Manure

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This article is about organic material used as soil fertilizer. For animal dung used for other purposes, see feces.
Not to be confused with Compost.
"Animal waste" redirects here. For other types of animal waste, see metabolic waste.

Animal manure is often a mixture of animal feces and bedding straw, as in this example from a stable.

Manure is

nutrients, such as nitrogen, that are utilised by bacteria, fungi and other organisms in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life that comprises the soil food web
.

Types

Skatole is the source of the foul smelling odor of manure.

There are in the 21st century three main classes of manures used in soil management:

Animal manure

Concrete reservoirs, one new, and one containing cow manure mixed with water. This is common in rural Hainan Province, China.

Most animal manure consists of feces. Common forms of animal manure include farmyard manure (FYM) or farm slurry (liquid manure).[1] FYM also contains plant material (often straw), which has been used as bedding for animals and has absorbed the feces and urine. Agricultural manure in liquid form, known as slurry, is produced by more intensive livestock rearing systems where concrete or slats are used, instead of straw bedding. Manure from different animals has different qualities and requires different application rates when used as fertilizer. For example horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, turkeys, rabbits, and guano from seabirds and bats all have different properties.[2] For instance, sheep manure is high in nitrogen and potash, while pig manure is relatively low in both. Horses mainly eat grass and a few weeds so horse manure can contain grass and weed seeds, as horses do not digest seeds the way that cattle do. Cattle manure is a good source of nitrogen as well as organic carbon.[3] Chicken litter, coming from a bird, is very concentrated in nitrogen and phosphate and is prized for both properties.[3][4]

Animal manures may be adulterated or contaminated with other animal products, such as

shoddy and other hair), feathers, blood, and bone. Livestock feed can be mixed with the manure due to spillage. For example, chickens are often fed meat and bone meal
, an animal product, which can end up becoming mixed with chicken litter.

Compost

Main article: Compost
Compost containing turkey manure and wood chips from bedding material is dried and then applied to pastures for fertilizer.

Compost is the decomposed remnants of organic materials. It is usually of plant origin, but often includes some animal dung or bedding.

Green manure

fix nitrogen using Rhizobia bacteria in specialized nodes
in the root structure.

Other types of plant matter used as manure include the contents of the

spent grain (left over from brewing beer) and seaweed
.

Uses

Animal manure

Pile of animal manure on a wall.

Animal manure, such as

farming. It can improve the soil structure (aggregation) so that the soil holds more nutrients and water, and therefore becomes more fertile. Animal manure also encourages soil microbial activity which promotes the soil's trace mineral supply, improving plant nutrition. It also contains some nitrogen and other nutrients that assist the growth of plants.[5]

Odor is an obvious and major issue with animal manure. Components in swine manure include low molecular weight carboxylic acids,

trimethyl amine.[6]

Animal manures with a particularly

fermentation may develop more unpleasant odors, and this can be a problem in some agricultural regions. Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh, but after a period of composting are valuable fertilizers.[7]

Manure is also commercially composted and bagged and sold as a soil amendment.[8][9]

In 2018, Austrian scientists offered a method of paper production from elephant and cow manure.[10]

Dry animal dung
is used as a fuel in many countries around the world.

Issues

The women of a neighborhood ward with manure on their way to the field of one of them, Tireli, Mali 1990

Any quantity of animal manure may be a source of

rodents
or a range of other vector organisms and cause disease or put food safety at risk.

In intensive agricultural land use, animal manure is often not used as targeted as mineral fertilizers, and thus, the nitrogen utilization efficiency is poor. Animal manure can become a problem in terms of excessive use in areas of intensive agriculture with high numbers of livestock and too little available farmland.[citation needed]

The greenhouse gas nitrous oxide can be emitted so contributing to climate change.[11]

Livestock antibiotics

In 2007, a

antibiotics
from soils spread with animal manure that contains these drugs.

Organic foods may be much more or much less likely to contain antibiotics, depending on their sources and treatment of manure. For instance, by Soil Association Standard 4.7.38, most organic arable farmers either have their own supply of manure (which would, therefore, not normally contain drug residues) or else rely on green manure crops for the extra fertility (if any nonorganic manure is used by organic farmers, then it usually has to be rotted or composted to degrade any residues of drugs and eliminate any pathogenic bacteria—Standard 4.7.38, Soil Association organic farming standards). On the other hand, as found in the University of Minnesota study, the non-usage of artificial fertilizers, and resulting exclusive use of manure as fertilizer, by organic farmers can result in significantly greater accumulations of antibiotics in organic foods.[12]

See also

References

  1. ISBN 978-3527306732
    .
  2. ^ "Manure". h2g2. July 15, 2010. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  3. ^
    PMID 19119002
    .
  4. doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01935
    .
  5. PMID 28928727
    .
  6. PMID 22682363
    .
  7. ^ Thomas Bass, Julia Dafoe, and Joel Schumacher. "Manure Composting for Livestock & Poultry Production" (PDF). MontGuide. MT201206AG Reviewed 4/17.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ISSN 0002-1962
    .
  9. ^ "Using Manure in the Home Garden". Archived from the original on 2020-10-26. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
  10. Science Daily
    . March 21, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
  11. ^ "Managing manure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions". www.agric.wa.gov.au. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
  12. ^ a b Staff (2007-07-12). "Livestock Antibiotics Can End Up in Human Foods". ENS Newswire. Archived from the original on 2007-09-16. Retrieved 2012-11-14.
  13. PMID 17596632
    .

External links

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