Maratha Army
Maratha Army | |
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Malharrao Holkar Raghoji I Bhosale |
The Maratha Army was the land-based armed forces of the Maratha Empire, which existed from the late 17th to the early 19th centuries in the Indian subcontinent.
17th century
The Maratha Army, during Shivaji's era was systematic and disciplined. A case in point here is that the Marathas achieved success in the systematic elimination of all forts which came their way during the
The Army deployed musketeers as well - both regular soldiers and mercenaries. During the late 17th century, there is a mention of the Marathas using well-armed musketeers during their attack on Goa (during the reign of Sambhaji). Furthermore, during the same period there is also a mention of Marathas using Karnataki musketeers renowned for marksmanship[6][7]
Structure and Rank
Below was the structure and ranks of armies of the great Maratha at a high level during the reign of Shivaji: Cavalry was divided into two at a high level:
- Shiledar: A shiledar brought his own horse and equipment. Although organized different, even shiledar converged into the Sarnobat (chief of Army)
- Bargir: One of the lowest rank (rank and file) cavalryman of the Marathas who was provided with horse and equipment from the State's stock[8]
The infantry consisted of the below:[9]
- Hetkari musketeers: Konkani musketeers recruited typically from the Konkan region, who possessed matchlocks and noted for their marksmanship
- Mavales: Foot soldier recruited typically from western Maharashtra
Ranks and salary of the cavalry are as below. The infantry had a similar structure[10]
- Sarnobat (chief of Army)(a part of the Council of Eight): 4000 to 5000 hons per year
- Panch Hazari: 2000 hons per year
- Hazari: 1000 hons per year
- Jumledar: 500 hons per year
- Havaldar: 125 hons per year
- Bargir: 9 hons per year
Infantry ranks (starting with senior-most rank):[11]
- Sarnobat (chief of Army)
- Saat (Seven) Hazari
- Hazari
- Jamdar
- Havaldar
- Nayak (or Naik)
- Paek
During the War of 27 Years
During the
Jadunath Sarkar, the noted historian, writes in his famous book, the military history of India about Santaji Ghorpade, a brilliant strategist who fought against the Mughals in the 27-year war:
"He was a perfect master of this art, which can be more correctly described as
18th century
Pre-1761
During the 18th century the Maratha army continued its emphasis on its light cavalry, which proved better against the heavy cavalry of the Mughals. Post 1720, the armies of the Maratha Empire, in the reign of Shahu I started making their presence felt in Northern India (the bastion of the Mughals) and scored numerous military victories, primarily due to the skills of his Bajirao I as a great cavalry leader and military strategist.[14] Bajirao Peshwa made excellent use of small and heavy ammunition (using it in excellent coordination) and used smothering tactics. The Marathas led by Bajirao I would use their artillery to create a blanket of projectiles to smother the enemy.[5]
A hallmark of Bajirao I contingents was that of long-distance cavalry attacks, typically light and agile cavalry. During the reign of Shahu I, the cavalry strength was some 100,000. His own cavalry was called as the Huzurat Cavalry,[15] which was an elite cavalry division.[16][17] Further, Baji Rao used massed ranks of infantry consisting of flintlock-armed regulars under South Asian officers.[18]
Modernization pre-1761
When the Marathas confronted the French (allies of the Nizam) on battlefield in 1750s, they realized the importance of western-style disciplined infantry. Hence the process of modernization began even before the Third Battle of Panipat (1761). Sadashivrao Bhau admired Western-style disciplined infantry.[19] Circa 1750s, the Marathas endeavored to hire the services of the French General Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau (who served in the Nizam's Army) for training purposes, but when they failed in their efforts, they managed to hire Ibrahim Khan Gardi. Ibrahim Khan was an artillery expert trained under the leadership of Bussy. The word gardi is a corruption of the French word garde (guard) and this gardi formed the backbone of Maratha infantry.[20] Ibrahim Khan played a major role in re-configuring the Maratha artillery. He served the Marathas in the infamous Third Battle of Panipat. During the battle, out of the approximate 40,000 Maratha Army men, some 8000 or 9000 were artillery (Gardi Infantry). They possessed 200 cannons (consisting of heavy field-pieces as well as light camel or elephant-mounted zambaruks (a swivel gun equivalent) and also possessed handguns.[21]
During this era, sources state that the Marathas made use of both
Modernization post-1761
From the 17th century till the mid-18th century the
After 1761,
- Peshwa's Cavalry: Peshwa's own cavalry, the elite Huzurat[15] were equipped with matchlocks instead of long spears.[16][24]
- Scindia's infantry organization and weapons under De Boigne: De Boigne organized his infantry under campoos. One campoo had 10 infantry battalions, which consisted of 4000 infantrymen equipped with flintlocks and bayonets. Each battalion had 5 guns (1 howitzer and 4 field guns) and every battalion was commanded by a European gunner. Each campoo had 30 siege guns (16 and 24-pounder guns), apart from mortar guns, howitzers, and camel-mounted blunderbusses. Five campoos were raised between 1790 and 1803. The artillery had 50 bronze cannons (half of which were big caliber guns).
- Bhonsle of Nagpur raised two infantry brigades with modern military training, however without any European officers.[25]
- Training: Further there was emphasis on training and infantrymen were trained on handling firearms, gunnery practice, and military manoeuvres.[26]
- Innovations: Under De Boigne a new weapon was invented having six musket barrels joined together.
- Ambulance Corps: Another novelty was the ambulance corps in charge of providing aid to wounded soldiers (including enemy soldiers).
- Composition: Under Mahadji Scindia, Rajput and Muslim infantrymen were recruited in the Maratha Army. Further, his cavalrymen had a different uniform - long trousers as opposed to the shorter Deccani ones[27]
- Military-Industrial Complex: Furthermore in 1784, Mahadaji Shinde established a military-industrial complex for the armies of the Maratha near Agra. The ordnance factories of the Marathas made use of sophisticated indigenous technologies with more of adaptation as against innovation. Mahadaji Shinde created one of finest armies in India, with the help of the French and Portuguese and it also included a brigade known as Deccan Invincibles, which numbered some 27,000.[28]
- There is a mention of induction of 6 pound field guns under the command of Pierre Perron, Maratha General of Scindia dominions (the successor of De Boigne). These 6 pound guns were inducted after phasing out the earlier light 3 pound ones.[29]
- In a bid to Westernize the artillery, circa 1777, there is a mention of a Portuguese officer named Naronha heading the Peshwa's artillery and further he had a number of European artillery men working under him.[30] Circa 1790, the Peshwa's forces employed a Portuguese officer for casting 40-pounder guns.
However a point to be noted here is that it is untrue to conclude that armies of the Maratha got disciplined only post 1761. The Marathas were well aware of the importance of discipline and disciplined and drilled infantry in Maharashtra existed even in the Hindu classical era. The Mahrattas were aware of the Portuguese infantry models having concepts like "Spanish square" since sixteenth century.[31]
In the late 18th and early 19th century, with French-trained artillery and infantry, the Marathas managed to regain their lost ground in North India, however they could not match the superior artillery of the
Employment of the Pindaris
Employment of Bargis
The Nagpur Bhosales employed thousands of units called
See also
- Maratha Empire
- Maratha Navy
- History of India
- Military History of India
- Pindari
- Bargi
References
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- ^ Dutta, Kalinkikar (1939). Alivardi & His Times.