Manila Cathedral
Manila Cathedral | |
---|---|
Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception | |
The Mother Church of the Philippines[a] | |
14°35′29″N 120°58′25″E / 14.59147°N 120.97356°E | |
Location | Intramuros, Manila |
Country | Philippines |
Language(s) | Filipino, English |
Denomination | Catholic |
Sui iuris church | Latin Church |
Tradition | Roman Rite |
Website | manilacathedral |
History | |
Former name(s) | Church of Manila |
Authorising papal bull | February 6, 1579 |
Status |
|
Founded | 1571 |
Founder(s) | Fray Juan de Vivero |
Consecrated | December 7, 1958[2] |
Relics held | |
Events | List
|
Past bishop(s) |
|
Deanery | Nuestra Señora de Guia[13] |
Clergy | |
Archbishop | Cardinal Jose Advincula |
Rector | Rolando Ramos Dela Cruz |
Vicar(s) | Vicente Gabriel San Jose Bautista |
Chancellor | Isidro T. Marinay[14] |
Laity | |
Organist(s) | Alejandro D. Consolacion II |
Organ scholar | Raphael Martin Yu Andaya |
The Minor Basilica and Metropolitan Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception,
The cathedral was originally constructed in 1571 as a
The basilica has merited a papal endorsement from Pope Gregory XIII, and three apostolic visits from Popes
Its current rector is the Reverend Monsignor Rolando Ramos Dela Cruz, who was appointed on October 13, 2022,[17] and installed on April 14, 2023.[18]
History
As a parish church (1571)
Fray Juan de Vivero, a
The Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi chose the church's location and placed it under the patronage of Santa Potenciana. The church's first parish priest was Fray Juan de Villanueva.[20]
First cathedral (1581–1583)
The church was elevated to a cathedral in 1579, coinciding with the canonical erection of the
Second cathedral (1592–1600)
The second cathedral, which was made of stone, was built in 1592. This cathedral had a central nave and two collateral naves. The building was nearly completed when Bishop Salazar left for Spain. He died on December 4, 1594, and never returned to Manila to become its first archbishop.[21]
In 1595, the
By 1597, the cathedral buildings were unfinished; it lacked a
Third cathedral (1614–1645)
Archbishop Miguel de Benavides initiated the reconstruction of the cathedral. After his death in 1605, the project was passed on to his successor Diego Vázquez de Mercado. By 1607, the cathedral was in such a poor state it was abandoned.[22] The third cathedral structure, consisting of three naves and seven chapel, was built in 1614, largely using donated funds from the fourth dean Don Francisco Gomez de Arellano. The seven chapels were built from donations given by the cathedral's patrons.[22] On August 1, 1621, an earthquake caused serious damage to the cathedral's structure. Between 1641 and 1645, the cathedral was reconstructed but it was destroyed by a series of earthquakes in November and December, 1645.[22]
Fourth cathedral (1671–1751)
Reconstruction of the cathedral started after the arrival of Miguel de Poblete Casasola, the eighth Archbishop of Manila. The cornerstone of the fourth structure was laid on April 20, 1654. By 1659, the cathedral was nearly completed; the naves were enclosed and some halls were completed. In 1662, the main altar was built out of molave wood. The cathedral, which was made of quarried stone, lime and gravel, was blessed on June 7, 1662.[23] In 1750, the Florentine friar Juan de Uguccioni added a media naranja ("half orange") dome to the crossing and introduced a transept to the structure.[24] Following several earthquakes and typhoons, the fourth cathedral was demolished in 1751.[25]
Fifth cathedral (1760–1852)
Work on the fifth cathedral building started after the demolition of its predecessor. Uguccioni's designs brought major changes; the three-nave design was retained but the chapels were reduced. The fifth cathedral, which closely resembled the Church of the Gesù in Rome, was inaugurated on December 8, 1760;[25] since then, there had been no modifications or alterations to the structure except for some minor repairs. The cathedral, particularly the dome structure, was repaired in 1839.[25] It survived the British occupation of Manila but underwent repairs. It was damaged by an earthquake on September 16, 1852.[25]
Sixth cathedral (1858–1863)
Bidding for the cathedral reconstruction was conducted in 1854 and the sixth structure was opened on March 31, 1858.[26] The building had a new Neoclassical façade, which was used for the seventh and eighth structures. The sixth cathedral replaced the Baroque façade of the fifth cathedral and the truncated or box-like cupola was replaced with a circular dome.[26]
On June 3, 1863, the sixth cathedral was damaged by a very strong earthquake that also damaged the palace of the Governor General of the Philippines. Many called for the building's demolition and clearing of the site. Architect Don Antonio Moraleda proposed to demolish and clear the ruins but the plan was put on hold in 1866. The plan was renewed in 1868, when architect Vicente Serrano y Salaverri was commissioned to inspect and undertake a study of the ruins. Serrano concluded the cathedral ruins must be demolished and this occurred in 1870.[26]
Seventh cathedral (1879–1945)
The seventh cathedral was constructed from 1873 to 1879, and was consecrated on December 7, 1879. The cross atop the central dome is a reference point of astronomical longitudes of the archipelago. In 1880,
In 1937, the
Eighth cathedral (1958–present)
After the Second World War, archbishops
Pope Paul VI made an apostolic visit and celebrated Mass at the cathedral on November 27, 1970.[31] Pope John Paul II also celebrated Mass in the cathedral on February 17, 1981, during his first papal visit to the country,[32] and issued a papal bull Quod Ipsum elevating the cathedral to a minor basilica through his own motu proprio on April 27, 1981.[16] In the same papal bull, John Paul II restated Paul VI's papal decree of June 6, 1968, should be eternally preserved and enforced to the merits and titles of the cathedral as its own basilica.[33][34]
The golden jubilee of the Manila Cathedral's post-war restoration was celebrated in 2008 with the second Manila Cathedral Pipe Organ Festival from December 2 to 10, which was organized by the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines.[35] The cathedral's pipe organ, which was built by Dutch organ builder Pels & Zoon in 1958[36] and consists of 5,584 pipes,[37] is the largest church organ in Southeast Asia.[38]
In February 2011, the cathedral's bells were moved to the ground level to prevent the bell tower from collapsing as had earlier towers in past earthquakes. In January 2012, the bells were replaced with new ones that were cast by blacksmith
In 2010, the cathedral failed the standards of the National Structural Code of the Philippines as cracks were detected in some critical sections. After Cardinal
Restoration was expected to be completed in 2013 but the initial deadline was missed.[41] The cathedral's rector at the time, Monsignor Nestor Cerbo, stated that renovations would be finished by March 25, 2014. New features included closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras, large, flat-screen television screens, improved audio-video systems, and improved interior and exterior LED lights.[42] Restoration finished on the planned date and the Manila Cathedral was reopened to the general public on April 9, 2014. Archbishop Cardinal Tagle presided a Holy Mass that was attended by President Benigno Aquino III.[43]
On January 16, 2015,
The year-long celebrations commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Manila Cathedral's post-war restoration began with the opening of a historical
Indeed, this temple which has truly undergone great changes, destroyed seven times by earthquakes and other calamities through the centuries, was diligently rebuilt again and again by the faithful. Finally after being shattered by the Second World War, it was rebuilt from the ruins at the Lord's bidding.
Cardinal Maeda celebrated Mass on December 8, 2018, concelebrated with Cardinal Tagle.[47] The pope, through Cardinal Maeda, imparted his apostolic blessing to the cathedral.[49] On December 10, Cardinal Tagle rededicated the altar in accordance with the rites prescribed by the Second Vatican Council.[47]
Architecture and design
The Manila Cathedral was built in the
Eight bronze panels sculpted by
Since Pope John Paul II's apostolic visit to the basilica in 1981, a medallion bearing the papal arms has been placed beneath the cross of the façade and at the crossing above the high altar. The scarlet galeros of Cardinals Rufino Santos and Jaime Sin are also suspended from the dome's ceiling. A copy of the statue of St. Peter's Basilica titled Saint Peter Enthroned is placed across a polychrome, life-sized statue of the Immaculate Conception.
The bronze
The marble floors on the center aisle near the altar bears the coats of arms of four cardinal archbishops of Manila: Rufino Santos, Jaime Sin, Gaudencio Rosales, and Luis Antonio Tagle.
-
Right side view of the façade, showing thesurmounted by a four-armed cross
-
The central nave, looking towards the sanctuary
-
Rib vaults and clerestory
-
The cathedra, newer high altar, pulpit, and altar rail, with the image of the Immaculate Conception under the ciborium
-
Iron reja
-
The marble steps and columns of the older high altar
Cathedra
The
The restored cathedra bears a carving of the coat of arms of Cardinal Jose Advincula, the present archbishop, imposed on top of white Indian marble.[54]
Patroness
Manila Cathedral is dedicated to the
Prior to 1988, the bronze statue was painted gold, though the twelve star halo-aureola is made of gold.[57][58] Inscribed on the baldachin above the statue of the Immaculate Conception is the Latin antiphon Tota pulchra es, Maria, et macula originalis non est in Te ("Thou art all-beautiful, Mary, and the original stain [spot] (of sin) is not in thee").
In 1581,
The cathedral celebrates its liturgical feast every December 8, the Feast of the Immaculate Conception.[61]
-
A bronze life-sized polychromed statue of the Immaculate Conception located above the high altar.
Cathedral rectors
- Artemio Gabriel Casas (1956–1962)
- Jose C. Abriol (1962–1975)
- Augusto Pedrosa (1975–1985)
- Domingo A. Cirilos Jr. (1985–1996)
- Hernando M. Coronel (1996–2002)
- Nestor C. Cerbo (2002–2015)
- Reginald R. Malicdem (2015–2022)
- Rolando R. Dela Cruz (2022–present)
Burials and funerals
The cathedral crypt is the resting place for former Archbishops of Manila and other prelates, whose corpses are located underneath the church complex and accessible by a stairway to the right of the altar:[62]
- Michael J. O'Doherty,[62] the last foreign archbishop of Manila
- Filipinoarchbishop of Manila
- Cardinal cardinal
- Cardinal Jaime L. Sin, a prominent leader of the 1986 People Power Revolution[63]
- Abbey of Our Lady of Montserrat, Mendiola Street, Manila)
Three former Presidents were permitted to lie in state under the cathedral dome:
- Emilio Aguinaldo, 1st president of the Philippines (1899-1901) (d.1964)
- Carlos P. Garcia, 8th president of the Philippines (1957–1961) (d. 1971)
- Corazon C. Aquino, 11th president of the Philippines (1986–1992) (d. 2009)
President Aguinaldo was the first president to have a requiem mass said in the restored cathedral. Although he was a Freemason and was closely associated with the
See also
- Manila Cathedral-Basilica Re-Opening (April 9, 2014 Eucharist after Restoration and Retrofitting)
- Archdiocese of Manila
- Catholic Church in the Philippines
- Intramuros
- List of cathedrals in the Philippines
- List of Catholic basilicas
- San Agustin Church
Notes
- ^ It is one of two claimants of the title of mother church in the country, the other being the Basilica del Santo Niño in Cebu City which was canonically declared the title by Pope Paul VI in 1965.[1]
- ^ Filipino: Basilika Menor at Kalakhang Katedral ng Kalinis-linisang Paglilihi; Spanish: Basílica Menor y Catedral Metropolitana de la Inmaculada Concepción
- ^ Filipino: Katedral ng Maynila; Spanish: Catedral de Manila
- ^ Official Stone Marker at the Manila Cathedral. Publicly installed by Cardinal Gaudencio Rosales, former Archbishop of Manila (2011). Located on the left side of the front door of the Basilica.
References
- ^ "Ut clarificetur, Litterae Apostlicae, Titulus ac privilegia Basilicae Minoris ecclesiae Sanctissimo Nomini Iesu Caebuae dicatae conferuntur, d. 1 m. Aprilis a. 1965, Paulus PP. VI". Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
- ^ a b c d "The Eighth Cathedral 1958 - Present". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved February 20, 2023.
- ^ Leonen, Julius N. (June 27, 2018). "Relics of canonized popes to go on display at Manila Cathedral". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ Santos, Tina G. (June 17, 2019). "Manila Cathedral to display St. Paul VI relic". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (December 18, 2017). "Manila Cathedral receives vial of St. John Paul II's blood". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (October 20, 2022). "Cathedral opens St. John Paul II's blood relic for veneration". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved March 15, 2023.
- ^ Aquino, Leslie Ann (September 13, 2022). "Relic of 'True Cross' to be exposed at Manila Cathedral". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
- ^ a b Uy, Jocelyn R. (April 10, 2014). "Tagle: We are all home, in the house of our God". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
- ^ a b Francisco, Katerina (December 2, 2014). "Only 2,000 attendees for Pope Francis' Manila Cathedral Mass". Rappler. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Measured using Google Earth.
- ^ Reyes, Maria Bernardita M. (2017). "TECHNICAL ASPECT OF ADOBE STONE RESTORATION OF THE HISTORIC MANILA CATHEDRAL". Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ "Simple Blessing of 23 Complete Carillon Bells". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ "Vicariate of Nuestra Senora de Guia". Archdiocese of Manila. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
- ^ Aquino, Leslie Ann (November 5, 2021). "New chancellor and vice-chancellor for the Archdiocese of Manila named". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
- ^ a b c "The First Cathedral 1581 - 1583". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ a b "Quod Ipsum" (in Latin). April 27, 1981.
- ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (October 13, 2022). "Manila Cathedral gets new rector". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
- ^ Calucin, Diann Ivy C. (April 14, 2023). "Manila Cathedral welcomes new rector". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 15, 2024.
- ^ "History of the City". City of Manila. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
- ^ a b "The Church before it became a Cathedral : 1571". Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica. Archived from the original on October 21, 2011. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b c "The Second Cathedral 1591 - 1600". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
- ^ a b c "The Third Cathedral 1614–1645". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
- ^ "The Fourth Cathedral 1681 - 1751". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
- ^ "Dome". Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica. July 22, 2014. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 4, 2015.
- ^ a b c d "The Fifth Cathedral 1760 - 1852". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
- ^ a b c "The Sixth Cathedral 1858–1863". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
- ^ a b "The Seventh Cathedral 1879 - 1945". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
- ^ "The Resilient Cathedral of Manila". The Philippines And Then Some. April 28, 2012. Archived from the original on May 21, 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-393-24694-0.
- ^ "Exhibit marks Manila Cathedral's 41st anniversary as minor basilica". CBCP News. April 27, 2022. Retrieved April 19, 2023.
- ^ "Mass in the Cathedral of Manila - Homily of the Holy Father Paul VI". November 27, 1970. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
- ^ "Holy Mass in the Cathedral of Manila - Homily of His Holiness John Paul II". February 17, 1981. Retrieved March 14, 2023.
- ^ "Acta Apostolicae Sedis – Commentarium Oficiale" (PDF). The Vatican Archives. 1968. pp. 536–539. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
- ^ "Acta Apostolicae Sedis – Commentarium Oficiale – Ioannem Paulum Secundum, Papam. Decretum de Titulo Basilicae Minoris" (PDF). The Vatican Archives. 1990. pp. 436–440. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
- ^ "Activities lined up for Manila Cathedral's 50th restoration anniversary". GMA News. April 29, 2008.
- ^ "Pipe Organ". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved May 2, 2023.
- ^ "Manila Cathedral - Basilica". Organographia Philipiniana. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019.
- ^ "Manila Cathedral Restores Pipe Organ On Silver Jubilee As Basilica". Union of Catholic Asian News. December 3, 2006. Archived from the original on February 15, 2024. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- ^ Uy, Jocelyn R. (February 14, 2012). "Manila Cathedral to be closed for one year". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
- ^ Aning, Jerome (April 1, 2012). "Cathedral closed; Paco church site of main Lenten rites". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ Saunar, Ivy (December 11, 2013). "Manila Cathedral still remains under repair". Solar News. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
- ^ Aquino, Tricia (January 20, 2014). "Manila Cathedral to reopen in March". Interaksyon. Archived from the original on January 22, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
- ^ Takumi, Rie (April 9, 2014). "Manila Cathedral reopens after two years of reconstruction work". GMA News. Retrieved April 10, 2014.
- ^ "Pope Francis in the Philippines: Dancing inmates and a Jeepney 'popemobile'". BBC News. January 15, 2015. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (December 7, 2017). "Manila Cathedral marks 60th year of post-war construction Friday". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ "Letter of the Holy Father to the special envoy to the celebration of the 60th anniversary of the reconstruction and consecration of the Cathedral of Manila, Philippines". Holy See. December 1, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
- ^ a b c Garcia, Patrick; Hermoso, Christina (December 6, 2018). "Rites set for Manila Cathedral's 60th anniversary". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved November 24, 2023.
- ^ Bajo, Anna Felicia (December 3, 2018). "Pope Francis calls PHL 'a great Catholic nation'". GMA News. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ Ciasico, Francine; Aquino, Leslie Ann; Hermoso, Christina (December 7, 2018). "Pope's Envoy celebrates mass at Manila Cathedral on Dec. 8". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 7, 2024.
- ^ "Statues". Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved November 24, 2011.
- ^ a b "Portal". Manila Cathedral. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ Manila Cathedral's Portal. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ Ortiguero, Romsanne. "With more resilient foundation, Manila Cathedral is all set for Holy Week and Easter Masses". Interaksyon.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2014.
- ^ a b Patinio, Ferdinand (June 21, 2021). "Manila Cathedral all set to welcome new archbishop". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
- ^ Sonnen, John Paul (April 8, 2021). "Cathedra of the Manila Cathedral Restored". Liturgical Arts Journal. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
- ^ Patinio, Ferdinand (April 29, 2021). "Immaculate Conception image at Manila Cathedral 'restored'". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
- ^ Baldacchino Altar (1980s). Flickr. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
- ^ Manila Cathedral Ordination. Flickr. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
- ^ PP. Pius XII, Papam (September 12, 1942). "Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Impositi Nobis: Insularum Philippinarum Beatissima Virgo Maria Titulo Immaculata Conceptio Primaria Universalisque Patrona et Sanctae Virgines Pudentiana ac Rosa Limana Patronae Secundarias Declarantur" (PDF). The Vatican Archives (in Latin). pp. 336–337. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
- The Holy See.
- ^ Aurelio, Julie M. (December 10, 2017). "Exhibit highlights Manila Cathedral through 60 years after World War II". Inquirer. Retrieved March 8, 2024.
- ^ a b c d "Crypt". The Manila Cathedral. Archived from the original on August 20, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- ^ Frialde, Mike (June 29, 2005). "Thousands bid farewell to Cardinal Sin". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2024.
- ^ "In Memoriam Emilio Aguinaldo". Retrieved July 11, 2022.
- ^ Quezon, Manolo (August 13, 2009). "Notes on the Aquino funeral". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
External links
- Media related to Manila Cathedral at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website