Marattiaceae

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Marattiaceae
Temporal range: Carboniferous–Recent
Angiopteris evecta frond
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Subclass: Marattiidae
Klinge[1]
Order: Marattiales
Link[1]
Family: Marattiaceae
Kaulf.[1]
Genera

See text.

Synonyms
  • Angiopteridaceae Fée ex Bommer
  • Christenseniaceae Ching
  • Danaeaceae Agardh
  • Kaulfussiaceae Campb.

Marattiaceae is the only family of extant (living) ferns in the order Marattiales.[1][2] In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), Marattiales is the only order in the subclass Marattiidae. The family has six genera and about 110 species.[1] Many are different in appearance from other ferns, having large fronds and fleshy rootstocks.

Description

The Marattiaceae diverged from other ferns very early in their evolutionary history and are quite different from many plants familiar to people in

temperate zones. Many of them have massive, fleshy rootstocks and the largest known fronds of any fern. The Marattiaceae is one of two groups of ferns traditionally known as eusporangiate ferns, meaning that the sporangium
is formed from a group of cells as opposed to a leptosporangium in which there is a single initial cell.

The large fronds characteristic of the group are most readily found in the genus

Castleton Botanical Garden
in 1860. From there it was able to distribute itself throughout the eastern half of the island.

neotropical
, with three species. It has fronds that are 2-5 times pinnate, distinctive stalked synangia, and awns on distal blade segments. Blade division decreases towards the apex of the frond. Plants of Eupodium usually only have one frond per plant per year (sometimes two).

paleotropical genus. These plants are 2-4 times pinnate, with fronds often comparable in size to those found in Angiopteris. Terminal segments usually have a prominent suture where they attach. The sporangia lack the labiate apertures of Marattia and Eupodium, and synangia are deeply cut. The name of the genus derives from the resemblance of the synangia to pearl barley. The king fern, Ptisana salicina, from New Zealand and the South Pacific and known in Māori as "para" now has been placed in this genus. Sometimes called the potato fern, this is a large fern with an edible fleshy rhizome
that is used as a food source by some indigenous peoples.

The East-Asian genus

stomata of Christensenia are the largest known in the plant kingdom.[3]

The genus

synangia dehiscing via pores.[4]

Taxonomy

in the

Polypodiidae.[1]

Polypodiopsida

Equisetidae

Ophioglossidae

Marattiidae

Polypodiidae

History of classification

In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, the Marattiales formed the single member of the class Marattiopsida. Four genera were recognized.

monotypic and has one order, Marattiales, one family, Marattiaceae, six genera, and an estimated 111 species.[1]

There have long been four traditional extant genera (Angiopteris, Christensenia, Danaea and Marattia), but phylogenetic analysis has determined the genus Marattia to be paraphyletic, and the genus has been split into three genera, Marattia in the strict sense, Eupodium, and Ptisana.[8][6] Christenhusz and Chase placed Danaea in subfamily Danaeoideae and the remaining genera in subfamily Marattioideae,[7] but this subfamilial classification was not taken up by PPG I.[1]

This fern group has a long fossil history with many extinct taxa (Psaronius, Asterotheca, Scolecopteris, Eoangiopteris, Qasimia, Marantoidea, Danaeites, Marattiopsis, etc.).

Genera

Exploring the phylogeny of the marattialean ferns[8][9] Fern Tree of Life[10][11]

Six genera are accepted in the PPG I classification:[1]

Several other genera have been named in the Marattiaceae, namely: Archangiopteris, Clementea, Macroglossum, Protangiopteris, Protomarattia and Psilodochea. These are currently treated as synonyms of Angiopteris.[1]

Evolutionary history

Marattiaceae are considered one of the most primitive living lineages of ferns. The earliest members of the family appeared during the Carboniferous, over 300 million years ago. The group has an extensive fossil record extending from the Carboniferous into the Jurassic, but post-Jurassic records are scarce.[12]

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 39980610
    .
  2. ^
    JSTOR 25065646. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2008-02-26.
  3. ISBN 978-0-521-64109-8
    .
  4. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01061.x
    .
  5. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x
    .
  6. ^
    doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2
    . Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  7. ^
    PMID 24532607
    .
  8. ^
    doi:10.1002/tax.573007
    .
  9. S2CID 219058070
    .
  10. PMID 36092417
    .
  11. ^ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.4.0 [GenBank release 253]. 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  12. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2016.09.007
    .

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Marattiaceae.
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