Manhua

One of the most popular and enduring comics of this period was Zhang Leping's Sanmao, first published in 1935.

During the Anti-Japanese War, begun in 1937, many Chinese cartoonists, including Ye Qianyu, fled Shanghai and other major cities and waged "cartoon guerilla warfare" against the Japanese invaders by mounting roving cartoon exhibitions and publishing cartoon magazines in inland cities like Hankou.^[4]

The rise of Chinese immigration turned Hong Kong into the main manhua-ready market, especially with the baby boom generation of children. The most influential manhua magazine for adults was the 1956 Cartoons World, which fueled the best-selling Uncle Choi. The availability of Japanese and Taiwanese comics challenged the local industry, selling at a pirated bargain price of 10 cents.^[3] Manhua-like Old Master Q were needed to revitalize the local industry.

The arrival of television in the 1970s was a changing point.

Since the 1950s, Hong Kong's manhua market has been separate from that of mainland China.

Si loin et si proche, by Chinese writer and illustrator Xiao Bai, won the Gold Award at the 4th International Manga Award in 2011.^[5][6] Several other manhua have also won the Silver and Bronze Awards at the International Manga Award.

In the second half of the 2000s and early 2010s, various Chinese cartoonists began using

Before the official terminology was established, the art form was known by several names.[3]

Today's manhua are simply distinguished by four categories.

Characteristics

Modern Chinese-style manhua characteristics is credited to the breakthrough art work of the 1982 Chinese Hero.^[3] Unlike manga, it had more realistic drawings with details resembling real people. Most manhua also comes in full color with some panels rendered entirely in painting for the single issue format. Most manhua work from the 1800s to the 1930s contained characters that appeared serious. The cultural openness in Hong Kong brought the translation of American

Depending on where they are created, manhua can have differences in the way they are formatted and presented. Besides the use of traditional and simplified Chinese characters, manhua may also need to be read differently depending on where they are from. Their original Chinese text is placed horizontally in manhua from mainland China and read from left-to-right (like Western comics and Korean manhwa), while Taiwanese and Hong Kongese manhua have the characters rendered vertically top-to-bottom and sentences are read from right-to-left (like Japanese manga).^[15]

These are due to differences in the style prescribed by the governments of China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong.^{[citation needed]}

Digital manhua

Comics
Speech balloon
Comics studies
Education Glossary History by country
Methods
Cartooning Photo comics
Media formats
Comic book Comic strip Digital comic Gag cartoon Trade paperback Graphic novel Political cartoon Webcomic Webtoon
Comics by country and culture
American comics Argentine comics Australian comics Bandes dessinées (Belgium / Quebec) Brazilian comics British comics (Welsh-language) Canadian comics Croatian comics Czech comics Dutch comics European comics German comics Hungarian comics Indian comics Irish comics Italian comics Manga Manhua (Hong Kong) Manhwa Mexican comics Pakistani comics Philippine comics Polish comics Portuguese comics Serbian comics South African comics Spanish comics Thai comics Turkish comics Vietnamese comics
Community
Awards Cartoonists Collecting Publishers Sales Writers
Comics portal
v t e

Web manhua

Digital manhua, known as web manhua, are a growing art form in China. Web manhua are posted on social media and web manhua portals, which serve as a lower bar of entry than the strictly controlled print publication outlets in the country. Though little money is currently made through online manhua in China, the medium has become popular due to ease of uploading and publishing titles, color publication, and free reading access. Some popular web manhua sites include QQ Comic and U17. In recent years, several Chinese web manhua have been adapted into animated series, with some in co-production with the Japanese animation industry.

Webcomics

As

Political cartoonist Liu "Big Corpse Brother" Jun had over 130,000 followers on Sina Weibo in December 2013, and Kuang Biao has his work appear both online and in various print journals.[16]

The Taiwanese comics industry expects webcomics to prosper financially, though no accurate figures exist as of yet. Prize-winning cartoonists such as Chung Yun-de and Yeh Yu-tung were forced to turn to webcomics as their monthly income was too low to live from.^[9]

Kakao, operating the Korean webtoon portal Daum Webtoon, has collaborated with the Chinese Huace Group in order to produce live-action, Chinese language films and television dramas based on South Korean webtoons.^[22]

See also

• Ani-Com Hong Kong
• Chinese animation
• Chinese art
• Dongman
• Hong Kong comics
• Hong Kong Comics: A History of Manhua
• List of manhua
• List of manhua publishers
• Taiwanese animation

References

Citations