Manx cat
Manx | |
---|---|
Cymric, in some registries. | |
Domestic cat (Felis catus) |
The Manx cat (
Manx are prized as skilled hunters, and thus have often been sought by farmers with rodent problems, and been a preferred ship's cat breed. They are said to be social, tame and active. An old local term for the cats on their home island is stubbin or rumpy. Manx have been exhibited in cat shows since the 1800s, with the first known breed standard published in 1903.
History
Origin and folklore
Tailless cats, then called stubbin (apparently both singular and plural) in colloquial Manx language,[1][2] were known by the early 19th century as cats from the Isle of Man,[3] hence the name, where they remain a substantial but declining percentage of the local cat population. The taillessness arose as a natural mutation on the island,[4] though folklore persists that tailless domestic cats were brought there by sea.[3] They are descended from mainland stock of obscure origin.[5] Like all house cats, including nearby British and Irish populations, they are ultimately descended from the African wildcat (Felis lybica) and not from native European wildcats (Felis silvestris),[6] of which the island has long been devoid.[7]
The
In the Manx language, the modern name of the breed is kayt Manninagh, literally 'cat of Mann' (plural kiyt or kit),[1][2][10][11] or kayt cuttagh lit. 'bob-tailed cat'.[11][12] Kayt, used as both a masculine and feminine noun, is also encountered as cayt,[13] and depending on the exact construction, it may be lenited as chayt or gayt.[14]: 138 The diminutive word is pishin or pishyn, 'kitten' (with various plurals).[1] Manx itself was often spelled Manks in English well into the late 1800s.[1][7]
There are numerous folktales about the Manx cat, all of them of "relatively recent origin";[15]: 7 they are focused entirely on the lack of a tail, and are devoid of religious, philosophical, or mythical aspects found in the traditional Irish–Norse folklore of the native Manx culture, and in legends about cats from other parts of the world.[15]: 7
The name of the promontory Spanish Head on the coast of the island is often thought to have arisen from the local tale of a ship of the Spanish Armada foundering in the area, though there is no evidence to suggest this actually occurred.[16] Folklore has further claimed that a tailless cat swam ashore from said shipwreck, and thus brought the trait to the island.[17] However, tailless cats are not commonly known in Spain, even if such a shipwreck were proven.[citation needed]
Regardless of the genetic and historical reality, there are various fanciful Lamarckian folktales that seek to explain why the Manx has a truncated tail. In one of them, the biblical Noah closed the door of the Ark when it began to rain, and accidentally cut off the tail of the Manx cat who had almost been left behind.[18] Over the years a number of cartoons have appeared on postcards from the Isle of Man showing scenes in which a cat's tail is being run over and severed by a variety of means including a motorcycle, a reference to motorcycle racing being popular on the island,[citation needed] and an update of the Noah story. Because the gene is so dominant and "invades" other breeds when crossed (often without owner knowledge) with the Manx, there was a folk belief that simply being in the proximity of a Manx cat could cause other breeds to somehow produce tailless kittens.[19]
Another genetically impossible account claimed that the Manx was the hybrid offspring of a cat and a rabbit, purporting to explain why it has no or little tail, long hind legs and a sometimes hopping gait.[17] The cat-rabbit halfbreed tale has been further reinforced by the more widespread "cabbit" folktale.
Populations of tailless cats also exist in a few other places in Europe, most notably
Recognition as a breed
Manx cats have been exhibited in
The Manx was one of the first breeds recognised by the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) (the predominant United States-based pedigreed cat registry, founded in 1908), which has records on the breed in North America going back to the 1920s.[22]
Appearance
Tail (or lack thereof)
Although tail suppression (or tail length variety) is not the sole characteristic feature of the breed,
- Rumpy (rumpie)[26] or dimple rumpy[27] – having no tail at all, though often a tuft of hair where the tail would have grown from the rump[19]
- Riser or rumpy riser[28] – having a bump of cartilage[19] under the fur, most noticeable when the animal is happy and raising its tail end
- Stumpy (stumpie)vertebrae, up to about 3 cm (1 in) long[19]
- Stubby (stubbie), shorty, or short-tailed – having a short tail of non-fused bones, up to about half an average cat tail[27]
- Longy (longie), tailed,[29] or taily (tailie)[26] – having a half- to normal-length tail.
Since the early days of breed recognition in the late 19th century,[19] Manx show cats have been rumpy through stumpy specimens, with stubby and longy Manx not qualifying to be shown except in the "Any Other Variety" or household pet class.[23] Kittens with complete tails may be born in a purebred Manx litter, having not inherited the taillessness appearance at all. Depending on the country and cat organization referenced, rumpy, rumpy risers and stumpies are the only Manx cat tail types that fit the breed standard for Manx cats. The longer cat tail lengths seen in some Manx cats are considered a breed fault, although they occur as naturally in the breed, but not as often, as the shorter tails. Although these longer tail types are of purebred Manx ancestry, they do not possess the dominant gene so cannot pass it on. However, since the Manx tail mutation gene is dominant, these longer-tailed purebred Manx cats may still be used in breeding programs and may even be considered in an effort to help avoid the fatal spinal deformities that sometimes result in tailless Manx cats.
The Manx breed is genetically distinct from the
Manx (and other tail-suppressed breeds) do not exhibit problems with balance;[30] balance is controlled primarily by the inner ear. In cats, dogs and other large-bodied mammals, balance involves but is not dependent upon the tail (contrast with rats, for whom the tail is a quite significant portion of their body mass).
Since Manx kittens are naturally born with any tail length, from none to long, it was formerly common to surgically dock the longer tails a few days after birth. Although illegal in many jurisdictions (including much of Europe), the practice was formerly recommended, although with the caveat that the commonness of the practice meant that many spurious Manx cats – i.e., random British cats – were altered to resemble the Manx, to defraud unwary buyers.[5]
Body and legs
Manx are medium-sized cats, broad-chested with sloping shoulders and flat sides, and in show condition are firmly muscular and lean, neither bulky nor fatty.[19] Lane reported the original, native breed as ranging typically from ten to twelve pounds for males and eight to ten pounds for females, with many smaller examples but only rare ones larger.[19] The hind legs of Manx are notably longer than the fore legs,[5][19] causing the rump to be higher than the shoulder and creating a continuous arch from shoulders to rump giving the cat an overall rounded or humped appearance,[23] though the breed is comparatively long[19] when stretched out. The fore legs are strong and straight.[19] The shape is often described as rabbit-like.[5][17]
Head
Manx cats' heads are rounded in shape, and medium in depth with a long neck.[19] The upright, round-tipped and front-facing ears are largish.[19] The eyes are large, rounded, and prominent,[19] with their outer corners higher than the inner ones.[23] Absent any bloodlines with a dominant alternative eye color (such as blue in Siamese or related ancestry), Manx often have some hue variant of gold eyes,[23] and for show purposes follow the eye colour standards of the same coat colour/pattern in non-Manx short-hairs.[19]
Coat
Manx cats exhibit two
The more common short-haired Manx – the original breed – has a coat with a dense, soft, under layer and a longer, coarse outer layer with
versus fluffy or voluminous.The long-haired Manx, known to some cat registries as the
Regardless of coat length, the colours and
Specific registries have particular, and differing, standards of points with regard to coloration and patterning. For example, the
Variants (sub-breeds)
Four new, consistent varieties have been developed from the Manx (the original version of which is now sometimes consequently called the Shorthair Manx). These are the Cymric (Longhair Manx), the Isle of Man Shorthair and Isle of Man Longhair, and the Tasman Manx, though only the Cymric has garnered widespread acceptance in breed registries as of 2014[update].
Cymric (Manx Longhair)
The Cymric or Manx Longhair is a tailless or partially tailed cat of Manx stock, with semi-long to long hair, e.g. as the result of cross-breeding with Himalayan, Persian and other longer-haired breeds early in its development. While its name refers to
Simply covering it in their Manx breed standards, the US-based Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA),[35] the Co-ordinating Cat Council of Australia (CCCA),[36] and the UK's Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF)[37] recognise the variety as a longer-haired Manx rather than "Cymric" (the CFA[35] and CCCA[36] call it the Manx Longhair, while GCCF uses the term Semi-longhair Manx Variant[37]). The majority of cat registries have explicit Cymric standards (published separately or along with Manx). Of the major registries, only the Feline Federation Europe (FFE) does not recognise the breed or sub-breed at all, under any name, as of October 2014[update] (their Manx standard was last updated 17 May 2004).
Isle of Man Shorthair (tailed)
Resembling the British Shorthair, the Isle of Man Shorthair is essentially a fully tailed Manx cat. That is, it is a cat of Manx stock, with Manx features, but without any expression of the Manx taillessness gene. As of March 2013[update], it is only recognised by New Zealand Cat Fancy (NZCF) with its own breed standard. Any coat colour and pattern acceptable in the British Shorthair is permissible in the IoM Shorthair (the same restriction is applied to the Manx in the NZCF standard), and it requires the double coat of the Manx.[38] In other international registries (e.g. GCCF, who also treat Manx as a British Shorthair variant[33]), such cats are designated "Tailed Manx" and only recognised as Manx breeding stock (they are important as such, since breeding two tailless Manx together results in birth defects), and cannot be show cats.[37]
Isle of Man Longhair (tailed)
Essentially a fully tailed Cymric cat, i.e., a cat of Cymric (and thus Manx) stock, the Isle of Man Longhair has Cymric features, but without expression of the Manx taillessness gene. As of March 2013[update], it is only recognised as a separate breed by NZCF with a breed standard. Coat colours are limited to those acceptable in the British Shorthair, and requires the double, thick, long coat of the Cymric.[39]
Tasman Manx (curly-coated)
Named after Tasman Sea between Australia and New Zealand, the Tasman Manx is a tailless or partially tailed Manx cat with a curly-haired coat not unlike that of a Selkirk Rex, due a recessive mutation which arose in Manx litters in both Australia and New Zealand. As of March 2013[update], the breed is only recognised by the NZCF[40] and the Catz Inc. registry[41]: 222–227 (also of New Zealand) with breed standards. The coat may be short or semi-long.
The type arose possibly without existing rex mutation bloodlines (and none of the rex breeds are permitted as out-cross partners with Tasman Manx in Catz breeding guidelines).[41] Depending on length of tail (if any) and coat, kittens may sometimes be termed "Tasman Cymric", "Tasman Isle of Man Shorthair" or "Tasman Isle of Man Longhair", but these are not considered separate breeds. The term "Tasman Rex" has been applied to cats with this gene that do not fall into one of the previously mentioned labels[42] (lacking the Manx face and body shape to qualify), though relation if any to extant Rex mutation breeds is unclear. All of these additional terms beyond "Tasman Manx" appear to be "recognised", even promulgated by NZCF[42] but without breed standards, and even the permissive Catz registry does not include them as of July 2014[update].[41]
Health and genetics
The Manx taillessness
Some partial tails are prone to a form of
"Manx syndrome" or "Manxness" is a
The breed is also predisposed to rump fold intertrigo, and to corneal dystrophy.[45] In a review of over 5,000 cases of urate urolithiasis the Manx was noticeably under-represented, with an odds ratio of 0.35.[46]
Some tailless cats such as the Manx cats may develop megacolon, which is a recurring condition causing constipation that can be life-threatening to the cat if not properly monitored. It is a condition in which, due to absence of a tail, the smooth muscle that normally contracts to push stools toward the rectum loses its ability to do so.[citation needed][47]
Following on updated genetic research, both the Australian Cat Federation and (less stringently) the GCCF impose special breeding restrictions on Manx cats (and derived stock like the Cymric), for animal welfare reasons.[48]
Identification of the Manx Cat tailless gene
In 2013, prior to initiation of the Manx Cat Genome Project (below), genetic mutations in the
Manx Cat Genome Project
To better understand the genetics of the breed, the Manx Cat Genome Project (MCGP) was launched in August 2015, as a
The project aims to answer four questions:[54]
- Which mutations are unique to the breed, aside from the obvious suppressed tail?
- What genes are involved in Manx syndrome?
- What genes control tail length? (The Manx taillessness gene only determines whether the tail will be suppressed, not the extent of suppression.)
- Is there a genetic basis for any health problems associated with the breed other than Manx syndrome?
One desired result of this research is the development of tests that can be used to keep the breed healthy by identifying cats which should not be bred.[59] A minimum of three cats' genes will have to be sequenced to obtain the required genetic data.[58]
After the initial fundraising goal was reached in December 2015,
The selected second sample is from a kitten that had to be euthanised for Manx syndrome, and it is hoped that this new sequence can identify the genetic specifics of the condition and why it only affects some offspring.[64][65]
Behaviour
Fancier's often describe the Manx as being doglike in behaviour.[66]
These beliefs about the Manx's behaviour were not described in the past. Lane's early and experienced account of the temperament of this "variety, which is quaint and interesting" is simply that they were "docile, good-tempered and sociable", and that a prize specimen should be "an alert, active animal of much power and energetic character."[19]
Manx are prized as hunters, known to take down larger prey (e.g. adult rats) even when they are young, and were thus long in demand[citation needed] for working roles like farm cat (Manx: lughder or lugher 'mouser', from lugh 'mouse')[14]: 507 and ship's cat (screeberagh or screeberey[14]: 138 loosely 'scratcher, scratchy-one', from screebagh or screebey 'scratching, scratchy, scraping').[14]: 662–3
In popular culture
Isle of Man national symbol
The Isle of Man uses the Manx cat as one of the symbols of the island nation and its unique culture. On Isle of Man currency, Manx cats are the subject of the reverse of four special commemorative crown coins. The first two, issued in 1970 and 1975, are stand-alone releases in both copper-nickel and silver proofs, while the third, in 1988, inaugurated an ongoing series of annual cat coin issues that have also been produced in gold in various sizes; an almost-hidden Manx cat appears in the background on each of the 1989-onward releases featuring other breeds.[67] A Manx, with a kitten, was the featured cat again in 2012.[68]
A Manx cat, in stylized
Famous real-world Manx cats
- All Ball, Lipstick, and Smokey, three Manx cats that were companion animals to Koko, a captive gorilla renowned for communicating in rudimentary American Sign Language[71]
- Bob, the male subject of Bob the Preschool Cat: A Biography of an Urban Manx Cat by ISBN 978-1-4327-3555-5)
- Bonnag, a female Manx, the first of her breed to have her whole genome sequenced (in 2016, by the Manx Cat Genome Project, ), and only the second cat of any breed to receive this level of study (the first was an Abyssinian sequenced by the 99 Lives project in 2014). Bonnag was bred by Zoe Grundey at the Triskele Manx Cats cattery in Douglas, Isle of Man.[57][72]
- Peta, Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office of the United Kingdom government between 1964 and sometime between 1969 and 1976.
Fictional Manx cats
- Bluebeard, from the German animated film Felidae (1994)
- Gordon from the American animated TV series Catscratch (2005–2007)
- Ma Manx, matriarch of a crime gang in the children's novel Rex Tabby: Cat Detective by ISBN 978-0-439-45286-1)
- Mac Manc McManx, a recurring guest character in the American daily comic strip Get Fuzzy(1999–present)
- Mayor Manx from the American animated TV series SWAT Kats(1993–1995)
- Manx, the antagonist to Slimer! and the Real Ghostbusters(1988–1991)
- Manx Cat, the antagonist for the bulk of ISBN 978-0-698-10237-8), and the 1979 Japanese anime based on it
- Marco the Manx from ISBN 978-0-931551-08-6)
- Max from ISBN 978-0-382-09246-6)
- Mika, title character of the children's book Mika the Manx Cat by D. M. Hart (2012, ISBN 978-0-61567-18-95)
- Narrator, an orange Manx, in the children's book The Cats of Grand Central by ISBN 978-0-9730951-0-4)
- Olaf, protagonist of Olaf Comes Home by Kathy Dollina Creamer (2001, Ugly Duckling"
- Raffles, ISBN 978-0-525-93807-1)
- The Ren and Stimpy Show(1991–1996)
- Tiara Boobowski was planned to be a Manx cat character in the Sonic X-Tremebut the game was cancelled.
- The Manx cat that the narrator sees during a lunch party in chapter one of Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own (1929)
Other
The
The Meyers Manx (1964–1971, B. F. Meyers & Co.) is the original, much-copied Volkswagen Beetle-based dune buggy, and broke desert racing records shortly after its introduction. It was named after the cat, due to its design – short-bodied, tall-wheeled, and manoeuvrable. The original designer has revived and updated it as the "Manxter" (2000–present, Meyers Manx, Inc.).
A popular
A
In popular music,
References
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STUB'BIN, s. m. a cat without a tail.
- ^ a b Kelly, John (1977) [1805]. Fockleyr Gailckagh as Baarlagh [Dictionary of Manx Gaelic to English] (1866 reprint ed.). Douglas [reprint: Ilkley]: Manx Society [reprint: Manx Language Soc./Scolar Pr.] pp. 110 ("kaytlag"), 127–8 ("Manninagh, Mannanagh"), 177 ("stubbin"). While stubbin appears in this edition, it is a later interpolation in Kelly's 1805 manuscript, after 1835; like many entries in the 1866 published version, it directly cites Cregeen.
- ^ a b Hall, Marion (1995). "The Manx Cat". Cat Fanciers' Almanac. Alliance, Ohio, US: Cat Fanciers' Association. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012.
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- ^ "Manx Syndrome". Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ "About the Manx". Cat Fanciers' Association. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "A Tale About Tails". Chicago Daily News. Field Enterprises. 25 January 1965.
- ^ a b "Manx Syndrome & Spina Bifida | International Cat Care". icatcare.org. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Breed Profile: The Manx". cfa.org. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ Caplan, Christy (30 December 2019). "Manx Cat: Everything You Need to Know About the Breed". Wide Open Pets. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "7 Facts About Your Cat's Tail". Pets Global. 4 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ Broad, Michael (20 January 2017). "What are britches on a cat?".
- ^ "TICA Manx Breed Group (Manx and Cymric) Show Standard" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2012.
- ^ a b "Recognised Breeds and Registration Policies". GCCFcats.org. Bridgwater, Somerset, UK: Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF). 2012. Archived from the original on 8 December 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012. "Manx" is a subsection of "British Shorthair".
- ^ "Breed Code MAN – Manx" (PDF). NZCF.com. Katikati, NZ: New Zealand Cat Fancy. January 2007. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
- ^ a b "Manx Show Standard" (PDF). CFA.org. Alliance, Ohio, US: Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA). 28 April 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ^ a b "Manx/Manx Longhair: General Standard" (PDF). CCCofA.asn.au. Ferntree Gully, Victoria, Australia: Co-ordinating Cat Council of Australia (CCCA). November 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2013.
- ^ a b c "Registration Policy for Manx Cats" (PDF). GCCFCats.org. op. cit. February 1997. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
- ^ "Breed Code IMS – Isle of Man Shorthair" (PDF). op. cit. January 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
- ^ "Breed Code IML – Isle of Man Longhair" (PDF). NZCF.com. op. cit. January 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
- ^ "Breed Code IMS – Tasman Manx" (PDF). NZCF.com. op. cit. January 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
- ^ a b c "Judges Guild Index and Breed Standards". CatzInc.org. Te Awamutu, New Zealand: Catz Inc. 2012. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 6 March 2013. MS Word .doc file.
- ^ a b "Breeds". NZCF.com. op. cit. 2011. Retrieved 18 November 2011.
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- ^ "OMIM Entry - * 601397 - T-BOX TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR T; TBXT".
- ^ a b "Manx tailless cat genome project launched". BBC News. 4 August 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ a b c "Scientists looking for money for project to decode the Manx cat's genome". IoMToday. Isle of Man Newspapers. 11 August 2015. Archived from the original on 19 August 2015. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ a b Glover, Rachel (2015). "Manx Cat Genome Project: A one-in-a-lifetime opportunity to be involved in investigation the genes of the Manx cat". Manx Cat Genome Project. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016 – via Indiegogo.
- ^ a b Hughes, Joe (11 August 2015). "Sequencing the Genome of the Manx Cat". ServiceTech. Retrieved 3 October 2016 – via LinkedIn.
- ^ a b "Manx Cat Genome Project". GenomeWeb. 12 August 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ Glover, Rachel (August 2015). "About". ManxCatGenome.com. Manx Cat Genome Project. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d Glover, Rachel (26 April 2016). "Project update and say hello to Bonnag!". ManxCatGenome.com. Manx Cat Genome Project. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "Scientists sequence the genome of the Manx Cat". Isle of Man News. Manx Telecom Trading. 8 April 2016. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ "Secrets of the Manx cat revealed". Manx Radio. 5 August 2016. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016. In the embedded audio portion.
- ^ Glover, Rachel (12 December 2015). "Genome number 1 is funded!". ManxCatGenome.com. Manx Cat Genome Project. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ Glover, Rachel (2 August 2016). "We have Bonnag's genome sequence!". ManxCatGenome.com. Manx Cat Genome Project. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ a b Glover, Rachel (8 November 2015). "Shock genome price drop!". ManxCatGenome.com. Manx Cat Genome Project. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ Glover, Rachel (October 2016). "Sequence my cat". ManxCatGenome.com. Manx Cat Genome Project. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ Glover, Rachel (27 September 2016). "We're fundraising for genome number 2". ManxCatGenome.com. Manx Cat Genome Project. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ Glover, Rachel (27 September 2016). "We need your help!". Manx Cat Genome Project. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016 – via Facebook.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Manx". Governing Council of the Cat Fancy. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ "Isle of Man Government". Archived from the original on 8 February 2007.
- ^ "1⁄25 Crown - Elizabeth II Manx Cat". Numista. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
- ^ "Isle of Man Stamps and Coins". IoMPostOffice.com. Douglas, I.o.M.: Isle of Man Government. 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
- ^ "Manx Cats". WOPA-Stamps.com: The First International Face Value Stamp Site. Gibraltar: World Online Philatelic Agency. 2011. Retrieved 17 August 2011.
- ISBN 0-590-44425-5.
- ^ Glover, Rachel (November 2015). "The Cats". ManxCatGenome.com. Manx Cat Genome Project. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ "Florrie Ford – Stein! Stein! Ev'rywhere We Go / What Happened to the Manx Cat's Tail?". Discogs. Zink Media. 2016.
Further reading
- Commings, Karen (1999). Manx Cats: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educational. ISBN 0-7641-0753-4.
- Godfrey, Rosie; Godfrey, David (2011). "Genetic welfare problems of companion animals: Manx Syndrome". Wheathampstead, Herts., UK: Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2011.
- Howey, Mary Oldfield (1931). "Manx Legends". The Cat in the Mysteries of Religion and Magic. Rider & Co. pp. 244–247. Reprinted 1955 by A. Richmond; 1981, ISBN 0-486-43114-2, by Courier/Dover.
- Simpson, Frances (1903). "Manx Cats". The Book of the Cat. Cassell & Co. pp. 244–253.
External links
- Media related to Manx cats at Wikimedia Commons
- The Manx Breed Council