Maqil

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Banu Ma'qil
بَنُو مَعقِل
Kahlanite Arab tribe
The tribe in 1894.
EthnicityArab
Nisbaal-Ma'qili
المعقلي
LocationYemen, Morocco, Mauritania, Algeria, Western Sahara
Parent tribeBanu Kahlan
Branches
LanguageArabic
ReligionSunni Islam

The Banu Ma'qil (

Arabic: بنو معقل) is an Arab nomadic tribe that originated in South Arabia.[1] The tribe emigrated to the Maghreb region of North Africa with the Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym tribes in the 11th century. They mainly settled in and around the Saharan wolds and oases of Morocco; in Tafilalt, Wad Nun (near Guelmim), Draa and Taourirt. With the Ma'qil being a Bedouin tribe that originated in the Arabian Peninsula, like Banu Hilal and Banu Sulaym, they adapted perfectly to the climatic desert conditions of the Maghreb, discovering the same way of life as in the Arabian Peninsula.[1] The Ma'qil branch of Beni Hassan which came to dominate all of Mauritania, Western Sahara, south Morocco, and south-west Algeria, spread the Hassaniya Arabic dialect,[2] which is very close to classical Arabic.[1]

Origins

The exact origin of the Ma'qil tribe is unknown,

Madhhij bin Adad bin Zayd bin Kahlan".[5]

Sub-tribes

Beni Ubayd Allah

The Banu Ubayd Allah descended from Ubayd Allah bin Sahir (or Saqil), son of the Ma'qil forefather.[4] They were the biggest sub-group of the Ma'qil and lived as nomads in the southern hills between Tlemcen and Taourirt.[6] In their nomadic travel they reached as far as the Melwiya river in the north and Tuat in the south.[6] The Beni Ubayd Allah later divided into two sub-tribes: The Haraj and The Kharaj.[7]

Beni Mansur

The Banu Mansur descended from Mansour bin Mohammed, the second son of the Ma'qil forefather.[8][9] They lived as nomads between Taourirt and the Draa valley.[9] At one time they controlled the area between the Moulouya river and Sijilmasa, in addition to Taza and Tadla.[9] They were the second most numerous Ma'qil sub-tribe after the Beni Ubayd Allah.[8]

Beni Hassan

The Banu Hassan descended from Hassan bin Mokhtar bin Mohamed, the second son of the Ma'qil forefather.[4] They were thus the cousins of Beni Mansour. The Banu Hassan sub-tribe is, however, not limited to the descendants of Hassan, they also include the Shebanat (sons of Shebana the brother of Hassan) and the Reguitat who descended from the other sons of Mohamed; namely Jalal, Salem and Uthman.[4][10] They wandered in the Sous and the extreme-Sous (present-day southern Morocco)[9] but they had originally lived as nomads near the Melwiya river neighboring their relatives; the Banu Ubayd Allah and Banu Mansour.[10] Their coming to the Sous was a result of the Almohad governor of this region who invited them to fight for him when a rebellion broke out.[10]

Thaaliba

The Thaaliba were the descendants of Thaalab bin Ali bin Bakr bin Sahir (or Saqir or Suhair) son of the Ma'qil forefather. This sub-tribe settled in a region close to Algiers, the Mitidja plain. They came to rule Algiers from 1204 to 1516 until the Ottomans took over control from Salim al-Tumi in the capture of Algiers.[11]

Emigration to the Maghreb

The Ma'qils entered the Maghreb during the wave of emigration of the Arabian tribes (

Tafilalet oases.[9] A tiny group of them however stayed in Ifriqiya, during their westward transit in the Maghreb, and briefly worked as viziers of the victorious Hilalians and Banu Sulaym, who had recently defeated the powerful Berber Zirid Empire.[9]

Harry Norris noted "the Moorish Sahara is the western extremity of the Arab World. Western it certainly is, some districts further west than Ireland, yet in its way of life, its culture, its literature and in many of its social customs, it has much in common with the heart lands of the Arab East, in particular with the Hijaz and Najd and parts of the Yemen".[13]

The Ma'qils quickly grew in numbers, this is due to the fact that parts of many other Arabian tribes joined them, which included:[3]

  • Fezara of Asheja
  • Chetha of Kurfa
  • Mehaya of Iyad
  • Shuara of Hassin
  • Sabah of al-Akhdar
  • Some of Banu Sulaym

Once in Morocco, they allied with the

Draa, Tuat and Taourirt upon which they imposed taxes, while giving a certain amount of the collected money to the local competing Zenata kings.[3]

Evolution under the Almohads

During the

Draa Valley and Tawrirt.[3][14]

Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min encouraged the settlement of Banu Ma'qil and other Arabian tribes in coastal Morocco, an area which was largely depopulated by the conquest of the Barghawata by the Almohads.[15] The migration and presence of Arab nomads led to further Arabic influence and added an important element to the local power equation, of which when one of the Marinid sultans went in public procession, he was escorted by a Zenata on one side and an Arab on the other.[15]

Evolution under the Zayyanids and Marinids

The Kharaj of Banu Ubayd Allah initially opposed the

Abu al-Hassan then stripped them of these acquired advantages and gave them instead to the Beni Iznassen tribe,[7] which resulted in a rebellion by the Kharaj which killed the Marinid governor of the Saharan Ksours, Yahya ibn Al-iz.[7][16]

As the Arabs expanded their domains in Morocco and Arabized many Berbers, Arabic became the common language, which the Marinids made the official language.[17] Arabs also increased their influence and power in Morocco, and no one could have ruled there without their co-operation.[17] When riding in state, the Marinid sultan was flanked on either side by an Arab and a Zenata chief as a symbol of the dual character of the Makhzen.[17]

Migration to Mauritania

In the 14th and 15th centuries, the nomadic Arab tribes of Banu Ma'qil moved into Mauritania and were over time able to establish complete dominance over the Berbers[18] after defeating both Berbers and Black Africans in the region and pushing them to the Senegal river.[19] An extensive Arabization of Mauritania started following the Arab victory in the Char Bouba war in 1677.

See also

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-1-62273-410-8
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-8226-3051-7
    .
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman (1377). تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 78.
  4. ^ a b c d Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman (1377). تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 79.
  5. ISBN 978-0-691-16628-5
    .
  6. ^ a b c d Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman (1377). تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 80.
  7. ^ a b c d e Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman (1377). تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 81.
  8. ^ a b Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman (1377). تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 87.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman (1377). تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 77.
  10. ^ a b c Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman (1377). تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 91.
  11. ISSN 2571-9742
    .
  12. ^ Robinson, David (2010). Les sociétés Musulmanes Africains. p. 140.
  13. ISBN 978-0-8226-3051-7
    .
  14. ^ Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman (1377). تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 92.
  15. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-45599-2
    .
  16. ^ Ibn Khaldun, Abderahman (1377). تاريخ ابن خلدون: ديوان المبتدأ و الخبر في تاريخ العرب و البربر و من عاصرهم من ذوي الشأن الأكبر. Vol. 6. دار الفكر. p. 82.
  17. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-20981-6
    .
  18. ISBN 978-1-4144-1089-0
    .
  19. ISBN 978-1-5026-6305-4
    .
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