Mara (demon)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Mara.
Swat Valley
Nalanda, Bihar
, India
Mara's assault on the Buddha (an aniconic representation: the Buddha is only symbolized by his throne), 2nd century, Amaravati Stupa, India
Mara, his lustful daughters, and demonic army, attempting to tempt Buddha, on a 10th-century icon from Mogao Caves

Mara (

Sanskrit: मार, Māra; Sinhala: මාරයා; Chinese: 天魔; pinyin: Tiānmó or traditional Chinese: 魔羅; simplified Chinese: 魔罗; pinyin: Móluó; Japanese: 魔羅, romanized: Mara; also マーラ, Māra or 天魔, Tenma; Korean: 마라, romanized: Mara; Vietnamese: Thiên Ma; Tibetan Wylie: bdud; Khmer: មារ; Burmese: မာရ်နတ်; Thai: มาร; Tagalog: Mara), in Buddhism, is a malignant celestial king who tried to stop Prince Siddhartha from achieving Enlightenment by trying to seduce him with his celestial Army and the vision of beautiful women who, in various legends, are often said to be Mara's daughters.[1]

In Buddhist cosmology, Mara is associated with death, rebirth and desire.[2] Nyanaponika Thera has described Mara as "the personification of the forces antagonistic to enlightenment."[3]

Etymology

The word Māra comes from the Sanskrit form of the verbal root mṛ. It takes a present indicative form mṛyate and a causative form mārayati (with strengthening of the root vowel from ṛ to ār). Māra is a verbal noun from the causative root and means 'causing death' or 'killing'.[4] It is related to other words for death from the same root, such as: maraṇa and mṛtyu. The latter is a name for death personified and is sometimes identified with Yama.

The root mṛ is related to the Indo-European verbal root *mer meaning "die, disappear" in the context of "death, murder or destruction". It is "very wide-spread" in Indo-European languages suggesting it to be of great antiquity, according to Mallory and Adams.[5]

Four types of Māra

In traditional Buddhism, four or five metaphorical forms of Māra are given:[6]

  • Kleśa-māra - Māra as the embodiment of all unskillful emotions, such as greed, hate and delusion.
  • Mṛtyu-māra - Māra as death.
  • Skandha-māra - Māra as metaphor for the entirety of conditioned existence.
  • Devaputra-māra - the
    cycle of rebirth on the night of the Buddha’s enlightenment
    .

Character

Early Buddhism acknowledged both a literal and psychological interpretation of Mara.[7][8]

Mara is described both as an entity having an existence in

Denkōroku refers to him as the "One Who Delights in Destruction", which highlights his nature as a deity among the Parinirmitavaśavarti devas.[10]

"Buddha defying Mara" is a common pose of

Buddha sculptures.[11][12] The Buddha is shown with his left hand in his lap, palm facing upwards and his right hand on his right knee. The fingers of his right hand touch the earth, to call the earth as his witness for defying Mara and achieving enlightenment. This posture is also referred to as the bhūmisparśa "earth-witness" mudra
.

Three daughters

In some accounts of the Buddha's enlightenment, it is said that the demon Māra did not send his three daughters to tempt but instead they came willingly after Māra's setback in his endeavor to eliminate the Buddha's quest for enlightenment.

Samyutta Nikaya
's Māra-saṃyutta, Mara's three daughters were stripping in front of Buddha; but failed to entice the Buddha:

They had come to him glittering with beauty –
Taṇhā, Arati, and Rāga –
But the
Teacher
swept them away right there
As the wind, a fallen cotton tuft.[15]

Mara's conversion

The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp and the Denkoroku both contain a story of Mara's conversion to Buddhism under the auspices of the monk Upagupta.

According to the story, Upagupta journeyed to the kingdom of Mathura and preached the Dharma with great success. This caused Mara's palace to tremble, prompting the deity to use his destructive powers against the Dharma. When Upagupta entered samadhi, Mara approached him and slipped a jade necklace around his neck.

Upagupta reciprocated by transforming the corpses of a man, a dog, and a snake into a garland and gifted it to Mara. When Mara discovered the true nature of the gift, he sought the help of

Brahma
to remove it. Brahma informed him that because the necklace was bestowed by an advanced disciple of the Buddha, its effects could only be assuaged by taking refuge in Upagupta.

Mara returned to the human world where he prostrated before the monk and repented. At Upagupta's recommendation, he vowed never to do harm to the Dharma and took refuge in the

Three Jewels.[16]

In popular culture

Mara appears in Roger Zelazny's 1967 novel Lord of Light as a god of illusion.[17]

In 2020, the singer-songwriter

intrusive thoughts.[18]

Notes

  1. Sn 835 (Saddhatissa, 1998, page 98). In each of these texts, Mara's daughters (Māradhītā) are personified by sensual Craving (taṇhā
    ), Aversion (arati), and Passion (rāga).
  2. ISBN 9780195173987
    .
  3. ISBN 9789552403163
    .
  4. ISBN 9780813537788
    .
  5. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5
    .
  6. ISBN 9780691157863
    .
  7. ISBN 9780415332286
    .
  8. ISBN 9781402768835
    .
  9. ^ www.wisdomlib.org (10 August 2008). "Mara, Māra: 13 definitions". www.wisdomlib.org.
  10. ^ Jokin, Keizan (2003). "The Denkōroku: The Record of the Transmission of the Light" (PDF). Translated by Hubert Nearman. Mount Shasta, California: OBC Shasta Abbey Press. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
  11. ^ Vogel, Jean Philippe; Barnouw, Adriaan Jacob (1936). Buddhist Art in India, Ceylon, and Java. Asian Educational Services. pp. 70–71.
  12. ^ a b "The Buddha's Encounters with Mara the Tempter: Their Representation in Literature and Art". www.accesstoinsight.org.
  13. ISBN 9780191579172
    .
  14. kāmā
    ), aversion (arati) and hunger-thirst (khuppipāsā).
  15. SN
    4.25, v. 518 (Bodhi, 2000, p. 220).
  16. ^ Jokin, Keizan (2003). "The Denkōroku: The Record of the Transmission of the Light" (PDF). Translated by Hubert Nearman. Mount Shasta, California: OBC Shasta Abbey Press. Retrieved 2019-12-06.
  17. ^ "Lord of Light Summary". Shmoop. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  18. ^ "Mara Inspiration". ladygunn. 5 February 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.

Sources

Further reading

External links

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