Manga outside Japan
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Flipping
Since written Japanese fiction usually flows from right to left, manga artists draw and publish this way in Japan. When first translating various titles into Western languages, publishers reversed the artwork and layouts in a process known as "flipping", so that readers could follow the books from left-to-right. However, various creators (such as Akira Toriyama) did not approve of the modification of their work in this way, and requested that foreign versions retain the right-to-left format of the originals.[citation needed] Soon, due both to fan demand and to the requests of creators, more publishers began offering the option of right-to-left formatting, which has now become commonplace in North America. Left-to-right formatting has gone from the rule to the exception.
Translated manga often includes notes on details of
One company, Tokyopop (founded 1997), produces manga in the United States with the right-to-left format as a highly publicised point-of-difference.[citation needed]
Asia
China
Due to China's censorship laws the popularity of manga in the country staggers. In 2015 The
India
Manga in India is published by
Indonesia
Manga in Indonesia is published by
The wide distribution of
Malaysia
Prior to 2016, there were two major homegrown authorised distributors for
Philippines
Manga in the Philippines were imported from the US and were sold only in specialty stores and in limited copies. The first manga in Filipino language was
A few local publishing companies like
In 2015,
In 2015,
Singapore
The company Chuang Yi publishes manga in English and Chinese in Singapore; some of Chuang Yi's English-language titles are also imported into Australia, New Zealand and the Philippines by Madman Entertainment.[citation needed] Singapore also has its own official Comics Society, led by manga artist Wee Tian Beng, illustrator of the Dream Walker series.[citation needed]
Thailand
In
Many parents in Thai society are not supportive of manga. In October 2005, there was a television programme broadcast about the dark side of manga with exaggerated details, resulted in many manga being banned. The programme received many complaints and issued an apology to the audience.[citation needed]
In 2015,
Europe
France
"French exception"
France has a particularly strong and diverse manga market. Many works published in France belong to genres not well represented outside Japan, such as too adult-oriented drama, or too experimental and avant-garde works. Early editors like
Since its introduction in the 1990s, manga publishing and anime broadcasting have become intertwined in France, where the most popular and exploited shōnen,
Nippon Animation era (1978–1986)
Producer
Such anthropomorphism in tales comes from old and common storytelling traditions in both Japanese and French cultures, including the
Toei era (1987–1996)
In 1986 and 1987 three new private or privatized television channels appeared on French airwaves. An aggressive struggle for audience, especially on children television shows, started between the two public and the two private channels. After the private channels lost market share, they counter-attacked with a non-Japanese lineup, mostly American productions such as Hanna-Barbera. This ploy failed, and TF1 remained pre-eminent in children's TV shows with its Japanese licenses.
In 1991 French theaters showed an anime feature-film for the first time: Katsuhiro Otomo's Akira, a teen-rated, SF movie supported by manga publisher Glénat. TF1 Video edited the video (VHS) version for the French market, and Akira quickly became an anime reference. However, Japanese animation genre became massively exploited by TV shows from the late 1980s onwards, most notably the cult Club Dorothée show (mostly dedicated to Toei anime and tokusatsu series). In fact, the commercial relationship between the Japanese studio and the French show producers were so good, that the French presenter was even featured in a Super Sentai (Choujyu Sentai Liveman), Kamen Rider (Kamen Rider BLACK) and Metal Hero Series (Sekai Ninja Sen Jiraiya) episodes as guest star.
Just as in a Japanese manga series magazine, the Club Dorothée audience voted by phone or
Saint Seiya was another anime series to achieve popularity in France. It showed more violence – directed towards an older audience – than the Nippon Animation studio shōnen/shōjo series of the 1970s and 1980s. Notable Toei and non-Toei anime series broadcast by that time on French TV included Captain Tsubasa, Robotech, High School! Kimengumi and Kinnikuman. This cult TV show ran from 1987 to 1997.
Generational conflict around manga (1990 to 1995)
(1994) and five others. In the mid-1990s, manga magazines in B5 size like Kameha (Glénat) and Manga Player (MSE) were available.At the same time a controversy arose among some parents. In particular, the conservative association
Anime clearance and manga emergence (1996 to 1998)
In 1996 the production group of Club Dorothée, broadcast on private channel
Cultural integration and revival (1999 to present)
In late 1999 respected newspapers such as
In 2004,
Manga made in France
A surge in the growth of manga publishing circa 1996 coincided with the Club Dorothée show losing its audience – which eventually led to the show going off the air. Some early publishers like
Spain
Much like France, television had a large part in influencing the popularity of Japanese Manga, particularly with Dragon Ball and Saint Seiya showing up in the early nineties. Manga shook up the Spanish comics industry with new publishers taking in different directions with mostly publishing up manga instead of European comics.[15]
Italy
The first manga title came in Italy, as a part of an anthology (I primi eroi - Antologia storica del fumetto mondiale), was Son-Goku by Shifumi Yamane, published in 1962.[16] In late 1970s, because of great success, as in France, of the animated series imported from Japan, some publishers released many successful issues (such as Il grande Mazinga, Candy Candy and Lady Oscar) containing prettified versions of the original manga, sometimes with stories made by Spanish or Italian authors. In early 1980s, Eureka, a magazine edited by Alfredo Castelli and Silver, printed Black Jack by Osamu Tezuka and Golgo 13 by Takao Saitō.[16]
The publishing of Akira took an interest in older readers picking up other manga in the same vein. Italy had a high acceptance of comics with violence and nudity which contributed to this development. The very first un-flipped version of a manga was Dragon Ball released for the very first time in a tankōbon format by Star Comics (Italy). Italy's major manga publishers are Panini Comics through the Planet Manga publishing division and Star Comics (Italy), followed by J-POP.[15]
Germany
Unlike neighboring countries, Germany never had a vibrant local comic production.[17] A volume of Barefoot Gen was licensed in Germany in the 1980s, as was Japan Inc., published by small presses. Akira's first volume was not very popular. Paul Malone attributes the wider distribution of manga in the late 1990s to the fledgling commercial television stations showing dubbed anime, which led to the popularity of manga. Malone also notes that the native German comics market collapsed at the end of the 1990s.[18] Manga began outselling other comics in 2000.[19]
With a few other series like
Portugal
In
Russia
Comics never gained high popularity in Russia, only few
The first officially licensed and published manga series in Russia was Ranma ½.[28] Sakura Press released the first volume in 2005.[27] Since then several legal companies appeared, including Comics Factory and Comix-ART. Comix-ART, which is working in collaboration with Eksmo, one of the largest publishing houses in Russia,[29][30] was the first company to publish Original English-language manga (usually called "manga" or just "comics"), such as Bizenghast, Shutterbox and Van Von Hunter.
Poland
Manga has been published in Poland since the 1990s when the owner (a Japanese person) of one of the biggest publishers (J.P.F.) translated Dragon Ball into Polish to practice the language. Later, he decided to publish his work. The publisher is known from series like Dragon Ball, One Piece, Bleach and many others including Junjo Ito horrors or well-known, old josei manga. Next to JPF, there are publishers such as Waneko or Studio JG known as the two other publishers making up the top three biggest in Poland. Waneko is well known for publishing the largest number of manga monthly and series like GTO, Kuroshitsuji, Pandora Hearts, and Bakuman. They are also very known for publishing less popular series like Bokura no Kiseki. Studio JG makes a lot of controversy by taking long breaks between manga volumes, leading many fans to express frustration at their attitude. They are known from series like Toradora, and Spice and Wolf. Behind that, there are publishers like Yumegari (though manhwa mainly), Kotori (known from Sword Art Light Novel and many yaoi manga), and Dango, which is the youngest of all Polish publishers. Dango is very much appreciated by fans due to good quality of volumes and the many extra free gadgets included. Yaoi manga sell well in Poland. Another publisher which deserves attention is Hanami, known for more mature manga like Monster and Pluto.
Lithuania
Manga has been published in Lithuania since the mid-2000s when the Lithuanian press company–Obuolys made a collaboration with
United Kingdom
Manga in the United Kingdom is sold by various online retailers and book retail chains such as Waterstones.
In 2019
North America
United States
The growth of manga translation and publishing in the United States has been a slow progression over several decades but became much faster later on. The earliest manga-derived series to be released in the United States was a redrawn American adaptation of Osamu Tezuka's Astro Boy published by Gold Key Comics starting in 1965.[35]
In 1979, the Gold Key published the comic book
One of the first manga to be distributed in English in the US with its original artwork intact was Keiji Nakazawa's major work
In 1987,
Throughout the 1990s, manga slowly gained popularity as Viz Media,
In 2002, Tokyopop introduced its "100% Authentic Manga" line, which featured unflipped pages and were smaller in size than most other translated graphic novels. This allowed them be retailed at a price lower than that of comparable publications by Viz and others. The line was also made widely available in mainstream bookstores such as Borders and Barnes & Noble, which greatly increased manga's visibility among the book-buying public.[45] After Tokyopop's success, most of the other manga companies switched to the smaller unflipped format and offered their titles at similar prices.
In the following years, manga became increasingly popular, and new publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly expanded their catalogues.
A large number of small companies in the United States publish manga. Several large publishers have also released, or expressed interest in releasing manga.
As of January 2020 manga is the second largest category in the US comic book and graphic novel market, accounting for 27% of the entire market share(In comparison, American superhero comics and graphic novels only account for 9% of sales).[50]
As of 2022[update], each of the largest manga publishers own a North American subsidiary that license their parent company's manga:
- Vertical imprint of Kodansha USA
- Hitotsubashi Group (Shogakukan, Shueisha et al): Viz Media
- Kadokawa Future Publishing: Yen Press (joint venture with Hachette Book Group)
Africa
Algeria
Oceania
In Australia and New Zealand, many popular Japanese and
South America
Brazil
Before the 1990s some trial marketing of manga took place in Brazil, including
In 2000, Conrad published .
In 2001, the Japanese-Brazilian company Japan Brazil Communication (JBC) started publishing manga, releasing
In 2004, Panini started publishing manga, with the release of
Originally, Brazilian manga appeared with about half the size of a tankoubon (about 100 pages of stories and two to eight pages of extras), but almost all of the manga is released in the original format.
After years of negotiation, JBC finally released Sailor Moon in early 2014. The edition, regarded as the most important release ever done by the company, was reportedly praised by creator Naoko Takeuchi and Kodansha employees, thanks to its good quality.
Other distribution methods
Another popular form of manga distribution outside Japan involves Internet
Manga influences
The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. (December 2010) |
Manga has proved so popular that it has led to other companies such as Antarctic Press, Oni Press, Seven Seas Entertainment and Tokyopop, as well as long-established publishers like Marvel and Archie Comics, to release their own manga-inspired works that apply the same artistic stylings and story pacing commonly seen in Japanese manga. One of the first of these such works came in 1985 when Ben Dunn, founder of Antarctic Press, released Mangazine and Ninja High School. In other Asian countries, Manga influenced Korean Manhwa and Chinese Manhua.
While
In Brazil, the popularity of manga is marked also by the large number of Japanese and descendants in the country. In the 1960s, some of Japanese descent, such as Minami Keizi and
In Germany, as manga began outselling domestic comics in 2000, German publishers began supporting German creators of manga-styled comics. Jürgen Seebeck's Bloody Circus was not popular amongst German manga readers due to its European style, and other early German manga artists were affected by cancellations. After this, German publishers began focussing on female creators, due to the popularity of shōjo manga, leading to what Paul Malone describes as a "home-grown shōjo boom", and "more female German comics artists in print than ever before". However, genuinely manga-influenced stylistic conventions, such as sweatdrops, are employed to ensure "authenticity", original German works are flipped to read in a right-to-left style familiar to manga readers, author's afterwords and sidebars are common, and many German manga take place in Asia.[19]
The Arabic language manga "Canary 1001" is by a group calling themselves Amateam, whose director is Wahid Jodar, from the United Arab Emirates.[55][56] Another Arab language manga is Gold Ring, by Qais Sedeki, from 2009, also from the United Arab Emirates.[57][58][59] Both groups of artists use the word "manga" for their work.[55][59]
In May 2010,
See also
References
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- ^ Cognet, Jérôme (3 January 2012). "Bilan de la bande-dessinée en 2011 : un secteur stable". Otakia (in French). Retrieved 7 February 2012.
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- ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the originalon 28 December 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
- ^ McDonagh, Shannon (7 December 2021). "Europe's biggest manga launch: France prints 250,000 copies of One Piece's 100th edition". Euronews. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
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- ^ a b Pellitteri, Marco (9 January 2012). "Lo sbarco dei manga in Italia (tratto da Il Manga, ed. Tunué)". Lo Spazio Bianco (in Italian). Retrieved 1 July 2020.
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- ^ a b "Intersections: Home-grown Shōjo Manga and the Rise of Boys' Love among Germany's 'Forty-Niners'". Intersections.anu.edu.au. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
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- ^ a b c d Olgerd, O.; Kunin A. (8 May 2010). Круглый стол для издателей и читателей. Тема круглого стола: "Судьба манги в России. Манга как часть визуальной культуры" [Round table for publishers and readers. The fate of the manga in Russia. Manga as part of visual culture.] (in Russian). Chedrik Chronicles. Archived from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
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- ^ "Fujidream".
- ^ "The Citi exhibition Manga マンガ". The British Museum. 23 May 2019.
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- ISBN 9781893905184.
- ^ Smith, Andy (May 2014). "Shogun Warriors The Sky-High Rise and Abrupt Fall of Three Giant Robots in Comics". Back Issue! (72). TwoMorrows Publishing: 56–57.
Even maintaining the same spelling of the robots' names between the toys and the comics didn't seem to be a top priority. Fans will find multiple versions of the word 'Combatra', sometimes as 'Combattra' and 'Raydeen', at times as 'Raideen', adorning the boxes of some of the figures.
- ISBN 9781848560833.
- ^ Schodt, Frederik. "Biography". JAI2. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
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- ^ Tokyopop (2002). "Tokyopop manga Sells Out". Anime News Network. Retrieved 29 May 2007.
- ^ Schodt 1996, pp. 308–319
- ^ "The last million-selling comic book in North America? It's Batman vs. Pokémon for the title". Comichron. 8 May 2014.
- ^ Reid 2009
- ^ Glazer 2005, Masters 2006, Bosker 2007, Pink 2007
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- ^ Naranjo, Marcelo. "Cobra" (in Portuguese). Universo HQ. Archived from the original on 18 October 2005.
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- Escola de Comunicações e Artes da Universidade de São Paulo.
- ^ a b "AMATEAM on deviantART". Amateam.deviantart.com. 1 July 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
- ^ "deviantART Shop Framed Wall Art Prints & Canvas | Manga & Anime | Digital Media | Rina by artist ~AMATEAM". Deviantart.com. 2 July 2010. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
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- ^ "Pageflip Publishing | Profile". Pageflip.ae. Archived from the original on 14 August 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.
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- ^ Linea Gaijin Glenat, (in Spanish)
- ^ Linea Gaijin released, (in Spanish)
Works cited
- Bosker, Bianca (31 August 2007). "Manga Mania". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2008.
- Glazer, Sarah (18 September 2005). "Manga for Girls". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
- Masters, Coco (10 August 2006). "America is Drawn to Manga". Time.
- Pink, Daniel H. (22 October 2007). "Japan, Ink: Inside the Manga Industrial Complex". Wired. Vol. 15, no. 11. Retrieved 19 December 2007.
- Reid, Calvin (6 February 2009). "2008 Graphic Novel Sales Up 5%; Manga Off 17%". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
- Schodt, Frederik L. (1996). ISBN 978-1-880656-23-5.