Manipur

Edit links
Coordinates: 24°49′N 93°56′E / 24.81°N 93.94°E / 24.81; 93.94
Page semi-protected
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the modern day state of India. For the eponymous kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata, see Manipura (Mahabharata). For other uses, see Manipur (disambiguation).
"Jewel of India" redirects here. For the highest civilian award of the Republic of India, see Bharat Ratna.

Manipur
Manipuri classical dance, the Marjing Polo Statue
Manipur Kingdom
Admission to union15 October 1949[2]
As union territory1956
As state1972
State Legislature
Unicameral
 • AssemblyManipur Legislative Assembly (60 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha1 seat
 • Lok Sabha2 seats
High CourtManipur High Court
Area
 • Total22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi)
 • Rank
Cervus eldi eldi')
Tree
Uningthou
(Meitei for 'Phoebe hainesiana')
List of Indian state symbols
Meetei Mayek
This article contains the Meitei alphabet. Without proper rendering support, you may see errors in display.

Manipur (

state in northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital.[13] It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar, Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of 22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi). The official and most widely spoken language is the Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri). Native to the Meitei people, it is also used as a lingua franca by smaller communities, who speak a variety of other Tibeto-Burman languages.[14] Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.[15] This exchange connects the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, regions in the Arctic, Micronesia and Polynesia enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.[16][17]

During the days of the

Part C State.[21][22] This merger was later disputed by groups in Manipur, as having been completed without consensus and under duress.[23] The dispute and differing visions for the future has resulted in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India, as well as in repeated episodes of violence among ethnic groups in the state.[24] From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.[25]

The

Chin-Kuki-Mizo people) at 16%.[27] Manipur's ethnic groups practice a variety of religions.[28] According to 2011 census, Hinduism and Christianity are the major religions of the state.[28][29] Between the 1961 and 2011 censuses of India, the share of Hindus in the state declined from 62% to 41%, while the share of Christians rose from 19% to 41%.[30]

Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights through Imphal Airport, the second largest in northeastern India.[31] Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of Manipuri dance,[32] and is credited with introducing polo to Europeans.[33]

Name

The name Manipur (

Meitei: ꯃꯩꯇꯩꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ, Meiteileipak, transl: land of the Meiteis, [35] Later, the work Dharani Samhita (1825–34) popularised the Sanskrit legends of the origin of Manipur's name.[36]

Other names include Sanaleibak (

Loiyumba Shinyen.10 and is still heard in the official song of Manipur, "Sana Leibak Manipur
".

History

Main articles: History of Manipur and Manipur (princely state)

Antiquity

Main article: Kangleipak
Republic of India

The history of Manipur Meiteis is chronicled in Puyas or Puwaris (stories about the forefathers), namely, the Ninghthou Kangbalon, Cheitharol Kumbaba, Ningthourol Lambuba, Poireiton Khunthokpa, Panthoibi Khongkul, and so forth in the Meitei script, which is comparable to the Thai script. The historical accounts presented here were recordings from the eyes and the judgment of Meitei kings and Maichou [simple] (Meitei scholars). Hill tribes have folk tales, myths, and legends. Manipur was known by different names at various periods in its history, such as Tilli-Koktong, Poirei-Lam, Sanna-Leipak, Mitei-Leipak, Meitrabak or Manipur (present day). Its capital was Kangla, Yumphal or Imphal (present day). Its people were known by various names, such as Mi-tei, Poirei-Mitei, Meetei, Maitei or Meitei. The Puwaris, Ninghthou Kangbalon, Ningthourol Lambuba, Cheitharol Kumbaba, Poireiton Khunthokpa, recorded the events of each King who ruled Manipur over more than 3500 years until 1955 CE (a total of more than 108 kings).[citation needed]

According to the Tai chronicles, Manipur (Kahse) is one of the territories conquered by Samlongpha (1150–1201), the first

Mong Mao ruler Thonganbwa (1413–1445/6); he later was captured by the Governor of Taungdwingyi.[40] Ningthou Kangba
(15th century BCE) is regarded as the first and foremost king of Manipur. There were times when the country was in turmoil without rulers, and long historical gaps exist between 1129 BCE and 44 BCE.

In 1891 CE, as a result of the British defeat of the Meiteis in the Anglo-Manipuri war of Khongjom, Manipur lost the sovereignty which it had maintained for more than three millennia. From 1926 until 4 January 1947, Manipur was just one of the

British Burma. Manipur regained its separate identity on 14 August 1947 and, on 15 October 1949, was unified with India.[41]

Medieval

By the medieval period, marriage alliances between the royal families of Manipur,

Anglo-Burmese wars, affected the cultural and religious demography of Manipur.[43]

British colonial period

Main article: Manipur (princely state)

In 1824, the ruler of Manipur entered into a subsidiary alliance with the British Empire in the Indian subcontinent, which became responsible for Manipur's external defence. The British recognised that the state remained internally self-governing, as a princely state.[44] During World War II, Manipur was the scene of many fierce battles between Japanese invaders and British Indian forces. The Japanese were beaten back before they could enter Imphal, which was one of the turning points of the overall war in South Asia.[45] The Battle of Imphal, known to the Manipuris as Japan Laan, are among the lesser-known battles of the Second World War. Yet the Allied Victory in this battle was a turning point against the Japanese in East Asia.[46][47][48][49]

Post-colonial history

Main article:
History of modern Manipur

After the war, India moved towards independence, and the princely states which had existed alongside it became responsible for their own external affairs and defence, unless they joined the new Indian Union or Pakistan. The Manipur State Constitution Act of 1947 established a democratic form of government, with the Maharaja continuing as the head of state.[50] Maharaja Bodhchandra was summoned to Shillong, to merge the kingdom into the Union of India.[51] He is believed to have signed the merger agreement under duress.[52] Thereafter, the legislative assembly was dissolved, and in October 1949 Manipur became part of India.[53] It was made a Union Territory in 1956.[54] and a fully-fledged state in 1972 by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971.[55]

Kangla Fort

Manipur has a long record of insurgency and inter-ethnic violence.[56][57] Its first armed opposition group, the United National Liberation Front (UNLF), was founded in 1964 aiming to achieve independence from India and establish Manipur as a new country. Over time, many more groups formed, each with different goals, and deriving support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur. The People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) was formed in 1977, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in 1978, suspected by Human Rights Watch of receiving arms and training from China.[58] In 1980, the Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings.[58] The state government appealed to the central government in New Delhi for support in combating this violence.[24]

"Disturbed area" designation

From 1980 to 2004, the Indian government referred to Manipur as a disturbed area. This term (designated by the

Irom Sharmila Chanu.[60][61]

In 2004, the government lifted the disturbed status after a violent attack on a local woman. The rape of a Manipuri woman,

Thangjam Manorama Devi, by members of the Assam Rifles paramilitary had led to wide protests including a nude protest by the Meira Paibi women's association.[62]

2023 ethnic violence

Main article:
2023 Manipur violence

In May 2023, an ethnic clash between

Indian army troops were deployed to control the situation.[67] International outrage resulted from a report that two Kuki women had been paraded naked and allegedly gang-raped by a mob of Meitei men.[68][69][70]

Geography

Loktak Lake, the largest fresh water lake in the state.

The state lies at a latitude of 23°83'N – 25°68'N and a longitude of 93°03'E – 94°78'E. The total area covered by the state is 22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi). The capital lies in an oval-shaped valley of approximately 700 sq mi (2,000 km2), surrounded by blue mountains, at an elevation of 790 m (2,590 ft) above sea level.[71] The slope of the valley is from north to south. The mountain ranges create a moderate climate, preventing the cold winds from the north from reaching the valley and barring cyclonic storms.[72]

The state is bordered by the Indian states of Nagaland to its north, Mizoram to its south, Assam to its west, and shares an international border with Myanmar to its east.[73]

A tree amid Manipur hills.

The state has four major river basins: the

Yu River Basin in the east, and a portion of the Lanye River Basin in the north.[74] The water resources of Barak and Manipur river basins are about 1.8487 Mham (million hectare metres). The overall water balance of the state amounts to 0.7236 Mham in the annual water budget.[75] (By comparison, India receives 400 Mham of rain annually.[76]
)

The Barak River, the largest of Manipur, originates in the Manipur Hills and is joined by tributaries, such as the Irang, Maku, and

Cachar Assam just above Lakhipur. The Manipur river basin has eight major rivers: the Manipur, Imphal, Iril, Nambul, Sekmai, Chakpi, Thoubal and Khuga. All these rivers originate from the surrounding hills.[77]

Landscape view for dawn at Senapati, Manipur

Almost all the rivers in the valley area are in the mature stage and therefore deposit their sediment load in the Loktak Lake.[71] The rivers draining the Manipur Hills are comparatively young, due to the hilly terrain through which they flow. These rivers are corrosive and become turbulent in the rainy season. Important rivers draining the western area include the Maku, Barak, Jiri, Irang, and Leimatak. Rivers draining the eastern part of the state, the Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short streams.[77]

Manipur may be characterised as two distinct physical regions: an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys, and the inner area of flat plain, with all associated landforms. These two areas are distinct in physical features and are conspicuous in flora and fauna. The valley region has hills and mounds rising above the flat surface. The Loktak Lake is an important feature of the central plain. The total area occupied by all the lakes is about 600 km2. The altitude ranges from 40 m at Jiribam to 2,994 m at Mount Tempü peak along the border with Nagaland.

The soil cover can be divided into two broad types, viz. the red

gullies and barren rock slopes. The normal pH value ranges from 5.4 to 6.8.[78]

Flora

Flowers carpeting the foothills

Natural vegetation occupies an area of about 17,418 km2 (6,725 sq mi),[79] or 77.2% of the total geographical area of the state, and consists of short and tall grasses, reeds and bamboos, and trees. About a third of Manipur's forests are protected: 8.42% of the forested land is categorized under Reserved Forests, and 23.95 % under Protected Forests.[80]

There are six major types of forests in Manipur, and 10 subtypes. The six major forest types, according to the state's Forest Department, include Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest, Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests, Sub-Tropical Pine Forest, Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest, Montane Wet Temperate Forest and Sub-alpine Forest.[80]

There are forests of

orange, and cardamom are grown in hill areas. Rice is a staple food for Manipuris.[73]

Climate

The Dzüko Valley which exists between the boundaries of Manipur and Nagaland has a temperate climate.

Manipur's climate is largely influenced by the topography of the region. Lying 790 metres above sea level, Manipur is wedged among hills on all sides. This northeastern corner of India enjoys a generally amiable climate, though the winters can be chilly. The maximum temperature in the summer months is 32 °C (90 °F). The coldest month is January, and the warmest July.[citation needed]

The state receives an average annual rainfall of 1,467.5 mm (57.78 in) between April and mid-October. Precipitation ranges from light drizzle to heavy downpour. The capital city

Eastern Himalaya
ranges. This normal rainfall pattern of Manipur enriches the soil and much of the agrarian activities are dependent on it as well.

Manipur is already

changes in weather, with both increased variability in rain as well as increasingly severe changes in temperature.[81]

Demographics

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1901284,465—    
1911346,222+21.7%
1921384,016+10.9%
1931445,606+16.0%
1941512,069+14.9%
1951577,635+12.8%
1961780,037+35.0%
19711,072,753+37.5%
19811,420,953+32.5%
19911,837,149+29.3%
20012,293,896+24.9%
20112,855,794+24.5%
Source: Census of India[82]

Manipur has a population of 2,855,794 as per 2011 census.

Manipuri speakers). The hills are inhabited mainly by several ethno-linguistically diverse tribes belonging to the Nagas, the Kukis and smaller tribal groupings. Naga and Kuki settlements are also found in the valley region, though less in numbers. There are also sizable population of Nepalis, Bengalis, Tamils and Marwaris living in Manipur.[citation needed][verification needed
]

The distribution of area, population and density, and literacy rate as per the 2001 Census provisional figures are as below:[citation needed]

Demographics of Manipur (2011)
Total Population 2,855,794
Male Population 1,438,586
Female Population 1,417,208
Rural Population 1,736,236
Urban Population 834,154
Child Sex Ratio 936 female to 1000 male
Density (per km2) 115
Literacy 1,768,181 (85.4%)
Towns 33

People

Main article:
Manipuri people

The

Kacha Naga, Mao, Maram, Poumai, Sema and Tangkhul, each speaking its own language. They predominate the northern hill districts of Manipur. In addition, several smaller tribes that were classified as "Old Kuki" by the British administrators populate Chandel and neighbouring districts. Some of them now classify themselves as Nagas while others retain the Kuki classification.[b][85][86][87]

All Scheduled Tribes Population[88] Percentage

of Total Pop.

Kuki-Zo tribes 448,197 15.7%
Naga tribes 597,017 20.9%
Old Kuki/Naga 101,402 3.6%
Total 1,167,422 40.9%

Languages

Main articles:
Manipuri language

Languages in Manipur (2011)[89]

  
Kuki (1.32%)
  Maram (1.12%)
  Bengali (1.07%)
  Anal (0.93%)
  Zou (0.91%)
  Maring
(0.90%)

The official language of the state is

scheduled language in the Republic of India,[90] and serves as the lingua franca in Manipur.[91]

Other than Meitei language, in Manipur, there is a huge amount of linguistic diversity, as is the case in most of the Northeast India. Almost all of the languages are

Sino-Tibetan, with many different subgroups represented. There are multiple Kuki-Chin languages, the largest being Thadou and is spoken in all the hill districts. Another major language family is the Naga languages, like Tangkhul, Poula, Rongmei and Mao. Less than 5% speak Indo-European languages, mostly Nepali and Sylheti (also considered as a dialect of Bengali), which is the major language of Jiribam district.[92]

The

Department of Language Planning and Implementation) of the Government of Manipur works for the development and the promotion of Meitei language and other local vernaculars of Manipur.[93]

Linguistic events

Religion

Religion in Manipur (2011)[94]

  
Buddhism (0.25%)
  Jainism (0.06%)
  Sikhism (0.05%)
  Other religion (8.19%)
  No religion
(0.38%)

Meitei Christians and Meitei Pangals
. Besides these, the non Meitei-speaking communities (tribals) are mostly Christians.

Hinduism

Further information: Hinduism in Manipur and Meitei Hindus
Ningthoukhong Gopinath Temple

The

Meiteis
are the only Hindus as no other indigenous ethnic groups follow this faith. According to the
2011 Census of India, about 41.39% of the Manipuri people practice Hinduism. The Hindu population is heavily concentrated in the Meitei dominant areas of the Manipur Valley (Imphal Valley), among the Meitei people. The districts of Bishnupur, Thoubal, Imphal East, and Imphal West all have Hindu majorities, averaging 67.62% (range 62.27–74.81%) according to the 2011 census data.[94]

Vaishnavite Hinduism was the state religion of the

Kingdom of Manipur. In 1704, Meitei King Charairongba accepted Vaishnavism and changed his traditional Meitei name into Hindu name, Pitambar Singh.[96] However, the first Hindu temples were constructed much earlier. A copper plate excavated from Phayeng dating back to 763 CE (believed to be of the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha) was found to contain inscriptions about the Hindu deities in Sanskrit words.[97] During the 13th century, Meitei King Khumomba constructed a Lord Hanuman temple.[98] The Vishnu temple at Lamangdong was constructed during 1474 CE (during the reign of Meitei King Kiyamba), by Brahmins immigrating from the neighborhood Shan State. As per the legends, the temple was constructed to house the Vishnu emblem given to King Kiyamba by King Khekhomba of Shan. Phurailatpam Shubhi Narayan was the first Brahmin priest of this temple.[99]

Christianity

Main articles:
Meitei Christians
St. Joseph's Cathedral at Imphal

Christianity is the religion of 41% of the people in the state, but is the majority in rural areas with 53%, and is predominant in the hills. It was brought by Protestant missionaries to Manipur in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a few Christian schools were established, which introduced Western-type education. Christianity is the predominant religion among tribals of Manipur and tribal Christians make up the vast majority (over 96%) of the Christian population in Manipur.[100]

Islam

Main article: Meitei Pangals

The

Hanafi school of Islamic thought and they include Arabs, Bangladeshis, Turanis, Bengalis and Chaghtai Turks.[101]

Sanamahism

Main article: Sanamahism
The symbol of Sanamahism religion, the indigenous ethnic religion of the Meitei people.
Kangla Fort, Imphal

Pakhangba, Sanamahi, and Panthoibi. Out of the 233,767 people who opted for the "Other religion" option, 222,315 were Sanamahists.[citation needed
]

Other religions

The various other religions were mostly followers of tribal folk religions, 6,444 were Heraka, 2,032 were Jewish and 1,180 were from other tribal religions such as Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak.[citation needed]

Government

Main articles: Government of Manipur and Manipur Legislative Assembly
ancient Meitei deity, and a Meitei language text written in Meitei script

The government of Manipur is a collective assembly of 60 elected members, of which 19 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes and 1 for Scheduled Castes.[103] The state sends two representatives to the Lok Sabha of the Parliament of India. The state sends one representative to the Rajya Sabha. The legislature of the state is Unicameral.[104] Representatives are elected for a five-year term to the state assembly and the Indian parliament through voting, a process overseen by the offices of the Election Commission of India.[105]

The state has one autonomous council.

Civil unrest

Social movements

There were many public movements in Manipur against the government:

Security and insurgency

Further information: Insurgency in Manipur, Human rights abuses in Manipur, and Thangjam Manorama § Protests against the AFSPA
Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 in Manipur[106]

The violence in Manipur extends beyond the conflict between Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups. There is violence between the

Kuki tribes, and other tribal groups.[24]

Splinter groups have arisen within some of the armed groups, and disagreement between them is rife. Other than the UNLF, PLA, and PREPAK, Manipuri insurgent groups include the Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint Committee (RJC), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Manipur Naga People Front (MNPF), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-I/M), United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).[107][24]

The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India. The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisations: the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum.[108] The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state. There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.[24]

According to SATP in 2014, there had been a dramatic decline in fatalities in Manipur since 2009. In 2009, 77 civilians died (about 3 per 100,000 people).[25] From 2010 onward, about 25 civilians have died in militant-related violence (about 1 per 100,000 people), dropping further to 21 civilian deaths in 2013 (or 0.8 per 100,000 people). However, there were 76 explosions in 2013 compared to 107 in 2012. Different groups have claimed responsibility for the explosions, some claiming they were targeting competing militant groups, others claiming their targets were state and central government officials.[109] As a point of comparison, the average annual global rate of violent death between 2004 and 2009 was 7.9 per 100,000 people.[110]

Economy

Bamboo is common in Manipur, and an important contributor to its economy as well as cuisine. Above is soibum yendem eromba, a bamboo shoot dish of Manipur.

The 2012–2013 gross state domestic product of Manipur at market prices was about ₹10,188 crore (US$1.3 billion).

Tamu towns, the land route for trade between India and Burma and other countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, the Arctic, Micronesia and Polynesia. Manipur has the highest number of handicraft units and the highest number of craftspersons in the northeastern region of India.[113]

Electricity

Manipur produced about 0.1 GWh (0.36 TJ) of electricity in 2010 with its infrastructure.

hydroelectric power generation potential, estimated to be over 2 GWh (7.2 TJ). As of 2010, if half of this potential is realised, it is estimated that this would supply 24/7 electricity to all residents, with a surplus for sale, as well as supplying the Burma power grid.[115]

Agriculture

Manipur's climate and soil conditions make it ideally suited for horticultural crops. Growing there are rare and exotic

aromatic plants.[113] Some cash crops suited for Manipur include Lychee, Cashew, Walnut, Orange, Lemon, Pineapple, Papaya, Passion Fruit, Peach, Pear and Plum.[112] The state is covered with over 3,000 km2 (1,200 sq mi) of bamboo forests, making it one of India's largest contributor to its bamboo industry.[113]

Agriculture in Manipur includes a number of smallholding farms, many of whom are owned by women.[116] Climate change, especially changes in temperature and weather are hurting small farmers in the state.[117] Like rural women in other parts of the world, women in agriculture in Manipur are harmed more by the changes in weather, because of less access to support from local governments.[116]

Transportation infrastructure

Imphal airport is the second largest airport in India's northeast.

Tulihal Airport, Changangei, Imphal, the only airport of Manipur, connects directly with Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati, and Agartala. It has been upgraded to an international airport. As India's second largest airport in the northeast, it serves as a key logistical centre for northeastern states. The Tulihal Airport has been renamed Bir Tikendrajit Airport.[31] National Highway NH-39 links Manipur with the rest of the country through the railway stations at Dimapur in Nagaland at a distance of 215 km (134 mi) from Imphal.[citation needed][verification needed
]

Burma, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore
.

Tourism

Main article:
Tourism in North East India

The tourist season is from October to February when it is often sunny without being hot and humid.[

floating islands at Loktak Lake are among the rarities of the area. Polo
, which can be called a royal game, originated in Manipur.

UNESCO list

The

Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area (KLCA)", additionally covering the buffer of Loktak Lake (140 sq km) and Pumlen Pat (43 sq. km), besides the 40 sq km of the KLNP.[123][124]

The

UNESCO World Heritage Site list.[125][126]

Imphal (capital)

A view of Imphal City

The city is inhabited by the

Sanamahi Kiyong, Ima Market, Samban-Lei Sekpil, Shree Govindajee Temple, Andro village, and Manipur State Museum
are in the city.

Lakes and islands

Rare birds and flowers include: Nongin[127] is the state bird (top) and Siroi Lily[128] is its state flower (middle). Leimaram falls, bottom, is a local attraction.

48 km (30 mi) from

Floating islands are made out of the tangle of watery weeds and other plants. The wetland is swampy and is favourable for a number of species. It is in the district of Bishnupur. The etymology of Loktak is "lok = stream / tak = the end" (End of the Streams).[71]
Sendra park and resort is opening on the top of Sendra hills and attracting the tourist.

Hills and valleys

Kaina is a

jack fruit tree, which was then growing at Kaina. It is 29 km (18 mi) from Imphal. The Dzüko Valley is in Senapati district bordering with Kohima. There are seasonal flowers and number of flora and fauna. It is at an altitude of 2,438 m (7,999 ft) above sea level, behind Mount Japfü in Nagaland. The rare Dzüko lily is found only in this valley.[citation needed
]

Eco tourism

Sangai, the state animal, at Keibul Lamjao National Park. In the wild, it has a habit of waiting and looking back at viewers.[129]

Keibul Lamjao National Park, 48 km (30 mi) away from Imphal is an abode of the rare and endangered species of brow antlered deer. This ecosystem contains 17 rare species of mammals.[71] It is the only floating national park of the world.[130][citation needed] Six km (3.7 mi) to the west of

brow antlered deer
(Sangai) are housed there.

Waterfalls

Sadu Chiru waterfall is near Ichum Keirap village[131] 27 km (17 mi) from Imphal, in the Sadar hill area, Senapati district. This consists of three falls with the first fall about 30 m (98 ft) high. Agape Park is in the vicinity.

Natural caves

Thalon Cave (around 910 m (2,990 ft) above sea level) is one of the historical sites of Manipur under Tamenglong district. It is around 185 km (115 mi) from the state capital and around 30 km (19 mi) from Tamenglong district headquarters in north side. From Thalon village, this cave is 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi).[132] Khangkhui Cave is a natural limestone cave in Ukhrul district. The big hall in the cave is the darbar hall of the Devil King living deep inside while the northern hall is the royal bedroom, according to local folklore. During World War II, villagers sought shelter here. This cave is an hour's trek from Khangkui village.[133]

Education

See also: List of institutions of higher education in Manipur
Sanamahi Kiyong shrine is the central body of the University of Sanamahi Culture in the Nongmaiching Ching
mountain.

Manipur schools are run by the state and central government or by private organisation. Instruction is mainly in English. Under the 10+2+3 plan, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs after passing the Higher Secondary Examination (the grade 12 examination). The main universities are Manipur University, Central Agricultural University, National Institute of Technology, Manipur, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Manipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences and Indira Gandhi National Tribal University.

Manipur is home to India's first floating elementary school: Loktak Elementary Floating School in Loktak Lake.

Transportation

Further information: India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway
Manipur serves as the passing point of the India–Myanmar–Thailand Trilateral Highway, having Imphal-Mandalay-Bangkok route with a distance of 1,813 km (1,127 miles) to improve the ASEAN–India Free Trade Area.
National Highway 150 in Imphal

Air

Imphal International Airport is situated in the capital Imphal which connects direct flights from Imphal to Kolkata, Guwahati, New Delhi, Bangalore and Agartala
.

Roadways

Manipur is connected to all its neighbouring states with

National Highways
.

Rail

Manipur has one operational railway station, Jiribam. Imphal railway station, is an under-construction railway station in Imphal, the capital of Manipur.

Art and culture

Main articles:
Art forms of Manipur
Further information:
Meitei religion, and Meitei literature

Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious; it is performed in the secular or profane spheres. In these are Shumang lila and Phampak lila (stage drama). Shumang lila is very popular. Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang" (courtyard) and "Lila" (play or performance). It is performed in an area of 13×13 ft in the centre of any open space, in a very simple style without a raised stage, set design, or heavy props such as curtains, background scenery, and visual effects. It uses one table and two chairs, kept on one side of the performance space. Its claim as the "theatre of the masses" is underlined by the way it is performed in the middle of an audience that surrounds it, leaving one passage as entrance and exit.[citation needed]

The world of Phampak lila (stage drama) performed in the proscenium theatre is similar, in form, to the Western theatrical model and Indian

Sir Churchand Maharaj (1891–1941). The pace of theatrical movement was geared up with the institution of groups such as Manipur Dramatic Union (MDU) (1930), Arian Theatre (1935), Chitrangada Natya Mandir (1936), Society Theatre (1937), Rupmahal (1942), Cosmopolitan Dramatic Union (1968), and the Chorus Repertory Theatre of Ratan Thiyam (1976).[citation needed] These groups started experimenting with types of plays apart from historical and Puranic ones. Today Manipur theatre is well respected because of excellent productions shown in India and abroad. Manipur plays, both Shumang lila and stage lila, have been a regular feature in the annual festival of the National School of Drama, New Delhi.[citation needed
]

Iskcon led by Bhaktisvarupa Damodara Swami started a network of schools in Northeastern India, where more than 4,000 students receive education centred on Vaishnava spiritual values. In 1989 he founded "Ranganiketan Manipuri Cultural Arts Troupe", which has approximately 600 performances at over 300 venues in over 15 countries. Ranganiketan (literally "House of Colorful Arts") is a group of more than 20 dancers, musicians, singers, martial artists, choreographers, and craft artisans.[citation needed] Some of them have received international acclaim.

  • Manipuri dance, one of eight the classical dances of India
    Manipuri dance, one of eight the classical dances of India
  • Thang Ta, the martial art form of Manipur
    Thang Ta
    , the martial art form of Manipur
  • Pena is an ancient Manipur musical instrument, particularly popular among the Meitei people.
    Pena is an ancient Manipur musical instrument, particularly popular among the Meitei people.
  • The Chorus Repertory Theatre, Imphal, founded by Ratan Thiyam
    The Chorus Repertory Theatre, Imphal, founded by Ratan Thiyam

Manipur dance (Ras Lila)

Main article: Manipuri dance
The Shrine – the main theatre

Hindu Sanskrit text Natya Shastra, but with influences from the culture fusion between India and Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, Micronesia and Polynesia.[141]

Chorus Repertory Theatre

The auditorium of the theatre is on the outskirts of Imphal and the campus stretches for about 2 acres (8,100 m2). It has housing and working quarters to accommodate self-sufficiency of life. The theatre association has churned out internationally acclaimed plays like

Emperor Ashoka's redemption.[citation needed
]

Sports

Main articles: Sports in Manipur, Khong kangjei, Mukna, and Polo
Meitei deity of polo, in the Heingang Ching

Mukna is a popular form of wrestling.[142] Mukna Kangjei, or Khong Kangjei, is a game which combines the arts of mukna (wrestling hockey) and Kangjei (Cane Stick) to play the ball made of seasoned bamboo roots.[143][144]

Yubi lakpi is a traditional full contact game played in Manipur, India, using a coconut, which has some notable similarities to rugby.[144] Yubi lakpi literally means "coconut snatching". The coconut is greased to make it slippery. There are rules of the game, as with all Manipur sports.[145] The coconut serves the purpose of a ball and is offered to the king, the chief guest or the judges before the game begins. The aim is to run while carrying the greased coconut and physically cross over the goal line, while the other team tackles and blocks any such attempt as well as tries to grab the coconut and score on its own. In Manipur's long history, Yubi lakpi was the annual official game, attended by the king, over the Hindu festival of Shree Govindajee.[146] It is like the game of rugby,[147] or American football.[148]

Oolaobi (Woo-Laobi) is an outdoor game mainly played by females. Meitei mythology believes that UmangLai Heloi-Taret (seven deities–seven fairies) played this game on the Courtyard of the temple of Umang Lai Lairembi. The number of participants is not fixed but are divided into two groups (size as per agreement). Players are divided as into Raiders (Attackers) or Defenders (Avoiders).[144] Hiyang Tannaba, also called Hi Yangba Tanaba, is a traditional boat rowing race and festivity of the Panas.[144]

Polo

The rules-based Polo game in 19th century Manipur (above), and modern Polo in the 21st century.

The origin of modern polo can be traced to Manipur where the world's oldest polo ground lies, Imphal Polo Ground.[149][150] Captain Robert Stewart and Lieutenant Joseph Sherer[151] of the British colonial era first watched locals play a rules-based pulu or sagolkangjei (literally, horse and stick) game in 1859. They adopted its rules, calling the game polo, and playing it on their horses. The game spread among the British in Calcutta and then to England.[33][152]

Apart from these games, some outdoor children's games are fading in popularity. Some games such as Khutlokpi, Phibul Thomba, and Chaphu Thugaibi remain very popular elsewhere, such as in Cambodia. They are played especially during the Khmer New Year.[153]

First of its kind in India, National Sports University will be constructed in Manipur.[154]

Festivals

The Lai Haraoba, a dance festival showcases the folk dances of Manipur.

The festivals of Manipur are Lui-ngai-ni

Yaoshang, Gan-ngai, Chumpha, Cheiraoba, Kang and Heikru Hidongba, as well as the broader religious festivals Eid-Ul-Fitr, Eid-Ul-Adha and Christmas
. Most of these festivals are celebrated on the basis of the lunar calendar. Almost every festival celebrated in other states of India is observed.

On 21 November 2017, the Sangai Festival 2017 was inaugurated by President Ram Nath Kovind in Manipur. Held for 10 days, the festival is named after Manipur's state animal, the brow-antlered Sangai deer. The Sangai Festival showcases the tourism potential of Manipur in the field of arts and culture, handloom, handicrafts, indigenous sports, cuisine, music and adventure sports.

Sangai festival

This section is an excerpt from Sangai Festival.[edit]
Sangai Deer Replica at Sangai Festival Manipur
Ram Nath Kovind at the inaugural event of ‘Manipur Sangai Festival 2017’
Narendra Modi giving an address at the closing function of the Sangai Festival, 2014
handloom, handicrafts, fine arts, indigenous sports, cuisine, music and adventure sports, as well as the natural environment.[156]
it is celebrated in different parts mainly in the valley areas of imphal. Many tourists come from all over the world and represent their craft making. Many people have also started to talk about the way Sangai festival is celebrated. They say that it should be celebrated only in one place with a proper arrangement and with big budget so that this festival grows more bigger and unique and spread all over the world.

Ningol Chakouba

Held on 9 November,[157] this is a social festival of the Meitei people of Manipur where married women (Ningol) are invited (Chakouba, literally calling to a meal; for dinner or lunch) to a feast at their parental house accompanied by their children. Besides the feast, gifts are given to the women/invitees and to their children. It is the festival that binds and revives the family relations between the women married away and the parental family. Nowadays, other communities have started celebrating this kind of a family-bonding festival.

Kut

Held after the Harvest festival in November,[158][159] this festival predominantly celebrated by Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes in Manipur has become one of the leading festivals of the state. Kut is not restricted to a community or tribe — the whole state populace participates in merriment. On 1 November of every year, the state declared holiday for Kut celebration.

Yaosang

Main article: Yaosang

Held in February or March,[160] Yaosang is considered to be one of the biggest festivals of Manipur. It is the Holi festival (festival of colour) but Yaosang is the regional name given by the people of Manipur.

Khuado Pawi

Khuado Pawi is the harvest festival of the

Zomi in India and Myanmar respectively. The word Pawi means festival in Tedim Zomi language. It is celebrated every year in the month of September–October after harvesting.[161]

Cheiraoba is a celebration of the new year during the spring season. People feast (top), then climb up a hill together later in the day to signify overcoming hurdles and reaching new heights in the new year.[148]

Cheiraoba

Main article: Sajibu Nongma Panba

Also known as Sajibugi Nongma Panba and held in March or April, Cheiraoba is the new year of Manipur.[148] It is observed on the first lunar day of the lunar month Sajibu (March/April) and so it is also popularly known as Sajibu Cheiraoba. People of Manipur immaculate and decorate their houses and make a sumptuous variety of dishes to feast upon after offering food to the deity on this day. After the feast, as a part of the ritual, people climb hilltops; in the belief that it would excel them to greater heights in their worldly life.[148]

Notable people

Kuki–Zo

Meitei

Main article: List of Meitei people
See also:
List of Meitei kings

Naga

See also: List of Naga people and List of Naga politicians

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Kangleipak is a popular historical as well as present day endonym of Manipur. In the 18th century, the Meitei language term Kangleipak was replaced by the Sanskrit term Manipur, but the name Kangleipak is still a popular endonym of the land in Meitei (officially known as Manipuri), the sole official language of Manipur.
  2. ^ The Old Kuki tribes retaining the Kuki classification include: Aimol, Chiru, Kom, Koireng, Kharam, and Ralte. The tribes under the Naga umbrella include: Anal, Chothe, Koirao, Lamkang, Maring, Moyon, Monsang, Purum and Tarao.[84]

References

  1. ^ "'Sana Leibak Manipur' adopted as State Song by Cabinet". 12 August 2021. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  2. JSTOR 41855332
    .
  3. ^ Laithangbam, Iboyaima (27 August 2021). "Ganesan sworn in as Manipur Governor". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2021.
  4. ^ BJP leader Biren Singh sworn in as Manipur Chief Minister Archived 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine, India Today (15 March 2017)
  5. ^ "Manipur Population Sex Ratio in Manipur Literacy rate data". census2011.co.in. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  6. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  7. ^ "State Fishes of India" (PDF). National Fisheries Development Board, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
  8. ^ "Manipur". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021.
  9. ^ "Manipur". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2. Archived
    from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  11. ISBN 978-981-16-7110-4. Archived
    from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  12. ISBN 978-1-000-36686-0. Archived
    from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  13. ISBN 978-8170993995
    , Introduction
  14. ^ "Manipuri language". Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
  15. ISBN 978-8170998532
  16. ISBN 978-8170998532
  17. ^ "Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei". Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  18. ISBN 978-8170998532
  19. ^ Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947, Research and Media Cell, CIRCA, 2018, p. 26, GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ, archived from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 19 August 2018
  20. ^ Singh, Socio-religious and Political Movements in Modern Manipur 2011, Chapter 6, p. 139
  21. ^ U. B. Singh, India Fiscal Federalism in Indian Union (2003), p. 135
  22. ISBN 978-94-007-7055-3
    .
  23. ISBN 978-81-321-0027-0
    .
  24. ^ a b c d e "Background: Conflict in Manipur" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Human Rights Watch (2008)
  25. ^ a b State wise Indian fatalities, 1994-2013 Archived 15 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine Militancy and Terrorism Database, SATP, New Delhi
  26. ^
    ISBN 978-8178358642
    , pp. 322–347
  27. ^ "Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  28. ^ a b "Population by religion community - 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
  29. ^ "Hueiyen Lanpao | Official Website Manipur Daily". Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  30. ^ "Christian population on the rise in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur". Hindustan Times. 8 March 2017. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  31. ^ a b "Transportation of Manipur". investinmanipur.nic.in. Archived from the original on 30 July 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  32. ^ Reginald Massey 2004, pp. 177–184.
  33. ^ a b Lieutenant (later Major General) Joseph Ford Sherer, Assistant to the Superintendent of Cachar, with his bearers, Manipur, 1861 Archived 3 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine National Army Museum, United Kingdom; Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, Volume 82, Issues 337–340, page 238
  34. ISBN 978-1-317-27066-9. Retrieved 28 July 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link
    )
  35. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2
    .
  36. ^ Gangmumei Kabui, History of Manipur, National Publishing House, Delhi, 1991.
  37. ^ Cite error: The named reference ages was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  38. ^ "Sana Leibak Manipur By Free Thinker". Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  39. ^ (Gogoi 1956:133)
  40. ^ (Luce & Htway 1976:214)
  41. ^ a b A Brief History (Puwari) of the Meiteis of Manipur. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  42. ^
    ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2
    .
  43. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2
    .
  44. ISBN 978-81-7099-696-5. Archived
    from the original on 18 April 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  45. ISBN 978-1-317-27402-5. Archived
    from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  46. ^ "10 Photos of the Battles of Imphal and Kohima". Imperial War Museums. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  47. S2CID 239167171, archived
    from the original on 11 August 2023, retrieved 11 August 2023
  48. ^ "Gale - Product Login". galeapps.gale.com. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  49. ISBN 978-0-315-61764-3. Archived
    from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  50. ^ "Manipur State Constitution Act 1947". Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  51. ^ Rustomji, Nari (1971), Enchanted Frontiers, Oxford University Press, p. 109 – via archive.org
  52. ^ Pradip Phanjoubam. "Why it matters how Manipur became a state". www.telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  53. ^ "Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949". satp.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  54. ^ "The Constitution (Amendment)". indiacode.nic.in. Archived from the original on 1 May 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  55. ^ "Indiacode - Acts" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  56. ^ "The mayhem in Manipur" Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Economist (1 March 2007)
  57. ^ "Manipur, India - A safe house for dangerous men" Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine The Economist (9 March 2007)
  58. ^ a b ""These Fellows Must Be Eliminated": Relentless Violence and Impunity in Manipur: II. Background: Conflict in Manipur". www.hrw.org. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  59. ^ McDuie-Ra, Duncan. 2016. Borderland city in new India: Frontier to gateway (pp. 15, 17–19). Amsterdam University Press.
  60. ^ "Irom Sharmila: World's longest hunger strike ends". BBC News. 9 August 2016. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  61. TheGuardian.com. 9 August 2016. Archived
    from the original on 23 March 2019. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  62. ^ McDuie-Ra, Duncan. 2016. Borderland City in New India: Frontier to Gateway, Amsterdam University Press, p. 18
  63. ^ "Can Manipur ever trust India again?". Al Jazeera. 22 July 2023. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  64. ^ "Manipur violence: 175 deaths so far, 4,786 houses burnt, say police". The Indian Express. 15 September 2023. Archived from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  65. ^ "175 Killed, 4,786 Homes Set Ablaze: Manipur Police Data Sheds Light On Scale Of Conflict". TimesNow. 15 September 2023. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  66. ^ "Police Updates Statistics on Manipur Violence: 175 Officially Dead, 96 Bodies Yet Unclaimed". The Wire. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  67. ^ Farooqui, Sania; Sehgal, Kunal. "Over 50 dead, hundreds hospitalized and 23,000 displaced by ethnic violence in India's Manipur". CNN. Archived from the original on 7 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  68. ^ Mollan, Cherylann (20 July 2023). "Manipur: India outrage after women paraded naked in violence-hit state". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  69. ISSN 0029-7712. Archived
    from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  70. ^ "Police Updates Statistics on Manipur Violence: 175 Officially Dead, 96 Bodies Yet Unclaimed". The Wire. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  71. ^ a b c d "fate of loktak lake". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  72. ^ "South Asia - A Climatological Study Volume II: Continental South Asia" (PDF). 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  73. ^ a b "Manipur | History, Government, Map, Capital, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 6 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  74. ^ Haokip, Shri Ngamthang (2007) "Basine Delineation Map of Manipur" Archived 26 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Profile on State of Environment Report of Manipur, 2006–07, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Manipur, p. 4
  75. ^ Government of Manipur. "Irrigation And Water Management" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  76. ^ Centre for Science and Environment (India). "The Arithmetic of Water in India". Archived from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  77. ^
    ISSN 2352-801X
    .
  78. ^ Director of Commerce and Industries, Manipur. "Soil and Climate of Manipur". Archived from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  79. ^ "State Profile of Manipur" (PDF). 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  80. ^ a b "FOREST DEPARTMENT, GOVERNMENT OF MANIPUR". Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  81. ^ SAMOM, SOBHAPATI (31 May 2019). "Manipur affected by changing climate, say scientists". NorthEast Now. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  82. ^ "A-02: Decadal variation in population 1901-2011, Manipur" (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  83. ^ "Manipur Population Census data 2011". Census 2011. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  84. S2CID 147919896
    .
  85. S2CID 144397292
    .
  86. hdl:10603/103655. Archived
    from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  87. ISBN 978-81-8324-344-5. Archived
    from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  88. ^ A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix), Manipur - 2011, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India, 2011, archived from the original on 3 October 2023, retrieved 22 September 2023
  89. ^ "Table C-16 Population by mother tongue: Manipur". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  90. ^ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. p. 78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  91. ^ "Manipuri language". Britannica. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  92. ^ "Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  93. ^ "Department of language planning and implementation trying to resolve all language issues in the state". Pothashang News. 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  94. ^ a b "Table C-01 Population by religious community: Manipur". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  95. ^ "Christian population on the rise in Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur". Hindustan Times. 8 March 2017. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  96. ^ S. Bebita Devi (2013). "4" (PDF). Advent of a caste - the emergence and role of Brahmans in Manipuri society (Thesis).
  97. ^ Devi Rajkumari Geetanjali (2018). The origin and development of Manipuri rasa dance Its nature philosophy and social relevance (Thesis).
  98. ISBN 9788170998532. Archived
    from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  99. ^ "The Vaishnava Temples of Manipur: An Historical Study". Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  100. ^ "Census of India: C-1 Population By Religious Community". censusindia.gov.in. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  101. ^ "Evolution of clan system Manipuri Muslim 1". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  102. ISBN 978-0-300-19567-5
    .
  103. ^ "State/UT wise Seats in the Assembly and their Reservation Status". Election Commission of India. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.
  104. ^ Manipur Government Archived 22 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Govt of India
  105. ^ ECI Manipur Archived 19 May 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Govt of India
  106. ^ "A decade of starvation for Irom Sharmila". The Independent. 4 November 2010. Archived from the original on 4 May 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
  107. ^ Singh, Vijaita. "Centre inks peace accord with Naga insurgent outfit". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  108. ^ "仏壇修理・洗浄なら石川県羽咋市の宮本仏檀店". kukination.net. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  109. ^ Manipur Assessment - Year 2014 Archived 4 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine SATP, New Delhi
  110. ^ Global Burden of Armed Violence Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine Chapter 2, Geneva Declaration, Switzerland (2011)
  111. ^ State wise : Population, GSDP, Per Capita Income and Growth Rate Archived 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Planning Commission, Govt of India; See third table 2011-2012 fiscal year, 16th row
  112. ^ a b G. Hiamguanglung Gonmei, "Hills Economy of Manipur: A Structural Change", Journal of North East India Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, January–June 2013, pp. 61–73
  113. ^ a b c "Manipur Economy - Snapshot" Archived 2 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine IBEF
  114. ^ Manipur Energy Archived 23 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Govt of Manipur
  115. ^ Manipur power Archived 19 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of India
  116. ^ a b "In rural Manipur, women feel the heat of climate change". The Third Pole. 14 March 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  117. ^ Shirin, Babie (27 January 2021). "Climate Change: Farmers in Manipur hit hard by unusual weather temperature". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  118. ^ "Manipur's villagers take charge, fix 19km stretch of roads: ANI – The Indian Express". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  119. ISBN 9788183242790. Archived
    from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  120. ^ "Rail link from Manipur to Vietnam on cards: Tharoor". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
  121. ^ "The Floating Islands of India". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 7 May 2018. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023. The largest island is home to the Keibul Lamjao, the world's only floating national park. It serves as a habitat for the endangered brow-antlered sangai, or "dancing deer," whose hooves have adapted to the island's spongy ground. The park, covering 15 square miles (40 km2), was specifically created to preserve the deer, which were once thought to be extinct.
  122. ^ McKechnie, Ben. "The world's only floating national park". www.bbc.com. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  123. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  124. ^ "Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area | For UNESCO World Heritage Travellers". www.worldheritagesite.org. Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  125. ISSN 0971-8257. Archived
    from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  126. ^ "Kangla as a World Heritage Site". Imphal Free Press. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  127. ^ State bird Nongin Archived 27 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of Manipur
  128. ^ State flower SHIRUI LILY Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of Manipur
  129. ^ State animal Sangai Archived 1 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine Government of Manipur
  130. ^ "The world's only floating national park". Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
  131. ^ "Ichum Keirap". yolasite.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  132. ^ "Thalon Cave, Tamenglong: December 2009 ~ Pictures from Manipur". e-pao.net. Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  133. ^ "Ukhrul District". ukhrul.nic.in. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  134. ^ a b Reginald Massey 2004, p. 177.
  135. ^ Williams 2004, pp. 83–84, the other major classical Indian dances are: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Cchau, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela.
  136. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8. Archived
    from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  137. ^ Reginald Massey 2004, pp. 177–187.
  138. ^ Ragini Devi 1990, pp. 175–180.
  139. ^ Reginald Massey 2004, pp. 177–180.
  140. ISBN 9788125904168. Archived
    from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  141. ^ Saryu Doshi 1989, pp. xv–xviii.
  142. ISBN 978-8126907069
    , pp 1558-1561
  143. ISBN 978-8170622796
    , pp 48
  144. ^
    ISBN 978-8178358642
    , pp 824-830
  145. ^ Indigenous games of Manipur Archived 12 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine Govt of Manipur
  146. ISBN 978-8178358642
    , pp 825
  147. ^ Mills, J. H. (2006), Manipur Rules Here - Gender, Politics, and Sport in an Asian Border Zone, Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 30(1), 62-78
  148. ^
    ISBN 978-8178358642
    , pp 825-830
  149. ^ "History of Polo | Polo Museum". www.polomuseum.org. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  150. ^ "Polo Origins". Andalucia.com. 14 August 2017. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  151. ISBN 978-0786438143, Chapter 2; National Army Museum Silver salver presented to Captain Joseph Ford Sherer Archived 28 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine
    United Kingdom
  152. ^ Chris Aston "Manipur, Cradle of the Modern Game" Archived 27 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Polo Consult
  153. ^ "Singh, Atom Sunil; indigenous Games between Cambodia and Manipur: A Borderless Connectivity, The Sangai Express, 4 June 2008". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  154. ^ "Lok Sabha passes Bill to set-up sports varsity in Manipur". The Hindu. 3 August 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 3 August 2018 – via www.thehindu.com.
  155. ^ "Manipur Sangai Festival Concludes". Northeast Today. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  156. ^ "Why Manipur Sangai Festival". Sangai festival - Department of Tourism. Retrieved 25 December 2012.
  157. ISBN 978-8178358642
    , pp. 607–617
  158. ISBN 978-8178358642
    , pp. 950–961
  159. ISBN 978-8170248972
  160. ISBN 978-8178358642
    , pp. 629–632
  161. ^ "Zomi Ngeina Khuado Pawi". Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

Bibliography

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Manipur.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manipur.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Manipur.
Look up Manipur in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Government

General information

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manipur&oldid=1218387670"