Mantled guereza
Mantled guereza[1] | |
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Male at the Henry Doorly Zoo
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Female with infant at Münster Zoo | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Primates |
Suborder: | Haplorhini |
Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
Family: | Cercopithecidae |
Genus: | Colobus |
Species: | C. guereza
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Binomial name | |
Colobus guereza Rüppell, 1835
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Mantled guereza range |
The mantled guereza (Colobus guereza), also known simply as the guereza, the eastern black-and-white colobus, or the Abyssinian black-and-white colobus, is a
The mantled guereza is
The mantled guereza lives in social groups of three to fifteen individuals. These groups normally include a dominant male, several females, and the offspring of the females. It has a
The mantled guereza is listed as
Etymology
The mantled guereza has many alternative common names including the guereza, the eastern black-and-white colobus, the magistrate colobus,[2] or the Abyssinian black-and-white colobus.[3] The name "mantled" refers to its mantle, the long silky white fringes of hair that run along its body and "guereza" is the native name of the monkey in Ethiopia.[4] The scientific name Colobus derives from Greek kolobus meaning "mutilated" which refers to its lack of thumbs.[5]
Taxonomic classification
The mantled guereza was first classified by
The mantled guereza is in the Colobinae subfamily, also known as the leaf-eating monkeys, a group of Old World monkeys from Asia and Africa. This subfamily is split into three groups, the colobus monkeys of Africa, of which the mantled guereza is a part, the langurs, or leaf monkeys, of Asia, and an "odd-nosed" group. The African colobus monkeys are divided again by distinctions in color, behavior, and ecology. The three genera are the black-and-white colobi, the red colobi, and the olive colobi. There are three black-and-white colobi: the mantled guereza, Colobus guereza, the king colobus, C. polykomos, and the Angola colobus, C. angolensis.[9] Groves lists seven subspecies of mantled guereza in Mammal Species of the World (MSW) (2005).[1] The validity of the Djaffa Mountain guereza, C. g. gallarum, is uncertain, although not listed by Groves in MSW, it is recognised in his 2007 Colobinae review paper,[10] and by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessors Gippolliti and Butynski in 2008.[2]
- Western guereza, Colobus guereza occidentalis, occurs from eastern Nigeria, Cameroon, and Gabon at the edge of its western range to South Sudan and Uganda, west of the Nile.
- Omo River guereza or Abyssinian black-and-white colobus, C. g. guereza, found in Ethiopia, in the Omo River, and in the Blue Nilegorge.
- Djaffa Mountains guereza or Neumann's black-and-white colobus, C. g. gallarum, found in the Ethiopian Highlands east of the Rift Valley.
- Dodinga Hills guereza, C. g. dodingae, found in the Didinga Hills in South Sudan.
- Mau Forest guereza, C. g. matschiei, occurs from western Kenya and Uganda south into northern Tanzania.
- Mt Uaraguess guereza or Percival's black-and-white colobus, C. g. percivali, found in the Matthews Range in Kenya.
- Eastern black-and-white colobus, C. g. kikuyuensis, occurs in Kenya on the Ngong Escarpment of Mount Kenya and in the Aberdare Range.
- Kilimanjaro guereza, C. g. caudatus, found in Tanzania and Kenya in the forests surrounding Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Meru.
The morphological difference between subspecies is most pronounced between the southeastern Kilimanjaro guereza, C. g. caudatus, and the northwestern western guereza, C. g. occidentalis. The intermediate subspecies show a gradual change between the two.[10]
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C. g. occidentalis with juvenile
At the Semliki Wildlife Reserve in Uganda -
C. g. matschiei
At the Lake Naivasha in Kenya -
male C. g. guereza
At the Amora Gedel Park inAwassa, Ethiopia -
male C. g. guereza
At the Amora Gedel Park in Awassa, Ethiopia -
juvenile female C. g. guereza
At the Amora Gedel Park in Awassa, Ethiopia
Physical description
The mantled guereza has a distinctive
Infants are born with pink skin and white hair. The hair and skin darken as they age and by three to four months they attain adult coloration. Male usually gain their coloration before females.[12] The male typically weighs 9.3 and 13.5 kilograms (21 and 30 lb) and the female weighs between 7.8 and 9.2 kilograms (17 and 20 lb). The head and body length averages 61.5 centimetres (24.2 in) for males and 57.6 centimetres (22.7 in) for females. Like most colobi, the mantled guereza has a small thumb that is vestigial.[13][14] There is dentition sexual dimorphism among the subspecies. In some, the males have larger teeth than females, in others the reverse is true, and some have no significant difference.[15]
Distribution and habitat
The mantled guereza is distributed throughout
Ecology
The mantled guereza is primarily
Despite its reputation as an exclusive leaf-eater, the mantled guereza is not an obligate folivore.[14] While it mainly eats leaves and fruit, its diet is quite variable. It may eat bark, wood, seeds, flowers, petioles, lianas, aquatic-plants, arthropods, soil, and even concrete from buildings.[24] The amount of each food item in its diet varies by area and time of year. Nutritional factors like protein, tannins, and sodium levels in leaves influence its food choices. It may even intermittently travel longer distances to access plants with higher levels of nutrition.[25] Leaves usually make up over half of its diet, although fruits are occasionally eaten more depending on the season.[14][18] When foraging for leaves, the mantled guereza prefers young ones over old.[19] With fleshy fruits, the mantled guereza prefers to eat them unripe, which may serve to reduce competition with primates that eat ripe fruits.[24] It consumes a number of plant species but only some make up most of its diet at a specific site.[20][24]
Like all colobi, the mantled guereza is able to digest leaves and other plant fibers with a large, multi-chambered stomach that contains bacteria in certain areas.
Behaviour
Social structure
The mantled guereza lives in stable social groups usually containing three to fifteen members.[22] The groups usually contain one male, several females and juveniles. In some populations, groups containing several males are common.[30] In multi-male groups, males tend to be aggressive with one another with one being dominant. Some males may be expelled from these groups.[21] Multi-male groups may contain father-son pairs or unrelated males.[31] Males that are not part of groups either live solitarily or with other outside males in bachelor groups. The females keep the groups cohesive and they are matrilineally related. They rarely disperse from their natal groups, except possibly when they break apart.[21] Males on the other hand, usually leave when they become subadults or adults. They may start out being solitary and or in bachelor groups. They gain entry into a social group either by being on the periphery or displacing a group male.[18]
Because of its low quality diet and the dispersed distribution of its food, the mantled guereza has a resident-
Reproduction and parenting
The mantled guereza has a polygynous harem-based mating system.[14][21] Mating solicitations are made by both males and females, half of the time for each.[34] To solicit mating, the mantled guereza will walk near its potential partner and make low-intensity mouth clicks or tough-smacks.[35] During copulation, the males hold on the female's ankles and body.[36] Most matings take place between individuals of the same group but copulations outside of the group have been recorded.[36] In multi-male groups, more than one male may mate with the females.[22] The gestation period lasts 158 days with a 16–22 month interbirth interval.[18] The newborn guereza relies on its mother for support and must cling to her. As they grow older, infants can move on their own but keep returning to their mothers.[37] The infants take up most of the attention in the groups. The other females in a group may handle an infant although the latter are only comfortable with their mothers.[38] The males normally do not pay much attention to infants until they are four to five weeks old.[37] Infants can eat solid food at about eight to nine weeks and by fifty weeks they are fully weaned and no longer need to hold on to their mothers.[38]
Communication
The most notable vocalization of the mantled guereza is the "roar", which is made mainly at night or dawn by males. The sound of a roar can be carried for up to a mile. It is normally the dominant male who roars when there are multiple males in the group. Roars are used for long-distance communication and can regulate inter-group spacing without direct, physical contact while foraging.[39] When one male starts roaring, neighboring males will start to roar as well.[36] Often, the mantled guereza will respond to calls regardless of "caller identity," focusing more on the collective vocal displays and not the familiarity of the caller.[39] There is variation in the roars of males which could signal the status of their group and fighting ability.[36] With a roar, a male can advertise his body size; both actual and exaggerated.[40] Other vocalizations are made as well. Males may snort, possibly as an alarm call. "Purrs" are made before group movements. Females and infants may "caw" when under mild distress. When in more serious distress, like if an infant is in danger, females and sub-adults will squeak or scream. "Tongue-clicking" is made during mild aggression.[41] In addition to vocalizations, the mantled guereza communicates with several different body postures and movements, displaying of fringe fur, facial expressions, and touches.[38]
Conservation status
Because it can live in both dry and gallery forests and move on the ground, the mantled guereza is less threatened than many other colobine species.
The Dodinga Hills guereza has not been recorded since the 1960s.[44] Unlike most other primate species, the mantled guereza can survive habitat degradation and can even thrive in degraded forests.[47] Sometimes, logging may increase the number of preferred food trees for the mantled guereza and it is more abundant in logged areas than unlogged ones.[42] However, complete forest clearance causes dramatic declines in numbers. In Uganda complete forest clearings caused a decline of 50% over eight years.[48] The mantled guereza is also threatened by hunting for meat and its skin. Mantled guereza meat sells as bushmeat for $4–9 US.[49] The skins have been sold for fashion or in the tourist trade.[50]
References
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- ^ "Guereza". Merriam-Webster dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
- ^ Grzimek, B. (1972). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia: Mammals I-IV. Vol. 10. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. p. 464.
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- ^ A Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company (Google eBook). Allen. 1851. p. 16.
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- ^ a b Groves, C. (2007). "The taxonomic diversity of the Colobinae of Africa" (PDF). Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 85: 7–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-19.
- ^ a b Groves, C. (2001). Primate Taxonomy. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- ^ Ackerman, D. E. (1991). "A study of the colobus monkey (Colobus guereza kikuyuensis)". Animal Keeper's Forum. 18 (4): 164–171.
- ^ a b Napier, P. H. (1985). Catalogue of Primates in the British Museum (Natural History) and Elsewhere in the British Isles, part III: Family Cercopithecidae, Subfamily Colobinae. London: British Museum (Natural History).
- ^ a b c d Davies & Oates 1994.
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- ^ a b c d Bocian, C. M. (1997). Niche separation of black-and-white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis and C. guereza) in the Ituri Forest (Ph.D.). City University of New York.
- ^ S2CID 210133123.
- ^ a b Oates, J. F. (1977a). "The guereza and its food". In Clutton-Brock, T. H. (ed.). Primate Ecology: Studies of Feeding and Ranging Behaviour in Lemurs, Monkeys and Apes. London: Academic Press. pp. 275–321.
- ^ S2CID 6986510. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
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- ^ Grimes, K. H. (2000). Guereza dietary and behavioural patterns at the Entebbe Botanical Gardens (M.A.). University of Calgary.
- ^ a b c d Harris, T. R. (2005). Roaring, intergroup aggression, and feeding competition in black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) at Kanyawara, Kibale National Park, Uganda. Ph.D. thesis. Yale University.
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Cited sources
- Davies, A. G.; Oates, J. F., eds. (1994). Colobine Monkeys: Their Ecology, Behaviour and Evolution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521331531.
- Oates, J. F.; Davies, A. G.; Delson, E. (1994). The diversity of living colobines. pp. 45–73.
- Oates (1994a). The natural history of African colobines. pp. 75–128.
- Oates, J. F. (1994b). Conclusions: the past, present and future of the colobines. pp. 347–358.