
- ^ Riehl and Seitz, 1996, 33-34.
- ^ Oleynikov, 2000, 18.
- ^ Manfred von Ardenne Sauerstoff- Mehrschritt- Therapie. Physiologische und technische Grundlagen (Thieme, 1987)
- ^ Manfred von Ardenne, Alexander von Ardenne, and Christian Hecht Systemische Krebs-Mehrschritt-Therapie (Hippokrates, 1997).
- ^ sachsen.de Archived 2008-03-25 at the Wayback Machine - Zur Ehrung von Manfred von Ardenne.
- ^ MDR Figaro - "Zum 100. Geburtstag von Manfred von Ardenne."
- ^ Manfred-von-Ardenne-Preis at EFDS.
- ^ Manfred von Ardenne Erinnerungen, fortgeschrieben. Ein Forscherleben im Jahrhundert des Wandels der Wissenschaften und politischen Systeme 588-589 (Droste, 1997).
- ^ An honorary professor has the authority to teach, but is not compelled to teach.
Bibliography
- Albrecht, Ulrich, Andreas Heinemann-Grüder, and Arend Wellmann Die Spezialisten: Deutsche Naturwissenschaftler und Techniker in der Sowjetunion nach 1945 (Dietz, 1992, 2001) ISBN 3-320-01788-8
- Barkleit, Gerhard Manfred von Ardenne. Selbstverwirklichung im Jahrhundert der Diktaturen (Duncker & Humblot, 2006)
- Barwich, Heinz and Elfi Barwich Das rote Atom (Fischer-TB.-Vlg., 1984)
- Beneke, Klaus Die Kolloidwissenschaftler Peter Adolf Thiessen, Gerhart Jander, Robert Havemann, Hans Witzmann und ihre Zeit (Knof, 2000)
- Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas Die sowjetische Atombombe (Westfaelisches Dampfboot, 1992)
- Heinemann-Grüder, Andreas Keinerlei Untergang: German Armaments Engineers during the Second World War and in the Service of the Victorious Powers in Monika Renneberg and Mark Walker (editors) Science, Technology and National Socialism 30-50 (Cambridge, 2002 paperback edition) ISBN 0-521-52860-7
- Hentschel, Klaus (editor) and Ann M. Hentschel (editorial assistant and translator) Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources (Birkhäuser, 1996) ISBN 0-8176-5312-0
- Herbst, Wilhelm Manfred von Ardenne - Eine Anthologie -: Auswahl-Dokumentation historischer Fachartikel 1925-1938 (Funk Verlag, 2007)
- Holloway, David Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy 1939–1956 (Yale, 1994) ISBN 0-300-06056-4
- Kruglov, Arkadii The History of the Soviet Atomic Industry (Taylor and Francis, 2002)
- Maddrell, Paul "Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961" (Oxford, 2006) ISBN 0-19-926750-2
- Naimark, Norman M. The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945-1949 (Hardcover — Aug 11, 1995) Belknap
- Oleynikov, Pavel V. German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project, The Nonproliferation Review Volume 7, Number 2, 1 – 30 (2000). The author has been a group leader at the Institute of Technical Physics of the Russian Federal Nuclear Center in Snezhinsk (Chelyabinsk-70).
- Riehl, Nikolaus and ISBN 0-8412-3310-1. This book is a translation of Nikolaus Riehl's book Zehn Jahre im goldenen Käfig (Ten Years in a Golden Cage) (Riederer-Verlag, 1988); Seitz has written a lengthy introduction to the book. This book is a treasure trove with its 58 photographs.
- Schaaf, Michael Wir haben die russische Atombombe beschleunigt (We accelerated the building of the Russian atomic bomb) Interview with Manfred von Ardenne, in: Heisenberg, Hitler und die Bombe - Gespräche mit Zeitzeugen (GNT Verlag, Berlin 2001)
External links
- aerzteblatt.de - Krebsforschung: Scheitern eines innovativen Ansatzes
- Experimental Oncology – To the 100 Birthday of M. von Ardenne
- Frontal21 Interview - Der Historiker Dr. Rainer Karlsch über den Atomphysiker Ardenne
- Literatur von und über Manfred von Ardenne[permanent dead link] im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
- MDR Figaro - Zum 100. Geburtstag von Manfred von Ardenne
- Oleynikov, Pavel V. German Scientists in the Soviet Atomic Project, The Nonproliferation Review Volume 7, Number 2, 1 – 30 (2000).
- sachen.de - Zur Ehrung von Manfred von Ardenne
- Von Ardenne – Deutsches Historisches Museum
- Von Ardenne - Dieter Wunderlich
- Von Ardenne[permanent dead link] – Journal of Microscopy
- von Ardenne – Sächsische Biografie
- Biography – Von Ardenne biography on official VON ARDENNE Corporate Website.