Manitoba

Coordinates: 55°N 97°W / 55°N 97°W / 55; -97[1]
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Manitoba
Latin
: Gloriosus et Liber
"Glorious and free"
Coordinates: 55°N 97°W / 55°N 97°W / 55; -97[1]
CountryCanada
Before confederationRed River Colony
Confederation15 July 1870[3] (5th, with Northwest Territories)
Capital
(and largest city)
Winnipeg
Largest metroWinnipeg Region
Government
 • TypeParliamentary constitutional monarchy
 • Lieutenant GovernorAnita Neville
 • PremierWab Kinew
LegislatureLegislative Assembly of Manitoba
Federal representationParliament of Canada
House seats14 of 338 (4.1%)
Senate seats6 of 105 (5.7%)
Area
 • Total647,797 km2 (250,116 sq mi)
 • Land553,556 km2 (213,729 sq mi)
 • Water94,241 km2 (36,387 sq mi)  14.5%
 • Rank8th
 6.5% of Canada
Population
 (2021)
 • Total1,342,153[2]
 • Estimate 
(Q1 2024)
1,474,439[5]
 • Rank5th
DemonymManitoban
Official languagesEnglish[6]
GDP
 • Rank6th
 • Total (2015)C$65.862 billion[7]
 • Per capitaC$50,820 (9th)
Time zoneUTC−06:00 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−05:00 (Central DST)
Rankings include all provinces and territories

Manitoba (

north to dense boreal forest, large freshwater lakes, and prairie grassland in the central and southern
regions.

Manitoba Act
on 15 July 1870.

Manitoba's

North American Aerospace Defense Command
.

Etymology

The name Manitoba possibly derives from either

Cree manitou-wapow or Ojibwe manidoobaa, both meaning 'straits of Manitou, the Great Spirit'.[8] Alternatively, it may be from the Assiniboine minnetoba, meaning 'Lake of the Prairie'[9][10] (the lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies). The name was chosen by Thomas Spence for the new republic he proposed for the area south of the lake. Métis leader Louis Riel preferred the name over the proposed alternative of "Assiniboia". It was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act, 1870.[11]

History

Indigenous societies and European settlement

Modern-day Manitoba was inhabited by the

last ice age glaciers retreated in the southwest about 10,000 years ago; the first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area.[12] The Ojibwe, Cree, Dene, Sioux, Mandan, and Assiniboine peoples founded settlements, and other tribes entered the area to trade. In Northern Manitoba, quartz was mined to make arrowheads. The first farming in Manitoba was along the Red River, where corn and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans.[13]

In 1611,

York Factory was founded in 1684 after the original fort of the Hudson's Bay Company, Fort Nelson (built in 1682), was destroyed by rival French traders.[17]

Hudson's Bay Company Archives in Winnipeg preserve the history of this era).[16]

Confederation

When Canada was formed in 1867 its provinces were a relatively narrow strip in the southeast, with vast territories in the interior. It grew by adding British Columbia in 1871, P.E.I. in 1873, the British Arctic Islands in 1880, and Newfoundland in 1949; meanwhile, its provinces grew both in size and number at the expense of its territories.
Territorial evolution of Canada, 1867–present

Rupert's Land was ceded to Canada by the Hudson's Bay Company in 1869 and incorporated into the Northwest Territories; a lack of attention to Métis concerns caused Métis leader

Royal Assent and Manitoba was brought into Canada as a province in 1870.[23] Louis Riel was pursued by British army officer Garnet Wolseley because of the rebellion, and Riel fled into exile.[24] The Canadian government blocked the Métis' attempts to obtain land promised to them as part of Manitoba's entry into confederation. Facing racism from the new flood of white settlers from Ontario, large numbers of Métis moved to what would become Saskatchewan and Alberta.[23]

land claims, many of which are still ongoing.[26]

The original province of Manitoba was a square one-eighteenth of its current size, and was known colloquially as the "postage stamp province".[27] Its borders were expanded in 1881, taking land from the Northwest Territories and the District of Keewatin, but Ontario claimed a large portion of the land; the disputed portion was awarded to Ontario in 1889. Manitoba grew to its current size in 1912, absorbing land from the Northwest Territories to reach 60°N, uniform with the northern reach of its western neighbours Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia.[27]

The

Conservatives proposed remedial legislation to override Manitoba, but they were blocked by the Liberals, led by Wilfrid Laurier.[28] Once elected Prime Minister in 1896, Laurier implemented a compromise stating Catholics in Manitoba could have their own religious instruction for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough students to warrant it, implemented on a school-by-school basis.[28]

Contemporary era

Large group of people in the middle of a city street beside a large concrete building
Crowds gathering outside the old City Hall during the Winnipeg general strike, 21 June 1919

By 1911, Winnipeg was the third largest city in Canada, and remained so until overtaken by Vancouver in the 1920s.[30] A boomtown, it grew quickly around the start of the 20th century, with outside investors and immigrants contributing to its success.[31] The drop in growth in the second half of the decade was a result of the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, which reduced reliance on transcontinental railways for trade, as well as a decrease in immigration due to the outbreak of the First World War.[32] Over 18,000 Manitoba residents enlisted in the first year of the war; by the end of the war, 14 Manitobans had received the Victoria Cross.[33]

During the First World War, Nellie McClung started the campaign for women's votes. On January 28, 1916, the vote for women was legalized. Manitoba was the first province to allow women to vote in provincial elections. This was two years before Canada as a country granted women the right to vote.[34]

After the First World War ended, severe discontent among farmers (over wheat prices) and union members (over wage rates) resulted in an upsurge of

libel; four were deported under the Canadian Immigration Act.[37]

The

Canada entered the Second World War in 1939. Winnipeg was one of the major commands for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan to train fighter pilots, and there were air training schools throughout Manitoba. Several Manitoba-based regiments were deployed overseas, including Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. In an effort to raise money for the war effort, the Victory Loan campaign organized "If Day" in 1942. The event featured a simulated Nazi invasion and occupation of Manitoba, and eventually raised over C$65 million.[40]

Aerial view of the Red River Floodway

Winnipeg was inundated during the

1950 Red River Flood and had to be partially evacuated. In that year, the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley. The damage caused by the flood led then-Premier Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of the Red River Floodway; it was completed in 1968 after six years of excavation. Permanent dikes were erected in eight towns south of Winnipeg, and clay dikes and diversion dams were built in the Winnipeg area. In 1997, the "Flood of the Century" caused over C$400 million in damages in Manitoba, but the floodway prevented Winnipeg from flooding.[41]

In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to pass the Meech Lake Accord, a series of constitutional amendments to persuade Quebec to endorse the Canada Act 1982. Unanimous support in the legislature was needed to bypass public consultation. Cree politician Elijah Harper opposed because he did not believe First Nations had been adequately involved in the Accord's process, and thus the Accord failed.[42]

Glen Murray, elected in Winnipeg in 1998, became the first openly gay mayor of a large North American city.[43] The province was impacted by major flooding in 2009 and 2011.[44] In 2004, Manitoba became the first province in Canada to ban indoor smoking in public places.[45] In 2013, Manitoba was the second province to introduce accessibility legislation, protecting the rights of persons with disabilities.[46]

Geography

Relief map of Manitoba

Manitoba is bordered by the provinces of

US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south. Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin, with a high volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg and then north down the Nelson River into Hudson Bay. This basin's rivers reach far west to the mountains, far south into the United States, and east into Ontario. Major watercourses include the Red, Assiniboine, Nelson, Winnipeg, Hayes, Whiteshell and Churchill rivers. Most of Manitoba's inhabited south has developed in the prehistoric bed of Glacial Lake Agassiz. This region, particularly the Red River Valley, is flat and fertile; receding glaciers left hilly and rocky areas throughout the province.[47]

The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and more than 110,000 lakes,[48] covering approximately 15.6 percent or 101,593 square kilometres (39,225 sq mi) of its surface area.[49] Manitoba's major lakes are Lake Manitoba, Lake Winnipegosis, and Lake Winnipeg, the tenth-largest freshwater lake in the world.[50] A total of 29,000 square kilometres (11,000 sq mi) of traditional First Nations lands and boreal forest on Lake Winnipeg's east side were officially designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site known as Pimachiowin Aki in 2018.[51]

Baldy Mountain is the province's highest point at 832 metres (2,730 ft) above sea level,[52] and the Hudson Bay coast is the lowest at sea level. Riding Mountain, the Pembina Hills, Sandilands Provincial Forest, and the Canadian Shield are also upland regions. Much of the province's sparsely inhabited north and east lie on the irregular granite Canadian Shield, including Whiteshell, Atikaki, and Nopiming Provincial Parks.[53]

Extensive agriculture is found only in the province's southern areas, although there is grain farming in the Carrot Valley Region (near The Pas). Around 11 percent of Canada's farmland is in Manitoba.[54]

Climate

Deep Lake at Riding Mountain National Park

Manitoba has an extreme

Environment Canada, Manitoba ranked first for clearest skies year round and ranked second for clearest skies in the summer and for the sunniest province in the winter and spring.[59]

Canadian Prairie landscape.[60] Summers are generally warm to hot, with low to moderate humidity.[60]

Southern parts of the province, just north of

F5 tornado that devastated parts of Elie (the strongest recorded tornado in Canada).[61]

Köppen climate types of Manitoba

The province's northern sections (including the city of Thompson) fall in the subarctic climate zone (Köppen climate classification Dfc). This region features long and extremely cold winters and brief, warm summers with little precipitation.[62] Overnight temperatures as low as −40 °C (−40 °F) occur on several days each winter.[62]

Community Region July daily
maximum[63]
January daily
maximum[63]
Annual
precipitation[63]
Morden Pembina Valley 26 °C (79 °F) −10 °C (14 °F) 541 mm (21 in)
Winnipeg
Winnipeg
26 °C (79 °F) −11 °C (12 °F) 521 mm (21 in)
Pierson Westman Region 27 °C (81 °F) −9 °C (16 °F) 457 mm (18 in)
Dauphin
Parkland
25 °C (77 °F) −10 °C (14 °F) 482 mm (19 in)
Steinbach
Eastman
25 °C (77 °F) −11 °C (12 °F) 581 mm (23 in)
Portage la Prairie
Central Plains
26 °C (79 °F) −9 °C (16 °F) 532 mm (21 in)
Brandon
Westman
25 °C (77 °F) −11 °C (12 °F) 474 mm (19 in)
The Pas
Northern
24 °C (75 °F) −14 °C (7 °F) 450 mm (18 in)
Thompson
Northern
23 °C (73 °F) −18 °C (0 °F) 474 mm (19 in)
Churchill
Northern
18 °C (64 °F) −22 °C (−8 °F) 453 mm (18 in)

Flora and fauna

A bear with white fur and black eyes
Polar bears are common in northern Manitoba.

Manitoba natural communities may be grouped within five ecozones:

Hudson plains. Three of these—taiga shield, boreal shield and Hudson plain—contain part of the Boreal forest of Canada which covers the province's eastern, southeastern, and northern reaches.[64]

Forests make up about 263,000 square kilometres (102,000 sq mi), or 48 percent, of the province's land area.

Two sections of the province are not dominated by forest. The province's northeast corner bordering Hudson Bay is above the

treeline and considered tundra. The tallgrass prairie once dominated the south-central and southeastern regions, including the Red River Valley. Mixed grass prairie is found in the southwestern region. Agriculture has replaced much of the natural vegetation but prairie can still be found in parks and protected areas; some are notable for the presence of the endangered western prairie fringed orchid.[67][68]

Manitoba is especially noted for its northern

Narcisse; the overwintering dens there are seasonally home to the world's largest concentration of snakes.[70]

Manitoba's bird diversity is enhanced by its position on two major migration routes, with 392 confirmed identified species; 287 of these nesting within the province.[71] These include the great grey owl, the province's official bird, and the endangered peregrine falcon.[72]

Manitoba's lakes host 18 species of game fish, particularly species of

pike, and goldeye, as well as many smaller fish.[73]

Demography

Largest cities by population
City 2021 2016
Winnipeg 749,607 705,224
Brandon 51,313 48,883
Steinbach 17,806 16,022
Winkler 13,745 12,660
Portage la Prairie 13,270 13,304
Thompson 13,035 13,678
Selkirk 10,504 10,278
Morden 9,929 8,668
Dauphin 8,638 8,369
Table source: Statistics Canada

At the 2021 census, Manitoba had a population of 1,342,153,[74] more than half of which is in Winnipeg.[75] Although initial colonization of the province revolved mostly around homesteading, the last century has seen a shift towards urbanization; Manitoba is the only Canadian province with over fifty-five percent of its population in a single city.[76]

The largest ethnic group in Manitoba is

Indian (3.0%), and Icelandic (2.4%).[74] Indigenous peoples (including Métis) are Manitoba's fastest-growing ethnic group, representing 13.6 percent of Manitoba's population as of 2001 (some reserves refused to allow census-takers to enumerate their populations or were otherwise incompletely counted).[77][78] Gimli, Manitoba is home to the largest Icelandic community outside of Iceland.[79]

As of the 2021 Canadian Census, the ten most spoken languages in the province included English (1,288,950 or 98.6%), French (111,790 or 8.55%), Tagalog (73,440 or 5.62%), Punjabi (42,820 or 3.28%), German (41,980 or 3.21%),[a] Hindi (26,980 or 2.06%), Spanish (23,435 or 1.79%), Mandarin (16,765 or 1.28%), Cree (16,115 or 1.23%),[b] and Plautdietsch (15,055 or 1.15%).[a][74] The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses.

Most Manitobans belong to a Christian denomination: on the 2021 census, 54.2% reported being Christian, followed by 2.7%

Roman Catholic Church with 21.2%; the United Church of Canada with 5.8%; and the Anglican Church of Canada with 3.3%.[74]

Economy

Manitoba has a moderately strong economy based largely on natural resources. Its

Gross Domestic Product was C$50.834 billion in 2008.[80] The province's economy grew 2.4 percent in 2008, the third consecutive year of growth.[81] The average individual income in Manitoba in 2006 was C$25,100 (compared to a national average of C$26,500), ranking fifth-highest among the provinces.[82] As of October 2009, Manitoba's unemployment rate was 5.8 percent.[83]

Manitoba's economy relies heavily on agriculture, tourism, electricity, oil, mining, and forestry. Agriculture is vital and is found mostly in the southern half of the province, although grain farming occurs as far north as The Pas. The most common agricultural activity is cattle husbandry, followed by assorted grains and

oilseed.[84] Manitoba is the nation's largest producer of sunflower seed and dry beans,[85] and one of the leading sources of potatoes. Portage la Prairie is a major potato processing centre.[86] Richardson International, one of the largest oat mills in the world, also has a plant in the municipality.[87]

Manitoba's largest employers are government and government-funded institutions, including

Cargill Ltd., and Richardson International.[88] Manitoba also has large manufacturing and tourism sectors. Churchill's Arctic wildlife is a major tourist attraction; the town is a world capital for polar bear and beluga whale watchers.[89] Manitoba is the only province with an Arctic deep-water seaport, at Churchill.[90]

In January 2018, the Canadian Federation of Independent Business claimed Manitoba was the most improved province for tackling red tape.[91]

Economic history

A line of wooden carts with wagon wheels pulled by oxen move down a path through a prairie
Red River cart train

Manitoba's early economy depended on mobility and living off the land. Indigenous Nations (Cree, Ojibwa, Dene, Sioux and Assiniboine) followed herds of bison and congregated to trade among themselves at key meeting places throughout the province. After the arrival of the first European traders in the 17th century, the economy centred on the trade of beaver pelts and other furs.[92] Diversification of the economy came when Lord Selkirk brought the first agricultural settlers in 1811,[93] though the triumph of the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) over its competitors ensured the primacy of the fur trade over widespread agricultural colonization.[92]

HBC control of Rupert's Land ended in 1868; when Manitoba became a province in 1870, all land became the property of the federal government, with homesteads granted to settlers for farming.[92] Transcontinental railways were constructed to simplify trade. Manitoba's economy depended mainly on farming, which persisted until drought and the Great Depression led to further diversification.[38]

Military bases

CF-18 Hornet fighter–bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region.[95]

The two 17 Wing squadrons based in the city are: the 402 ("City of Winnipeg" Squadron), which flies the Canadian designed and produced de Havilland Canada

C-130 Hercules tanker/transport in airlift search and rescue roles, and is the only Air Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct air-to-air refuelling of fighter aircraft.[95]

Canadian Forces Base Shilo (CFB Shilo) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces 35 kilometres (22 mi) east of Brandon. During the 1990s, Canadian Forces Base Shilo was designated as an Area Support Unit, acting as a local base of operations for Southwest Manitoba in times of military and civil emergency.[97] CFB Shilo is the home of the 1st Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, both battalions of the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, and the Royal Canadian Artillery. The Second Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (2 PPCLI), which was originally stationed in Winnipeg (first at Fort Osborne, then in Kapyong Barracks), has operated out of CFB Shilo since 2004. CFB Shilo hosts a training unit, 3rd Canadian Division Training Centre. It serves as a base for support units of 3rd Canadian Division, also including 3 CDSG Signals Squadron, Shared Services Unit (West), 11 CF Health Services Centre, 1 Dental Unit, 1 Military Police Regiment, and an Integrated Personnel Support Centre. The base houses 1,700 soldiers.[97]

Government and politics

A large concrete building with Classical-style columns and a green dome topped by a golden statue
The Manitoba Legislative Building, meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba

After the control of Rupert's Land was passed from Great Britain to the Government of Canada in 1869, Manitoba attained full-fledged rights and responsibilities of self-government as the first Canadian province carved out of Rupert's Land.[98] The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba was established on 14 July 1870. Political parties first emerged between 1878 and 1883, with a two-party system (Liberals and Conservatives).[99] The United Farmers of Manitoba appeared in 1922, and later merged with the Liberals in 1932.[99] Other parties, including the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), appeared during the Great Depression; in the 1950s, Manitoban politics became a three-party system, and the Liberals gradually declined in power.[99] The CCF became the New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP), which came to power in 1969.[99] Since then, the Progressive Conservatives and the NDP have been the dominant parties.[99]

Like all Canadian provinces, Manitoba is governed by a

governor general of Canada on advice of the prime minister.[101] The head of state is primarily a ceremonial role, although the lieutenant governor has the official responsibility of ensuring Manitoba has a duly constituted government.[101]

The Legislative Assembly consists of the 57 Members elected to represent the people of Manitoba.[102] The premier of Manitoba is Wab Kinew, who was elected in the 2023 provincial election.[103] The province is represented in federal politics by 14 Members of Parliament and six Senators.[104][105]

Manitoba's judiciary consists of the Court of Appeal, the Court of King's Bench, and the Provincial Court. The Provincial Court is primarily for criminal law; 95 per cent of criminal cases in Manitoba are heard here.[106] The Court of King's Bench is the highest trial court in the province. It has four jurisdictions: family law (child and family services cases), civil law, criminal law (for indictable offences), and appeals. The Court of Appeal hears appeals from both benches; its decisions can only be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada.[107]

Official languages

Both English and French are

Reference re Manitoba Language Rights that section 23 still applied, and that legislation published only in English was invalid (unilingual legislation was declared valid for a temporary period to allow time for translation).[110]

Although French is an official language for the purposes of the legislature, legislation, and the courts, the Manitoba Act does not require it to be an official language for the purpose of the executive branch (except when performing legislative or judicial functions).[111] Hence, Manitoba's government is not completely bilingual. The Manitoba French Language Services Policy of 1999 is intended to provide a comparable level of provincial government services in both official languages.[112] According to the 2006 Census, 82.8 percent of Manitoba's population spoke only English, 3.2 percent spoke only French, 15.1 percent spoke both, and 0.9 percent spoke neither.[113]

In 2010, the provincial government of Manitoba passed the Aboriginal Languages Recognition Act, which gives official recognition to seven indigenous languages:

Ojibway and Oji-Cree.[114]

Transportation

Large grey stone building with large ornamental archway entrance
Union Station in Winnipeg

Manitoba has two

Class I railways: Canadian National Railway (CN) and Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR). Winnipeg is centrally located on the main lines of both carriers, and both maintain large inter-modal terminals in the city.[115] Via Rail offers transcontinental and Northern Manitoba passenger service from Winnipeg's Union Station. Numerous small regional and short-line railways also run trains within Manitoba: the Hudson Bay Railway, the Southern Manitoba Railway, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba, Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway, and Central Manitoba Railway.[115]

Purolator, and receives daily trans-border service from UPS.[115]

The Port of Churchill is the only Arctic deep-water port in Canada. It is nautically closer to ports in Northern Europe and Russia than any other port in Canada.[90] It has four deep-sea berths for the loading and unloading of grain, general cargo and tanker vessels.[115] The port is served by the Hudson Bay Railway. The port and railway came under complete community and Indigenous ownership in 2021, after AGT Food and Ingredients and Fairfax Financial transferred their shares in Arctic Gateway to OneNorth – a consortium of community and Indigenous partners which owned the other fifty percent of Arctic Gateway's shares.[120]

Education

Public schools follow a provincially mandated curriculum in either French or English. There are sixty-five funded independent schools in Manitoba, including three boarding schools.

the provincial education system (except for the Manitoba Band Operated Schools, which are administered by the federal government).[123] In 2021, the provincial government announced a plan to merge all English-language school divisions into 15 regional catchment areas, overseen by a provincial education authority.[124]

There are five universities in Manitoba, regulated by the

undergrad studies downtown; Université de Saint-Boniface, the province's only French-language university; and the Canadian Mennonite University, a religious-based institution. The Université de Saint-Boniface, established in 1818 and now affiliated with the University of Manitoba, is the oldest university in Western Canada. Brandon University, formed in 1899 and in Brandon, is the province's only university not in Winnipeg.[126]

Manitoba has fifty-four public library systems. Of these, Winnipeg Public Library has the largest collections, at 1.1 million items as of 2020.[127]

Culture

Arts

Centennial Concert Hall in Winnipeg

The

pow-wows and European reels popular among early settlers.[129] Manitoba's traditional music has strong roots in Métis and First Nations culture, in particular the old-time fiddling of the Métis.[130] Manitoba's cultural scene also incorporates classical European traditions. The Winnipeg-based Royal Winnipeg Ballet (RWB), is Canada's oldest ballet and North America's longest continuously operating ballet company; it was granted its royal title in 1953 under Queen Elizabeth II.[131] The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra (WSO) performs classical music and new compositions at the Centennial Concert Hall.[132] Manitoba Opera
, founded in 1969, also performs out of the Centennial Concert Hall.

Author Margaret Laurence's home in Neepawa

Le Cercle Molière (founded 1925) is the oldest French-language theatre in Canada,[133] and Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre (founded 1958) is Canada's oldest English-language regional theatre.[134] Manitoba Theatre for Young People was the first English-language theatre to win the Canadian Institute of the Arts for Young Audiences Award, and offers plays for children and teenagers as well as a theatre school.[135] The Winnipeg Art Gallery (WAG), Manitoba's largest art gallery and the sixth largest in the country, hosts an art school for children; the WAG's permanent collection comprises over twenty thousand works, with a particular emphasis on Manitoban and Canadian art.[136][137]

The 1960s pop group

Juno Awards Group of the Year.[141]

Several prominent Canadian films were produced in Manitoba, such as

Manitoba has a strong literary tradition.

Mennonite heritage, was thrice nominated for the Governor General's Literary Award for English Language Fiction, and also for the Scotiabank Giller Prize in 2001.[151]

Festivals

The Morden Corn and Apple Festival
Assiniboine Park Pavilion

Festivals take place throughout the province, with the largest centred in Winnipeg. The Winnipeg Folk Festival has an annual attendance of over 70,000.[152] The Festival du Voyageur is an annual ten-day event held in Winnipeg's French Quarter, and is Western Canada's largest winter festival.[153] It celebrates Canada's fur-trading past and French-Canadian heritage and culture. Folklorama, a multicultural festival run by the Folk Arts Council, receives around 400,000 pavilion visits each year, of which about thirty percent are from non-Winnipeg residents.[153][154] The Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival is an annual alternative theatre festival, the second-largest festival of its kind in North America (after the Edmonton International Fringe Festival).[155]

Museums

Manitoban museums document different aspects of the province's heritage. The

national museum outside of the National Capital Region.[161]

Media

Winnipeg has two daily newspapers: the

Wheat City Journal.[163] Many small towns have local newspapers.[164]

There are five English-language television stations and one French-language station based in Winnipeg. The Global Television Network (owned by Canwest) is headquartered in the city.[165] Winnipeg is home to twenty-one AM and FM radio stations, two of which are French-language stations.[166] Brandon's five local radio stations are provided by Astral Media and Westman Communications Group.[166] In addition to the Brandon and Winnipeg stations, radio service is provided in rural areas and smaller towns by Golden West Broadcasting, Corus Entertainment, and local broadcasters. CBC Radio broadcasts local and national programming throughout the province.[167] Native Communications is devoted to indigenous programming and broadcasts to many of the isolated native communities as well as to larger cities.[168]

The Winnipeg Jets celebrate their first regulation win in Winnipeg at the MTS Centre on 17 October 2011

Sports

Manitoba has five professional sports teams: the

Phoenix Coyotes.[169] A second incarnation of the Winnipeg Jets returned after True North Sports & Entertainment bought the Atlanta Thrashers and moved the team to Winnipeg in time for the 2011 hockey season.[170] Manitoba has one major junior-level ice hockey team, the Western Hockey League's Brandon Wheat Kings, and one junior football team, the Winnipeg Rifles of the Canadian Junior Football League. It is also home to two teams in the Western Women's Canadian Football League: the Manitoba Fearless and Winnipeg Wolfpack.[171] The Manitoba Herd, meanwhile, compete in the National Ringette League.[172]

The province is represented in university athletics by the university of Manitoba Bisons, the university of Winnipeg Wesmen, and the Brandon University Bobcats. All three teams compete in the Canada West Universities Athletic Association, a regional division of U Sports.[173]

men's national champions than any other province, while additionally in the top 3 women's national champions, as well as multiple world champions in the sport. The province also hosts the world's largest curling tournament in the MCA Bonspiel.[174]

Although not as prominent as ice hockey and curling,

long track speed skating also features as a notable and top winter sport in Manitoba. The province has produced some of the world's best female speed skaters including Susan Auch and the country's top Olympic medal earners Cindy Klassen and Clara Hughes.[175]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Speakers of Plautdietsch were counted under German speakers prior to 2021 census
  2. ^ Includes Cree-Montagnais languages not otherwise specified

References

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  2. ^ a b Statistics Canada. Data table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Manitoba [archived 10 February 2022; Retrieved February 9, 2022].
  3. . p. 22.
  4. ^ Statistics Canada. Land and freshwater area, by province and territory [Retrieved 25 August 2023].
  5. ^ Statistics Canada. Population estimates, quarterly; September 27, 2023 [archived September 28, 2023].
  6. ^ University of Ottawa. The legal context of Canada's official languages [archived 10 October 2017; Retrieved 7 March 2019].
  7. ^ Statistics Canada. Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory (2015); 9 November 2016 [archived 19 September 2012].
  8. ^ Sapp, Rick. Native Americans State by State. Chartwell Books; 2018. p. 330.
  9. ^ Natural Resources Canada. Manitoba [archived 4 June 2008; Retrieved 28 October 2009].
  10. . p. 192.
  11. ^ Province of Manitoba. The Origin of the Name Manitoba [archived 19 March 2013; Retrieved 20 October 2013].
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  15. ^ Eames, Aled. Sir Thomas Button. In: Cook, Ramsay. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. online ed. Vol. 1. University of Toronto/Université Laval; 1979. p. 144–145.
  16. ^ . p. 19–23, 83–85, 115.
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