March 1965

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
<< March 1965 >>
Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa
01 02 03 04 05 06
07 08 09 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31  
March 7, 1965: Civil rights marchers beaten by police while trying to march from Selma to Montgomery
March 9, 1965: Second march to Montgomery begins
March 18, 1965: Alexei Leonov becomes the first person to "walk in space"
March 23, 1965: John Young and Gus Grissom before being launched on the first two-astronaut mission

The following events occurred in March 1965:

March 1, 1965 (Monday)

March 2, 1965 (Tuesday)

  • Canadian drug lord and mobster
    Lester Pearson were accused of complicity in the escape, and which would ultimately lead to the resignation of Canada's Minister of Justice, Guy Favreau. Rivard would be recaptured on July 16 at a cottage 15 miles (24 km) southwest of the jail.[15]
  • F-105 and two F-100 fighters, and the capture of the one surviving pilot of the five; a historian would later note, "America was shocked that its large, high-tech, expensive air force, in combat for the first time since the Korean War, had been humbled by a third world country, a communist one at that."[20] The operation would have 700,000 sorties until its halt on October 31, 1968, without bringing any visible end to the Vietnam War. "Rolling Thunder's ultimate failure came as a result of an inappropriate strategy that dictated a conventional air war against North Vietnam to affect what was basically an unconventional war in South Vietnam."[21]
  • The Sound of Music, starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer in 20th Century Fox's film adaptation of the Rodgers & Hammerstein musical, premièred at the Rivoli Theater in New York City.[22] It would be released in Los Angeles on March 10, and elsewhere in the U.S. on the Wednesdays that followed. "Sneak" previews had also been held on January 15 at the Mann Theatre in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and in Tulsa, Oklahoma the next day.[23]
  • In the U.S. city of Philadelphia, four men were driving past the Fidelity Philadelphia Trust Company bank when they spotted a bag that had been accidentally dropped by a Brink's armored car, and picked up what turned out to be $40,000 in cash (worth more than $300,000 fifty years later). They were arrested four days later after one of the group used some of his newfound wealth to buy a 1963 Cadillac automobile.[24]
  • An avalanche in the Austrian Alps killed 14 college students from Sweden. The students were passengers on a bus that was taking them to the ski resort at Obertauern, and were on the Radstadt Tauern road. They died after falling rocks swept the vehicle down into a valley 150 feet (46 m) below.[25]
  • The U.S. space program suffered a setback when a $12,000,000 Atlas-Centaur rocket exploded during an attempted uncrewed launch. The rocket "rose about three feet from its pad, lost power from two of its three engines, crashed back to the ground and erupted into a brilliant orange ball of fire".[26]

March 3, 1965 (Wednesday)

  • The bombing raids by the United States against North Vietnam were not a "war", according to a U.S. State Department release. The bombing "does not bring about the existence of a state of war, which is a legal characterization rather than an actual description," a spokesman wrote. Instead, there was "armed aggression from the north against the Republic of Viet Nam" and "Pursuant to South Viet Nam's request and consultations between our two governments, the Republic of Viet Nam and the United States are engaged in collective defense against that armed aggression."[27]
  • Wilbur Mills, the Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, "pulled a 'legislative coup' that would forever change the nation's health care system" with the surprise recommendation that all three of the alternative proposals for health care should be combined. The result would be that the Social Security Amendments of 1965 would have the Democrats' King-Anderson Bill as "Medicare Part A", the Republicans' "Bettercare" bill would become "Medicare Part B", and the "Eldercare" bill would become Medicaid.[28]
  • Congress voted to repeal a requirement that one-fourth of bank deposit liabilities of the
    Federal Reserve System would continue until March 18, 1968.[30]
  • The U.S. House of Representatives voted 257–165 to approve the
    Lyndon Johnson would sign the one-billion-dollar measure, which provided $1,092,200,000 toward highway construction and other projects, on March 9.[31]
  • Lincoln City, Oregon was created by the merger of five towns (Cutler City, Delake, Nelscott, Oceanlake and Taft). The name, suggested by a group of schoolchildren, was selected in a contest.[32]
  • Born: Dragan Stojković, Serbian footballer and football manager; in Niš, Yugoslavia[33]
  • Died: Renato Biasutti, 76, Italian geographer and physical anthropologist who wrote The Races and People of the World, classifying homo sapiens into "five subspecies, sixteen primary races, and fifty-two secondary races".[34]

March 4, 1965 (Thursday)

  • At 6:04 a.m., a neighborhood in Natchitoches, Louisiana, was destroyed and 17 people were killed by the explosion of a natural gas pipeline. The blast left a 15-foot (4.6 m) deep crater where seven homes had stood.[35][36] The disaster was later traced to high pressure that had ruptured the pipe; an area of 13.8 acres (5.6 ha) of land was incinerated, and pieces of metal weighing hundreds of pounds were hurled as far as 351 feet (107 m) by the explosion.[37]
  • An angry mob assembled at the U.S. Embassy in Moscow to protest the bombing of North Vietnam, before finally being driven away by police on horseback and soldiers.[38][39] The next day, the Soviet Union formally apologized to the U.S. government and began replacement of 310 broken windows in the ten-story high embassy building, and the removal of stains from more than 200 inkpots that had been shattered against the walls.[40]
  • The government of British Prime Minister Harold Wilson survived a censure motion in the House of Commons by a margin of only five votes, with 293 in favor of the condemnation of his national defense policy, and 298 against.[41]
  • The U.S. formally requested New Zealand to participate in the Vietnam War. Prime Minister Keith Holyoake did not respond initially, and a second request would be sent eight days later.[42]
  • Born: Khaled Hosseini, Afghan novelist; in Kabul[43]
  • Died: Willard Motley, 55, African-American novelist and author of Knock on Any Door, later adapted for film[44]

March 5, 1965 (Friday)

  • After stripping Muhammad Ali of his World Boxing Association heavyweight title, the WBA staged a bout in Chicago for a new "world champion" to replace Ali.[45] Ernie Terrell defeated Eddie Machen in a unanimous decision by the fight judges.[46] "To the man in the street, Ali may have been a Black Muslim... he may have come across as a brash young pain-in-the-ass. He may have been all these of these things," an author would later note, "but until he lost, retired or died, he was the champion. Consequently, when Terrell outpointed Machen, few cared."[47]
  • The Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO) announced that it was laying off hundreds of Bahraini workers, an event that triggered what is now referred to as the March Intifada. On March 9, the rest of the Bahraini employees of BAPCO went out on strike, and were joined by student protesters who soon took out their frustrations on cars owned by Europeans in the British protectorate on the Arabian peninsula.[48][49]
  • The
    Kilauea volcano in Hawaii erupted at 9:43 a.m., through a series of fissures that extended for nearly eight miles from the Makaaopuhi Crater to the Napau Crater. Within the first eight hours, 15 million cubic meters of lava would pour out of the ground.[50]
  • Queen Elizabeth II, less than two months before his death.[51]
  • ONGC Videsh Limited, India's entry into the field of international oil exploration, was incorporated as Hydrocarbons India Ltd. Within 50 years, it would be participating in 39 projects in 15 nations.[52]
  • Legendary guitarist Jeff Beck performed his first major concert, after being hired by The Yardbirds to replace Eric Clapton. Beck's introduction came at Fairfield Halls in Croydon.[53]
  • Died:

March 6, 1965 (Saturday)

March 7, 1965 (Sunday)

March 8, 1965 (Monday)

  • The Court also invalidated, in Louisiana v. United States, the "interpretation test" clause of the Louisiana state constitution, which provided that a voter had to interpret a random section of either the state or federal constitution "to the satisfaction of the registrar". As Justice Hugo Black noted in the unanimous opinion, less than one percent of African-Americans were registered to vote between 1921 and 1944, and the only 15% were registered at the time the suit was filed. "This is not a test, but a trap," Black wrote, "sufficient to stop even the most brilliant man on his way to the voting booth... The cherished right of people in a country like ours to vote cannot be obliterated by... the passing whim or impulse of a voting registrar."[69]
  • At 9:02 a.m. local time, the first American military combat troops arrived in
    Henrico, and Union delivered two battalions, relocated from Okinawa to guard the American air base at Da Nang.[71] Although there were 23,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam already, the deployment represented "the first body of Americans to go to the embattled southeast Asian nation as a fighting military unit."[72]
  • Emile Zuckerkandl and Linus Pauling published their groundbreaking paper, "Molecules as Documents of Evolutionary History", in the Journal of Theoretical Biology, applying their 1962 theory of the "molecular clock" to a proof "that genes can be used to determine when different organisms evolutionarily diverge", by comparing molecules of different species to estimate when divergence took place.[73][74]
  • Nine passengers on board
    Kuybyshev (now Samara) on a flight toward Rostov. Thirty other people, including the entire nine-member crew, were killed when the Tu-124 jet dropped from a height of about 150 feet (46 m).[75]
  • The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in United States v. Seeger expanded the allowable grounds for conscientious objection to being drafted.[76]
  • Born: Claudia Webbe, British Labour Party politician; in Leicester[77]

March 9, 1965 (Tuesday)

March 10, 1965 (Wednesday)

Matthau and Carney as Oscar and Felix
  • Thomas Lennon
    .
  • The first drawings were held under Australia's new birthday lottery system of conscription.[86] At the Department of Labor and National Service in Melbourne, Representative Dan Mackinnon drew marbles from a barrel as part of the "birthday ballot" until there were sufficient eligible men to meet the quota of 4,200 draftees. The results were kept secret, with a policy that "Although pressmen will be able to watch and photograph the drawing of the first marble they will not be allowed to see or photograph the number on it." Young men whose birthdays were selected were "balloted out" and would be notified within four weeks.[87]
  • In France, the cabinet of President Charles de Gaulle approved a bill to remove many of the restrictions placed on married women, in what Information Minister Alain Peyrefitte described as "a veritable emancipation of the wife". The new bill, drafted by Justice Minister Jean Foyer, was expected to be passed by the French parliament. At the time, married women were not allowed to take a job, open a bank account, or spend their own earnings without their husband's consent.[88]
  • Robert Komer, President Johnson's adviser on the Middle East, met with Israel's Prime Minister Levi Eshkol in Tel Aviv, seeking to get the Israelis to agree to bring their nuclear program under the jurisdiction of the International Atomic Energy Agency. However, the only concession that Eshkol would agree to in the "Memorandum of Understanding" signed between the two nations was a reaffirmation that "Israel will not be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into the Arab-Israeli area."[89]
  • The
    Osman Mohamed Ali
    , would be executed by hanging in 1968.
  • The United Kingdom and Norway signed an agreement on the maritime boundary between the two nations in the North Sea. Rather than the former line based on the Norwegian trench, the British and Norwegian governments agreed that the median line of points equidistant from both mainland coasts would serve as the boundary.[90]
  • The engagement was announced between
    Dutch royal family
    .
  • Goldie, a London Zoo golden eagle, was recaptured 12 days after her escape.[91]
  • Born: Rod Woodson, American NFL Hall of Fame cornerback; in Fort Wayne, Indiana
  • Died:

March 11, 1965 (Thursday)

  • U.S. Navy complement to the aerial bombing in Operation Rolling Thunder, began off the coast of North and South Vietnam with patrols along the coast, and 40 miles (64 km) and 150 miles (240 km) offcoast, in order to disrupt North Vietnam's supply lines to the Viet Cong in the south. Unlike the strikes against inland supply lines, the naval operation "proved to be very successful" and cut off the sea supply routes during the war.[92] The first attacks would take place on March 15, as fighter-bombers took off from the aircraft carriers USS Ranger (CV-61) and USS Hancock (CV-19) to bomb an ammunition dump at Phu Qui.[93]
  • The first sit-in at the White House was carried out by 12 young men and women who were staging a civil rights protest. The group arrived at the U.S. presidential residence as part of a tour group but, once inside the central corridor, dropped to the floor, demanded to meet President Johnson, and refused orders to leave. Three went home voluntarily, but the others stayed for 7 hours until they were forcibly removed under police escort.[94]
  • Ireland's Prime Minister Seán Lemass dissolved the Dáil Éireann, the nation's lower house of parliament, and called for new elections, after his Fianna Fáil party lost one seat in a by-election and another to the death of the incumbent.[95] New elections would take place on April 7.[96]
  • The city of Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota (with a current population of about 34,000) was created by the merger of Inver Grove and Inver Grove Township.[97]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    white supremacists in Selma, Alabama.[98][99]

March 12, 1965 (Friday)

March 13, 1965 (Saturday)

  • A week after a White House meeting with Martin Luther King Jr., President Johnson met with Alabama Governor George Wallace to discuss the recent events in Selma, and to seek Wallace's support for federal efforts toward African-American voting rights and the right of peaceful assembly for all races. After the meeting, Johnson and Wallace appeared at a press conference, and said, "This March week has brought a very deep and painful challenge to the unending search for American freedom... before it is ended, every resource of this government will be directed to insuring justice for all men of all races in Alabama and everywhere in this land." He described the recent Bloody Sunday in Selma as "an American tragedy". Wallace told the press that he would consider Johnson's recommendations and that he recognized the right of peaceful assembly, "but there are limitations." [105][106]
  • Three weeks after the assassination of Malcolm X, his former bodyguard and potential successor, Leon 4X Ameer, was found dead in his room at the Sherry-Biltmore Hotel in Boston.[107] However, a Boston medical examiner concluded that Ameer, 31, had a history of epilepsy, had "died in a coma while peacefully in bed", and police found "no signs of a struggle and no visible marks of violence on the body".[108]
  • Thailand and Malaysia signed an agreement at Songkhla, a town on the Thai side of the border of the two nations, to combine operations against guerrilla and terrorist incursions.[109]
  • Born: Pamela Andersson, Swedish journalist that writes for Expressen and the magazine Amelia; in Hudiksvall[110]
  • Died:

March 14, 1965 (Sunday)

  • Former Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev appeared in public for the first time since he had been fired from his positions as First Secretary of the Communist Party and Prime Minister five months earlier. Khrushchev and his wife, Nina, were casting their votes in Moscow's city elections and arrived at the Moscow University Club, where he was applauded by "a cluster of citizens", who let him come to the head of the line. The election monitor who greeted him handed him a ballot without asking him to show his internal passport, and Khrushchev joked, "How come you're trusting me and letting me vote without identification? You used to be stricter in the past."[111]
  • Israel and West Germany established diplomatic relations, one week after an announcement made by German Chancellor Ludwig Erhard and nearly twenty years after the defeat of Nazi Germany.[112][113] The next day, the Foreign Ministers of 13 Arab nations, already meeting in Cairo, announced that they would sever relations with the West Germans, and ordered the immediate recall of their ambassadors from Bonn.[114] Four nations (Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Libya, and Tunisia) later declined to break with West Germany,[55] while six others (Egypt, Iraq, Yemen, Algeria, Kuwait, and the Sudan) announced that they planned to establish stronger relations with East Germany.[115]
  • Che Guevara returned to Cuba after a three-month tour of the world and found himself in disfavor with the government. Behind closed doors, "Every one of Che's possible political 'offences' were brought up; his flirtation with Beijing, his digs at the economic systems of the 'fraternal' socialist countries, his polemics against Cuba's Communist old guard and his personal criticism of Castro. Above all, though, there was the withering attack he had made on the Soviet Union in Algeria in February 1965."[116] Guevara would soon resign his government position and even renounce his citizenship, then travel elsewhere in the world to foment revolution.
  • Experienced American mountain climbers Daniel Doody and Craig Merrihue fell over 1,000 feet (300 m) to their deaths while climbing a difficult route on Mount Washington in preparation for an upcoming trip to the Himalayas. 31-year-old Doody, of North Branford, Connecticut, had served as photographer on the 1963 American expedition to Mount Everest. 31-year-old Merrihue was a physicist at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[117]
  • The first round of municipal elections was held for all the cities in France, with almost 950,000 candidates for 470,000 offices. Runoff elections would be held a week later for any office where a candidate had not received a majority, with the top two vote-getters being on the ballot for the second round.[118][119]
  • Born:
  • Died: Stanko Premrl, 84, Slovenian Roman Catholic priest and composer of the Slovenian national anthem, the Zdravljica

March 15, 1965 (Monday)

Queen Elizabeth
The Duchess of Windsor

March 16, 1965 (Tuesday)

  • Following the example of Buddhist monks who had performed self-immolation, 82-year old Alice Herz stood at the corner of Grand River Avenue and Oakman Boulevard in Detroit, doused herself with two cans of flammable cleaning fluid, then set herself ablaze.[130][131] Though she was not a "Holocaust survivor" as reported in some accounts, Mrs. Herz had fled Germany in 1933 after the Nazis took power, and left France in 1940 after the German invasion, and she did stay temporarily in an internment camp for refugees before emigrating to the United States in 1942. She left a note that said, "I choose the illuminating death of a Buddhist to protest against a great country trying to wipe out a small country for no reason." [132] Two bystanders smothered the flames, but Mrs. Herz died of her burns 10 days later.[133]
  • Mounted deputies of the Montgomery County Sheriff's Office violently broke up a civil rights demonstration in Montgomery, Alabama, due to an order given by Circuit Solicitor David Crosland, who apologized later for a "mixup in signals".[134] Riding on horseback and swinging clubs and canes, officers rode into a crowd of about 600 marchers of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee; 14 people were injured, and eight of them were hospitalized. A second march of 1,200 people, made after the organizers obtained a parade permit, took place without incident.[135]

March 17, 1965 (Wednesday)

  • Frank M. Johnson, Jr., the federal judge for a U.S. District Court in Montgomery, ruled in favor of the right of civil rights protesters to march along U.S. Highway 60 from Selma to Montgomery, and issued an injunction barring Alabama state and county authorities from interfering with the march, and ordered law enforcement agencies (that had recently attacked previous demonstrators) to protect the marchers.[136]
  • Jackie Robinson, who in 1947 had become the first African-American Major League Baseball player in modern times, was hired by the ABC television network as the first African-American broadcaster for nationally televised baseball games. Robinson and Leo Durocher, who was in temporary retirement from managing a team, would handle the commentary on 27 games.[137]
  • Tanks from the
    Israeli Defense Force crossed into Syria in the first of four raids to destroy heavy mechanical equipment to be used in diversion of the Jordan River.[138]
  • Died:
    College of the Pacific from 1933 to 1946.[139]

March 18, 1965 (Thursday)

  • Soviet
    cosmonaut Alexei Leonov left the airlock on his spacecraft Voskhod 2 for 12 minutes and 9 seconds,[140] becoming the first person to "walk in space". The Voshkod ship was launched into orbit at 1:00 p.m. from Baikonur (10:00 a.m. in Moscow and 3:00 a.m. in Washington), and 90 minutes later, on the second orbit, as the ship was passing over the Soviet Union,[141] Leonov exited the two-man capsule while 307.5 miles (494.9 km) above the Earth, the highest man had ever been into space at that time. Lieutenant Colonel Leonov, secured by a 5-meter (16 ft) long tether and equipped with oxygen, spent 12 minutes floating free during his time outside,[142] while his crewmate, Colonel Pavel Belyayev, remained at the controls.[143][144] When Leonov tried to re-enter the safety of the Voshkod airlock, he found that he could not bend enough to get through the narrow opening, as a result of the greater stiffness of the pressurized suit, rather than a "ballooning", since the dimensions remained the same in both a vacuum and normal conditions.[141] After a struggle that sent his pulse rate to 168 and consumed most of his remaining oxygen supply, Leonov reduced the pressure from 400 hPa to 270 and "with the urgent desperation of a doomed man, elbowed and fought his way back in to the safety of the airlock."[140]
  • Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, and Bill Wyman of The Rolling Stones were cited by police after publicly urinating on the wall of a garage in Stratford, London, following an argument with an attendant who refused to let them use the bathroom because of their long hair. On July 22, the three would be fined five pounds apiece and 15 guineas court costs for "insulting behaviour".[145] The senior court magistrate in West Ham, A.C. Morey, would admonish them: "Just because you have reached extreme heights in your profession, this does not mean you have the right to act like this. You should set a standard of behaviour, a moral pattern for all your very large number of supporters."[146][147]
  • The
    Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States, also known as "The Washington Convention", was opened for signature in Washington, D.C.; it would take effect on October 14, 1966, after 20 nations had ratified it, and it created the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). The Convention provided a neutral investment arbitration mechanism to resolve disputes between signing nations and foreign investors.[148]
  • A
    Moise Tshombe
    , won a plurality of 38 of the 167 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.
  • Died:
    • King
      Farouk I of Egypt, 45, who had been dethroned and sent into exile in 1952 when his nation became a republic, collapsed from a heart attack during dinner in Rome.[149] Farouk, who weighed 285 pounds (129 kg) and had lived the playboy life on a vast personal fortune estimated at 250 million dollars, was dining at the Ile de France restaurant with an unidentified female companion when he "collapsed face down into the remains of a meal of oysters, roast lamb, pastry and fruit".[150][151]
    • John Larry Kelly Jr., 41, American scientist best known for his 1956 work in creating the Kelly criterion formula; of a stroke[152]

March 19, 1965 (Friday)

  • Cosmonauts
    Soyuz program generation of spacecraft, the United States would launch 10 consecutive Project Gemini flights with 16 different astronauts (four participating twice). A commentator would write four years later that "Before the U.S. started flying its Gemini spaceships, Russia's manned space dominance was unquestioned throughout the world. From 1961 through 1965, their Vostok and Voshkod spaceships and cosmonauts flew rings around the U.S. and scored one triumph after another... While this was occurring U.S. spacemen continually were too little and too late.... Then, in classic tortoise-and-hare fashion, the Russians inexplicably stopped launching spaceships in the spring of 1965."[155]
  • The wreck of the SS Georgiana, which sank on March 19, 1863, was discovered in 1965 by E. Lee Spence,[156] and may or may not have been found on March 19. In 2008, an unidentified editor to Wikipedia would add the statement that "Spence found the wreck exactly 102 years after the 'Georgiana's' loss", and newspapers began repeating the phrase from Wikipedia for the syndicated "Today in History" column,[157] although there is no indication that Spence himself made any claim that his 1965 discovery came on an anniversary of any sort.[158]
  • A team led by American biologist
    amino acids in cellular proteins. Holley would be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 for his discovery.[74]
  • Indonesian President
    Royal Dutch Shell.[159]
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (centre) and Nicolae Ceausescu (far right) in 1961

March 20, 1965 (Saturday)

March 21, 1965 (Sunday)

  • The third march from Selma to Montgomery began at 12:48 in the afternoon, as
    Sharpeville Massacre in South Africa.[173]
  • The president of Bolivia, René Barrientos, was wounded by a gunman in an assassination attempt while his jeep was being driven past the city of Cochabamba.[174] Barrientos, who had survived seven previous attempts on his life, was on his way back to La Paz from a visit to his hometown of Tarata when an assassin on a motorcycle pulled alongside him and fired with a machine gun. Although wounded in the right hip, Barrientos survived being struck by several bullets that hit his chest, because he was wearing a bulletproof vest.[175]
  • Homemade time bombs were found in five locations in African-American neighborhoods in Birmingham, Alabama. The first was located inside a black Roman Catholic church, wired to 30 sticks of dynamite. Others were located at a lawyer's house, a funeral parlor, outside of a high school, and in a home that had once been occupied by the brother of Martin Luther King Jr.; the bombs were all disarmed by demolition experts from the U.S. Army base at Fort McClellan.[176]
  • The second round of municipal elections, for those races where no candidate in the first round had attained a majority, took place in France. Candidates of the French Communist Party (Parti communiste français, or PCF) gained a majority in the city councils of Le Havre, Nîmes, and seven other cities, giving the PCF the lead in "34 out of the 159 towns with population of 30,000 or more".[177]
  • NASA launched Ranger 9 at 4:37 p.m.,[178] last in a series of uncrewed lunar space probes to scout for potential landing sites for crewed missions.[179]
  • King Idris appointed
    prime minister of Libya after the resignation of Mahmud al-Muntasir.[180][181]

March 22, 1965 (Monday)

The world's three color TV systems in 1965
  • Two days before the opening of a European conference in Vienna to discuss a common system of color television, France announced that it had signed an accord with the Soviet Union to adopt the French version, SECAM (Séquentiel couleur avec mémoire), which was competing with West Germany's PAL (Phase Alternating Line) system. The result at the Vienna Conference would be that all of the other Western European nations except France would use PAL, while SECAM would be used in Eastern Europe and France. North America and much of Latin America would use the NTSC (National Television System Committee) standard.[182]
  • Quoting
    U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk would hold a press conference to respond to the controversy saying, "We are not embarking upon gas warfare in Vietnam. There has been no policy decision to engage in gas warfare in Vietnam. We are not talking about agents or weapons that are associated with gas warfare... We are not talking about gas that is prohibited by the Geneva Convention of 1925."[185]
  • Minister of Internal Affairs and in control of the Securitate secret police, was feared by many of the same people. Drăghici would be forced to resign as Minister four months later.[187]
  • In
    Illankai Tamil Arasu Kachchi (ITAK), to obtain a majority in the House.[188][189]
  • Avianca Flight 676 from Bogota to Bucaramanga crashed into the 7,200-foot (2,200 m) tall Pan de Azucar mountain peak after flying through a storm. All 29 people on board were killed.[190][191]
  • Born:

March 23, 1965 (Tuesday)

March 23, 1965: Molly Brown with flotation collar after splashdown
  • The United States launched
    Molly Brown" by Grissom, who managed to escape his Mercury-Redstone 4 capsule in 1961 before it sank)[140] made three orbits around the Earth. During the flight, Grissom altered the orbit, rotating it 180 degrees on its horizontal axis (yaw) "so the crew faced backward", then aligned it with the horizon so that it was "flying sideways", before slightly changing the direction of its orbit. At 1:45, the Molly Brown was brought in for a landing as it passed over Hawaii, and splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean 33 minutes later at 2:18 p.m. Landing point accuracy was unexpectedly poor. The spacecraft landed about 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) from its nominal landing point. The crew had to remain afloat until a helicopter could transport them to the prime recovery ship, the aircraft carrier USS Intrepid (CV-11).[5][194] Seasick and uncomfortably hot after the capsule had rocked during the wait, Grissom would note, "Gemini may be a good spacecraft, but she's a lousy ship."[195] It was discovered after the flight ended that Young, who admitted that he did not eat his dehydrated lunch, had smuggled a corned beef sandwich on board.[196] NASA reprimanded Young and Grissom because of the danger that floating breadcrumbs might have damaged the ship's electronics.[197]
  • In
    King Hassan II, requiring students to be at least 17 years old to enroll in advanced high school classes, triggered several mass protests, which were violently repressed.[198][199] Analysts concluded that 103 rioters and six police were killed over two days.[200]
  • Died:
    Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital, a retirement community supported by contributions from people in the film and television industry.[201]

March 24, 1965 (Wednesday)

March 24, 1965: The Moon on live television
  • Ranger 9 impacted into the Alphonsus crater on the Moon at 9:08 a.m. Eastern Time,[202] after taking 6,150 high resolution photos and transmitting them to Earth.[178] For the first time, viewers were able to watch lunar photos on live television as the digital data from the probe was being assembled.[203][204]
  • U.S. Senator
    Boston Museum of Science, seven of whom were experienced mountain climbers, including Jim Whittaker, the first American to reach the summit of Mount Everest, and Dee Molenaar. After the peak, never climbed, was named in honor of the late John F. Kennedy in 1964, his brother Robert was invited to be part of the expedition. The other experts stopped a few feet below the summit to let the Senator plant flags and place a memento at the top.[205]
  • The first "teach-in" on the Vietnam War took place at Angell Hall at the University of Michigan, with 49 members of the faculty speaking, and was attended by 2,500 participants in the antiwar movement over the next two days.[206] Because the university would not allow the event on campus during regular class hours, the faculty started at 8:00 in the evening and conducted presentations until 8:00 the next morning.[207] The organizer, the Faculty Committee to Stop the War in Viet Nam, set an event at Columbia University the next night and at 25 other universities over the following three weeks.[208][209]
  • Geneticists Mary Weiss and
    interspecific hybrids", the crossing of genetic material of cells from two different species (in this case, a rat and a mouse). Over a month's time, they had grown a culture of several different cells that had increased with 25 cell divisions.[210]
  • President's Rule on the state of Kerala, with control of the state being administered by the national government until a stable state government could be restored. Administration from Delhi would continue until 1967.[211]
  • Born:
    Houston, Texas

March 25, 1965 (Thursday)

  • Martin Luther King Jr. and 25,000 or more civil rights activists successfully ended the 4-day march from Selma, Alabama, to the capitol in Montgomery.[212][213][214][215] While at the capitol, King gave a speech titled "How Long, Not Long" ("I know you are asking today, 'How long will it take?'. Somebody's asking, 'How long will prejudice blind the visions of men...' How long? Not long, because 'no lie can live forever'. How long? Not long, because 'you shall reap what you sow'... How long? Not long, because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice.").[216] About 300 of the group had marched the entire way, stopping each night to camp out; Dr. King missed one of the days in order to travel to Cleveland. After arriving at the State Capitol, a group of marchers tried unsuccessfully to present a petition to Governor Wallace, who declined to meet with them, and sent his executive secretary Cecil Jackson, in his place.[217]
  • Hours later, the peaceful events of the day were marred by the murder of Viola Liuzzo, a white, 39-year-old Detroit homemaker with five children.[218] Liuzzo was shot dead by Ku Klux Klan members as she was driving between Selma and Montgomery with Leroy Moton, a 19-year-old African-American. As her car stopped at a red light on U.S. Route 80, another car containing four members of the local Klan (one of them an FBI informant named Gary Rowe) pulled up alongside her. When the Klan saw Liuzzo and Moton in the car together, they began chasing her as she tried to outrun them and as soon as they caught up, they began firing shots at Liuzzo's car. As a result from the gunfire, she was shot twice in the head, causing her to lose control of her car and immediately succumbed from her wounds.[219][220][221] On the other hand, Moton survived by playing dead when the Klan went to investigate Liuzzo's car.
  • West Germany's Bundestag voted, 344–96, to extend the statute of limitations on Nazi war crimes, set to expire on May 8, 1965, the 20th anniversary of Germany's surrender, for an additional five years up to 1970, and Justice Minister Ewald Bucher resigned the same day, on grounds that the change violated Germany's Constitution.[222] In 1969, the deadline for indicting a war criminal would be extended to 1980, and in 1979, the limitation on prosecution for murder and genocide would be removed completely.[223]
  • Born:
    • Sarah Jessica Parker, American stage, film and television actress and TV producer, best known for the Sex and the City TV and film series; in Nelsonville, Ohio
    • Stefka Kostadinova, Bulgarian athlete and holder, since 1987, of the women's world record for the high jump, at 2.09 meters (6 feet, 101⁄4 inches); in Plovdiv
    • Avery Johnson, American NBA and college basketball coach and player; in New Orleans

March 26, 1965 (Friday)

  • In Birmingham, Alabama, FBI agents arrested four members of the Ku Klux Klan (Eugene Thomas, William Orville Eaton, Collie LeRoy Wilkins, Jr. and Gary Tommy Rowe, Jr.) and charged them with conspiracy to violate the civil rights in the murder of Viola Liuzzo. In announcing the arrests, President Johnson urged that Congress investigate white supremacist organizations and made an appeal to all such groups and said, "Get out of the Klan now, and return to a decent society, before it is too late."[224] Thomas, Rowe, and Eaton were all released when bonds of $50,000 apiece were posted.[225]
  • Indonesia's Information Minister issued "Ministerial Decision No. 29/SK/M/65", titled "Basic Norms for Press Enterprises within the Context of the Promotion of the Indonesian Press". All newspapers were required to identify themselves as being formally linked to a political party, "a functional group" or another type of mass organization. Additionally, the editorial and managerial staff had to be selected by the affiliated political party, so that the Ministry could hold the party responsible for content.[226]
  • Tony Award for Best Play in 1967, and another in 2008 for Best Revival of a play, was performed for the first time before an audience. The world première took place at the New Theatre, Cardiff, by the Royal Shakespeare Company directed by Peter Hall,[227][228] prior to opening at the Aldwych Theatre on London's West End on June 3, and at the Music Box Theatre on Broadway on January 3, 1966.[229]
  • A Pakistan International Airlines flight from Peshawar to Chitral crashed into a mountain peak at 9,000 feet, killing 22 of the 26 people on board. Four passengers were the only survivors.[230][231]
  • Kirill Mazurov became the new First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union, second in governmental rank to Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin.[232]
  • The United Arab Republic offered the United States the Temple of Dendur, which had already been taken apart and prepared for shipment.[39][233]
  • Died: Alice Herz, 82, who had immolated herself 10 days prior[234]

March 27, 1965 (Saturday)

  • Pope Paul VI met with his commission on birth control on the third day of their meeting to determine whether they had reached a conclusion on recommendations about the Roman Catholic policy toward contraception in time for his scheduled pre-Easter speech. The commission, created by the Pope in June 1964, whose work was kept secret, was said to have been composed of "40 to 50 experts from a dozen nations" including moral theologians, physicians, psychiatrists, and population study specialists.[235]
  • The Norwegian tanker SS Nora collided with the Liberian ship MV Otto N. Miller off the coast of Eastbourne in the English Channel. Both ships caught fire and there was a large oil spill.[236] Trygve Tyse, the captain of the Nora, ordered his crew to abandon ship, then remained on board to fight the fire.[237]
  • In
    Hassan II.[238]

March 28, 1965 (Sunday)

  • An estimated 470 people were killed in the
    El Cobre dam burst and landslide that followed a 7.1 magnitude earthquake in central Chile.[239] The 220-foot (67 m) high El Cobre Dam broke and water and debris poured down into the valley below, where employees of the El Soldado copper mine and their families lived. The town of El Cobre, near La Calera, was swept away along with more than 60 homes. The earthquake struck at 12:38 p.m. on a Sunday, when public places and churches were filled, and shook the area for more than 60 seconds.[240][241]
  • Erland Kops of Denmark won the men's singles title at the 1965 All England Open Badminton Championships at Wembley Arena, London.
  • Died:

March 29, 1965 (Monday)

  • The possibility of doing more than the previously planned stand-up form of
    Robert C. Seamans, Jr., visited MSC for further briefing on May 14. The enthusiasm he carried back to Washington regarding flight-readiness soon prompted final NASA Headquarters approval.[5]
  • After a three-year testing period that had started with the beginning of
    herbicides in combat zones. Initially, four tactical herbicides, codenamed Purple, Pink, Green and Blue, were used, with Purple, a combination of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) being the used the most. In 1967, heavy usage began of Herbicide White and the most potent of the defoliants, Herbicide Orange, which included 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD or "dioxin") with the 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T and which would be better known as "Agent Orange". In all, 208,330 drums or 1,144,722 U.S. gallons (4,333,240 L) of Orange would be used during the war, until January 7, 1971.[242]
  • Canada's House of Commons voted 159–12 to approve a bill to create the Canada Pension Plan, starting on January 1, 1966, for persons whose annual wages were $5,000 or less. Under the legislation, 3.6% of annual wages would be payable into the public pension fund and a flat monthly payment (initially $75 Canadian) would be payable to people 70 and older. The age for qualifying would be lowered annually from 70 to 65 by 1970.[243][244]
  • The collision of a commuter train with a derailed freight train killed 19 people and injured 33 in Nova Iguaçu, a suburb of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil.[245]

March 30, 1965 (Tuesday)

  • Alabama Governor
    George C. Wallace met with 15 African-American civil rights leaders from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, led by Reverend James Bevel, and received the petition that they had brought to Montgomery five days earlier. Reverend Joseph Lowery, the delegation's spokesman, said that Wallace received the group "cordially and courteously" and added, "We asked him to give us leadership in building bridges of communication in our state. We told Governor Wallace he is our governor. We are hopeful he will use his great power of leadership to bring peace to our state." A spokesman for Wallace agreed that the governor and the group had a "friendly frank discussion".[246]
  • Funeral services were held for
    William G. Milliken; Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa; and United Auto Workers President Walter Reuther
    .
  • Sir Humphrey Gibbs, the British Governor of Rhodesia, dissolved the colonial Legislative Assembly, in hopes of ousting the Rhodesian Front (RF) government led by Prime Minister Ian Smith. New elections were ordered that would end up strengthening the Front's control of the Assembly, and Smith would unilaterally declare Rhodesia's independence as a white-minority ruled republic in November.[247]
  • The
    air corridor for shipments.[248]
  • A car bomb was exploded in front of the U.S. Embassy in
    Saigon, killing 20 people and injuring 175. Most of the casualties, including 18 of the dead, were South Vietnamese bystanders. There were 47 Americans hurt, two of them fatally.[249][250]
  • Movie theaters throughout France joined in a protest against a new 24% tax on tickets, by giving free admission to films for everyone.[251]
  • Born: Piers Morgan, English journalist and television presenter; as Piers Stefan O'Meara in Newick, Sussex
  • Died: Philip Showalter Hench, 69, American physician and Nobel Prize laureate for his discoveries on the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

March 31, 1965 (Wednesday)

  • An
    Iberia airliner crashed into the Mediterranean Sea as it was making its approach to Tangier, Morocco on a flight from Málaga. Fifty of the 53 people on board were killed, but three passengers were rescued.[252] Almost all of the passengers had been Scandinavian tourists who were on vacation; the three survivors, a Danish couple and a Swedish woman, were rescued by a Spanish fishing boat operating eight miles from the Moroccan coast.[253]
  • Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg signed a treaty creating the Benelux Court of Justice, to give advisory opinions on "uniform interpretation of common rules of law" within the three nations.[254] Ratification of the treaty by all three was still required, and the Court would not hold its first session until May 11, 1974.[255]
  • Born: Jean-Christophe Lafaille, French mountaineer (d. 2006); in Gap, Hautes-Alpes
  • Died: Mario Mafai, 63, Italian painter and founder of the Scuola Romana movement

Date unknown

  • Assistant Secretary of Labor Daniel Patrick Moynihan submitted a groundbreaking and controversial report for President Johnson, entitled The Negro Family: The Case For National Action, for limited circulation within government. "From December through March," a historian would later write, "Moynihan and his staff put together the document and in the process worked out a strategy of placement and presentation. At the same time, he laid the groundwork for the reception of the report by speaking from time to time to those he wished in the end to persuade. In March, the document was formally cleared by Secretary of Labor Wirtz and one hundred nicely printed and bound copies run off in the basement of the Department of Labor." After a reference by President Johnson to Moynihan's statistics and commentary concerning the roots of African-American poverty in a speech on June 4, interest in what would become known simply as "The Moynihan Report", would lead to its mass publication.[256]

References

  1. ^ McIntyre, Chris (2010). Botswana: Okavango Delta, Chobe, Northern Kalahari. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 13.
  2. ^ "Botswana: The 1965 Pre-Independence General Election". EISA. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20.
  3. Fresno Bee. Fresno, California
    . March 3, 1965. p. 1.
  4. ^ "High Court Turns Tables on Film Censor". Chicago Tribune. March 2, 1965. p. 9.
  5. ^ a b c d e Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART III (A) Flight Tests January 1965 through December 1965". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  6. ^ "Aussies Ban Dawn Fraser for 10 Years". Chicago Tribune. March 2, 1965. p. 3-1.
  7. ^ "24 Killed, 50 Hurt in Explosion". Chicago Tribune. March 2, 1965. p. 1.
  8. Montreal Gazette. March 2, 1965. p. 1 – via Google News
    .
  9. ^ "Blast Toll Rises To 26 Dead, Four Missing, 27 Injured". Montreal Gazette. March 3, 1965. p. 13.
  10. ^ "McLaren Wins Grand Prix". Ottawa Journal. March 2, 1965. p. 10.
  11. ISBN 0-9588464-0-5
    .
  12. ^ "Minuteman Does Job Well on 1st Inland Launch". Chicago Tribune. March 2, 1965. p. 1.
  13. E. Mellen Press
    . p. 103.
  14. ^ Butts, Edward (2013). Wrong Side of the Law: True Stories of Crime. Dundurn. pp. 172–175.
  15. ^ "Canada Vows No Delay in Rivard Case". Chicago Tribune. July 18, 1965. p. 3.
  16. ^ "U.S. Bombers in Mystery Flight— 30 Jets Hop from Base in S. Viet Nam". Chicago Tribune. March 3, 1965. p. 1.
  17. ^ The Pentagon Papers: As Published by the New York Times. New York. 1971. p. 383.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ^ McNamara, Robert S.; VanDeMark, Brian (1996). In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. Vintage Books. p. 174.
  19. ^ Bell, T. E.; Laurier, Jim (2013). B-57 Canberra Units of the Vietnam War. Osprey Publishing. p. 15.
  20. Simon and Schuster
    . p. 127.
  21. ABC-CLIO
    . p. 1184.
  22. ^ Crowther, Bosley (March 3, 1965). "'The Sound of Music' Opens at Rivoli". The New York Times. p. 34.
  23. ISBN 978-1-4803-6043-3
    .
  24. ^ "Recover Part of Missing Brink's Money". Chicago Tribune. March 8, 1965. p. 3.
  25. ^ "14 Killed as Avalanche Hurls Bus Against Tree". Chicago Tribune. March 3, 1965. p. 1.
  26. ^ "U.S. 'Moon' Rocket Blows Up— Space Program Gets Severe Setback". Chicago Tribune. March 3, 1965. p. 5.
  27. ^ "Viet Conflict No War, Says State Dept". Chicago Tribune. March 4, 1965. p. 1.
  28. ^ Blevins, Sue A.; McClintock, George C. (2001). Medicare's Midlife Crisis. Cato Institute. p. 46.
  29. ^ "Gold Bill Signed". The Independent. Long Beach, California. March 5, 1965. p. 1.
  30. ^ Bordo, Michael D.; et al. (2015). Strained Relations: US Foreign-Exchange Operations and Monetary Policy in the Twentieth Century. University of Chicago Press. p. 399.
  31. ^ "APPALACHIA AID APPROVED". Chicago Tribune. March 4, 1965. p. 1.
  32. ^ Hall, Anne Jobbe (2008). Images of America: Lincoln City and the Twenty Miracle Miles. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8.
  33. ^ "Stojković Dragan". reprezentacija.rs. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
  34. ^ Chiarelli, Bruntetto (1997). "Bisautti, Renato". In Spencer, Frank (ed.). History of Physical Anthropology. Taylor & Francis. p. 173.
  35. ^ "Natchitoches Gas Explosion Kills 17". Lake Charles American Press. Lake Charles, Louisiana. March 4, 1965. p. 1.
  36. ^ "17 Die in Gas Pipeline Blast". Chicago Tribune. March 5, 1965. p. 1.
  37. ^ Lees, Frank (2005). Lees' Loss Prevention in the Process Industries: Hazard Identification, Assessment and Control. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1–33.
  38. ^ Tanner, Henry (March 5, 1965). "Russian Soldiers Rout 2,000 in Riot at U.S. Embassy: Mob Led by Asian Students Pelts Building in Protest Over Vietnam Raids". The New York Times.
  39. ^ a b c "The Month in Review". Current History. May 1965.
  40. ^ "Russia Begins Replacing U.S. Offices' Panes". Chicago Tribune. March 6, 1965. p. 2.
  41. ^ "Wilson Beats Defense Foes, Faces Revolt". Chicago Tribune. March 5, 1965. p. 1A-8.
  42. ^ Gustafson, Barry (2008). Kiwi Keith: A Biography of Keith Holyoake. Auckland University Press.
  43. ISBN 978-1-4103-6048-9 – via Google Books
    .
  44. ISBN 978-0-87875-106-8
    – via Google Books.
  45. ^ "Terrell and Machen Tangle Tonight For Tainted Title", Ottawa Journal, March 5, 1965, p17
  46. ^ "TERRELL GIVEN DECISION OVER MACHEN; Ernie Carries Away Crown— WBA Style", Chicago Tribune, March 6, 1965, p2-1
  47. ^ Bob Mee, Ali and Liston: The Boy who Would be King and the Ugly Bear (Skyhorse Publishing, 2011) p227
  48. ^ Miriam Joyce, Bahrain from the Twentieth Century to the Arab Spring (Springer, 2012) p27
  49. ^ "Labor Politics, Economic Change, and the Modernization of Autocracy in Contemporary Bahrain", by Fred Lawson, in Ideology and Power in the Middle East: Studies in Honor of George Lenczowski (Duke University Press, 1988) p125
  50. ^ Gordon A. Macdonald, et al., Volcanoes in the Sea: The Geology of Hawaii (University of Hawaii Press, 1983) p105
  51. ^ "Edward R. Murrow, Broadcaster And Ex-Chief of U.S.I.A., Dies", New York Times, April 28, 1965.
  52. ^ S.N. Jha, ed., Concise India 2014: Chapterwise MCQs (Kalinjar Publications, 2014) p99
  53. ^ Martin Power, Wired Guitar: The Life of Jeff Beck (Music Sales Limited, 2014)
  54. ^ Trevor Dupuy, Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography (Harper, 1992)
  55. ^
    Greenwood Publishing
    . p. 102.
  56. ^ Smele, Jonathan D., ed. (2015). "Khojaev, Faizullah Ubaidullaevich". Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 569.
  57. KITLV Press
    . p. 288.
  58. ^ "Students in Peking Protest Outside Russian Embassy". The New York Times. Reuters. March 7, 1965.
  59. ^ Maslov, Aleksander A. (2016). Fallen Soviet Generals: Soviet General Officers Killed in Battle, 1941-1945. Routledge. p. 132.
  60. ^ Wally G. Vaughn and Mattie Campbell Davis, The Selma Campaign, 1963-1965: The Decisive Battle of the Civil Rights Movement (The Majority Press, 2006) p150
  61. ^ "Negroes Routed by Tear Gas— Smash March on Capital of Alabama", Chicago Tribune, March 8, 1965, p1
  62. ^ "MOUNTED POLICE CLUB MARCHERS", Kingsport (TN) News, March 8, 1965, p1
  63. ^ "Alabama Troopers Halt Capital March", Florence (SC) Morning News, March 8, 1965, p1
  64. ^ "Biggest Change Greets Catholics Tomorrow", Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen, March 6, 1965, p10
  65. ^ Piero Marini, A Challenging Reform: Realizing the Vision of the Liturgical Renewal, 1963-1975 (Liturgical Press, 2007) p97
  66. ^ Inter oecumenici: Sacred Congregation of Rites, Eternal Word Television Network library
  67. ^ "Pope to Offer New Mass in Italian Today", Chicago Tribune, March 7, 1965, p3
  68. ^ "Sweden Mourns Beloved Queen", UPI report in The Daily Independent (Kannapolis NC), March 8, 1965, p1
  69. ^ "Court Voids Louisiana Voter Tests". Chicago Tribune. March 9, 1965. p. 1.
  70. ^ "MARINES LAND IN VIET NAM". Chicago Tribune. March 8, 1965. p. 1.
  71. Naval Historical Center
    . p. 65.
  72. ^ "Shoot Back If Fired Upon, Troops Told". Chicago Tribune. March 8, 1965. p. 1.
  73. PMID 5876245
    .
  74. ^
    Infobase Publishing
    . p. 382.
  75. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-124V CCCP-45028 Kuybyshev Airport (KUF)". aviation-safety.net.
  76. Milwaukee Journal
    . March 9, 1965 – via Google News.
  77. ^ "Labour suspends MP Claudia Webbe over harassment charge". The Guardian. September 28, 2020.
  78. ^ "HALT ALABAMA MARCHERS". Chicago Tribune. March 10, 1965. p. 1.
  79. ^ "3 in Selma Jailed; Pastor Is Near Death". Chicago Tribune. March 11, 1965. p. 2.
  80. ^ "Bridge Over Troubled Waters". The Crisis. March–April 2005. pp. 28–31.
  81. ^ Combs, Barbara Harris (2013). From Selma to Montgomery: The Long March to Freedom. Routledge.
  82. ^ "20 Gold Bars Recovered in Ship Search". Chicago Tribune. March 10, 1965. p. 1A-3.
  83. ^ Wood, James (2013). Satellite Communications Pocket Book. Elsevier. p. 18.
  84. ^ Kaldor, Mary; Eide, Asbjørn (1979). World Military Order. Springer. p. 54.
  85. ^ Leszczak, Bob (2014). The Odd Couple on Stage and Screen: A History with Cast and Crew Profiles and an Episode Guide. McFarland. pp. 5–7.
  86. Black Inc.
    p. 399.
  87. ^ "Called-up Youths Must Wait to Know Results". The Age. Melbourne. March 10, 1965. p. 2.
  88. ^ "Emancipation Nears for French Women". Chicago Tribune. March 11, 1965. p. 1.
  89. Frank Cass Publishers
    . p. 51.
  90. ^ Jagota, S. P. (1985). Maritime Boundary. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 109.
  91. ^ "11-Day Spree for Eagle Ends". Chicago Tribune. March 11, 1965. p. 3.
  92. Scarecrow Press
    . p. 277.
  93. Government Printing Office
    .
  94. ^ "Sit-in at White House— 12 Flop Down in Corridor; Police Haul Off 9". Chicago Tribune. March 12, 1965. p. 1.
  95. Gill & Macmillan
    .
  96. ^ Whelan, Noel (2011). A History of Fianna Fáil: The Outstanding Biography of the Party. Gill & Macmillan.
  97. Minnesota Historical Society Press
    . p. 169.
  98. ^ "Clubbed Clergyman Dies". Chicago Tribune. March 12, 1965. p. 1.
  99. ^ "On This Day: Mass Moments". Massachusetts Foundation for the Humanities. 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  100. ^ "Ex-Gov. Marland Ekes Living As Chicago Taxi Driver". Charleston Daily Mail. Charleston, West Virginia. March 12, 1965. p. 1.
  101. ^ "Ex-Governor of W.Va. Driving Cab in Chicago". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. March 13, 1965. p. 5.
  102. ^ Ford, Beverly; Schorow, Stephanie (2011). The Boston Mob Guide: Hit Men, Hoodlums & Hideouts. The History Press. p. 118.
  103. ^ "Cricinfo: New Zealand tour of India, 1964/65". Retrieved 18 October 2013.
  104. ^ Nolan, Coleen (14 March 2020). "Womans Own". Womans Own. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  105. ^ "JOHNSON RIPS VOTE CURBS; Confers 3 Hours in White House with Wallace", Chicago Tribune, March 14, 1965, p1
  106. ^ Muriel Dobbin, "Wallace Advised to Declare Support For Rights", Baltimore Sun, March 14, 1965.
  107. ^ "Malcolm X 'Heir' Dead in Mystery", Oakland Tribune, March 14, 1965, p1
  108. ^ "Leon Ameer Death Said Nonviolent", St. Petersburg (FL) Times, March 15, 1965, p12-A
  109. ^ Moshe Yegar, Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar (Lexington Books, 2002) p157
  110. ^ "Pamela Anderssons liv med cancer - SVT Play". SVT Play. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  111. ^ Shapiro, Henry (March 15, 1965). "Pale Nikita Has Less Bounce to Fewer Ounces". Chicago Tribune. p. 9.
  112. ^ "Israeli Aides O.K. Bonn Envoys". Chicago Tribune. March 15, 1965. pp. 2–20.
  113. ^ Lotz, Wolfgang (1972). The Champagne Spy - Israel's Master Spy Tells his Story. St. Martin's Press.
  114. ^ "Arabs Order Envoys out of West Germany". Chicago Tribune. March 15, 1965. pp. 2–20.
  115. ^ Cesarani, David (2013). After Eichmann: Collective Memory and Holocaust Since 1961. Routledge. p. 48.
  116. ^ Niess, Frank; McBride, Nathaniel (2005). Che Guevara. Haus Publishing. pp. 100–102.
  117. ISBN 978-1-4930-3377-5
    – via Google Books.
  118. ^ "No Decision in French Vote". Chicago Tribune. March 15, 1965. p. 1B-9.
  119. ^ "History of French Local Elections". Archived from the original on 23 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  120. ^ "Queen and Duchess of Windsor Meet— 25-Minute Talk with Duke in Hospital", Glasgow Herald, March 16, 1965, p1
  121. ^ "Queen, Duchess Meet and Ostracism Ends", Chicago Tribune, March 16, 1965, p1
  122. ^ "LBJ: DENIAL OF VOTE IS WRONG— 'We Shall Overcome' Injustice", Lincoln (NE) Star, March 16, 1965, p1
  123. ^ "The History Place - Great Speeches Collection: Lyndon B. Johnson Speech - We Shall Overcome". www.historyplace.com.
  124. ^ John Frayn Turner, Traitor: British Double Agents 1930-80 (Osprey Publishing, 1997)
  125. ^ "South Africa Tightens Sports Event Segregation", Fresno (CA) Bee, March 16, 1965, pD-6
  126. ^ "South Africans Widen Race Curb: Rule Out Mixed Audiences at Sports and Theaters", New York Times, March 16, 1965.
  127. ^ "Nasser Only Candidate As Egypt Goes To Polls", Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen, March 15, 1965, p34
  128. ^ "65 Cast Votes Against Nasser", Phoenix (AZ) Gazette, March 16, 1965, p4
  129. ^ "T.G.I. Friday’s Founder Marks 50 Years in the Restaurant Business", by Marshall Heyman, in The Wall Street Journal, June 14, 2015
  130. ^ "DETROIT WIDOW BURNS SELF IN VIET PROTEST", The News-Palladium (Benton Harbor MI), March 17, 1965, p1
  131. ^ "Detroit Woman Burns Self As Protest Over Viet Nam", Tucson (AZ) Daily Citizen, March 17, 1965, p1
  132. ^ "Herz, Alice", in The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, Spencer C. Tucker, ed. (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p483
  133. ^ "Woman Dies From Burns", Ironwood (MI) Daily Globe, March 27, 1965, p1
  134. ^ "Mounted Officers in 'Bama Charge, Flail Demonstrators; Man Who Gave Order Apologizes", UPI report in Waco (TX) News-Tribune, March 17, 1965, p1
  135. ^ "BEAT ALABAMA MARCHERS— Demonstrators Reach Capitol in Second Try", Chicago Tribune, March 17, 1965, p1
  136. ^ "COURT OK's SELMA MARCH", Chicago Tribune, March 18, 1965, p1
  137. ^ "ABC Announces Game 'Casters", El Paso (TX) Herald-Post, March 18, 1965, pC-1
  138. ^ Ami Gluska, The Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War: Government, Armed Forces and Defence Policy 1963–67 (Routledge, 2007) p57
  139. ^ "Stagg Dies at 102; Coach for 54 Years", Chicago Tribune, March 18, 1965, p1
  140. ^ a b c Lindsay, Hamish (2001). Tracking Apollo to the Moon. Springer.
  141. ^ a b Abramov, Isaac; Skoog, Ingemar (2003). Russian Spacesuits. Springer. pp. 77–79.
  142. ^ Norberg, Carol, ed. (2013). Human Spaceflight and Exploration. Springer. p. 210.
  143. ^ "Russ Orbit 2-Man Spacebus; Red Emerges From Craft in Flight". Chicago Tribune. March 18, 1965. p. 1.
  144. ^ "Red Somersaults in Space". Chicago Tribune. March 19, 1965. p. 1.
  145. Constable & Robinson Ltd.
  146. ^ "Rolling Stones Gather No Leniency in Court". The Independent. Long Beach, California. July 23, 1965. p. A-21.
  147. Glasgow Herald
    . July 23, 1965. p. 11.
  148. ^ Caliskan, Yusuf (2011). "Dispute Settlement in International Investment Law". Implementing International Economic Law: Through Dispute Settlement Mechanisms. Martinus Nijhoff.
  149. ^ "Farouk, Egypt Ex-King, Dies". Chicago Tribune. March 18, 1965. p. 1.
  150. ^ "Ex-King Farouk Collapses, Dies In Rome Restaurant At Age 45". Tucson Daily Citizen. Tucson, Arizona. March 18, 1965. p. 17.
  151. ^ Miller, Gerald (March 18, 1965). "Roly-Poly Playboy Ex-King Farouk Dies". La Crosse Tribune. La Crosse, Wisconsin. AP. p. 3.
  152. ISBN 9781615207268
    .
  153. ^ Townes, Charles H.; et al. (1972). Human Factors in Long-duration Spaceflight. National Academy of Sciences. p. 6.
  154. ^ "Fire Engulfed Russ Space Bus, Tass Says". Chicago Tribune. March 20, 1965. p. 1.
  155. Scripps-Howard
    . pp. 1, 6 – via Google News.
  156. LSU Press
    . pp. 146–147.
  157. ^ e.g. "Today in History". Santa Monica Daily Press. Santa Monica, California. March 19, 2010.
  158. ^ For example, in an interview in 2009, Spence said only that he had found the wreck when he was 17 years old. Colton, Jennifer (July 13, 2009). "A Lifetime of Treasures: Shipwreck hunters says 'Robinson Crusoe' led him to his career". The Index-Journal. Greenwood, South Carolina. p. 3.
  159. ^ "Jakarta Grabs 3 U.S., Dutch Oil Companies". Chicago Tribune. March 20, 1965. p. 13.
  160. ^ "Gheorgiu-Dej, Romanian Red Chief, Is Dead". Chicago Tribune. March 20, 1965. p. 12.
  161. ^ Fischer, Bernd J. (2007). Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe. Purdue University Press. p. 319.
  162. Government Printing Office
    . p. 163.
  163. ^ "GUARD CALLED BY JOHNSON— Troops Ordered in Alabama to Protect March". Chicago Tribune. March 20, 1965. p. 1.
  164. ^ Schuessler, John M. (2015). Deceit on the Road to War: Presidents, Politics, and American Democracy. Cornell University Press.
  165. ^ Gibbons, William Conrad (2014). The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Roles and Relationships, Part III: 1965-1966. Princeton University Press. pp. 174–175.
  166. Nashua Telegraph. Nashua, New Hampshire
    . March 20, 1965. p. 6.
  167. ^ "Goodrich Has 42 Points in Easy Victory". Chicago Tribune. March 21, 1965. p. 2-1.
  168. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Antonov An-24 CCCP-46764 Khanty-Mansiysk Airfield". aviation-safety.net.
  169. Naval Institute Press
    .
  170. ^ Fitzgerald, Stephanie (2006). Struggling for Civil Rights. Heinemann-Raintree Library. p. 33.
  171. Archway Publishing
    . p. 214.
  172. ^ "5,000 MARCH; 300 CAMP— Rest Return to Selma for Night". Chicago Tribune. March 22, 1965. p. 1.
  173. John Wiley & Sons
    .
  174. ^ Lentz, Harris M., ed. (2014). "Bolivia". Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge. p. 96.
  175. ^ "Head of Bolivia Surviving Eighth Assassin Attempt". Lincoln Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. March 23, 1965. p. 1.
  176. ^ "Five Bombs Found in Negro Neighborhood of Birmingham". Chicago Tribune. March 22, 1965. p. 2.
  177. ^ "Reds Gain in French Elections". Chicago Tribune. March 22, 1965. pp. 2–14.
  178. ^
    Courier Corporation
    .
  179. ^ "Ranger 9 on Its Way to Film Moonscape". Chicago Tribune. March 22, 1965. p. 1.
  180. ^ Lentz, Harris M. (2014). Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Routledge.
  181. ^ St. John, Ronald Bruce, ed. (2014). "Muntasir, Mahmud al-". Historical Dictionary of Libya. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 227.
  182. A&C Black
    . p. 9.
  183. ^ Arnett, Peter (March 22, 1965). "Gas Used In Viet Nam". Daily Times-News. Burlington, North Carolina. AP. p. 1.
  184. ^ "'Disabling' Gas Used Against Red Guerrillas". La Crosse Tribune. La Crosse, Wisconsin. AP. March 22, 1965. p. 1.
  185. ^ Verwey, Wil D. (1977). Riot Control Agents and Herbicides in War: Their Humanitarian, Toxicological, Ecological, Military, Polemological, and Legal Aspects. A. W. Sijthoff. p. 3.
  186. ^ "New Red Leader Chosen— Romanian Communists Select Nicolae Ceausescu". Kansas City Times. March 23, 1965. p. 2.
  187. M.E. Sharpe
    . pp. 69–72.
  188. ^ "Woman Chief, Leftists Lag in Ceylon Vote". Chicago Tribune. March 23, 1965. p. 12.
  189. ^ "Result of Parliamentary General Election 1965" (PDF). Department of Elections, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2015.
  190. Fresno Bee
    . March 23, 1965. p. 1.
  191. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47-DL (DC-3) HK-109 Pan de Azucar Peak". aviation-safety.net.
  192. ^ Katsilometes, John (April 8, 2010). "Pawn shop boys". Las Vegas Weekly. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  193. ^ "Steve Toussaint, Royal Court Theatre". royalcourttheatre.com/. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  194. ^ "A FIRST IN SPACE FOR U.S.— 2 Gemini Astronauts Shift Capsule's Orbit". Chicago Tribune. March 24, 1965. p. 1.
  195. The Rosen Publishing Group
    . p. 68.
  196. Independent Press-Telegram. Long Beach, California
    . April 4, 1965. p. A-6.
  197. NASA History Division
    . 2008. p. 297.
  198. Corpus Christi Times. Corpus Christi, Texas
    . March 24, 1965. p. 9.
  199. ^ El Bouih, Fatna; et al. (2008). Talk of Darkness. University of Texas Press. p. ix.
  200. ^ Bidwell, Robin, ed. (1998). "Casablanca Riots". Dictionary of Modern Arab History. Routledge. p. 110.
  201. ^ "Mae Murray, Glamor Gal of Silents, Dies— Earned Million in Year; Penniless in End". Chicago Tribune. March 24, 1965. pp. 2–7.
  202. ^ Pecker, Jean-Claude (2012). Experimental Astronomy. Springer. p. 10.
  203. ^ "Ranger Sends Moon TV Into Homes Today". Chicago Tribune. March 24, 1965. p. 1.
  204. ^ "Finds Ranger Moon Photos Are Best Yet". Chicago Tribune. March 25, 1965. p. 1.
  205. ^ "Bobby Is 1st Conqueror of Mt. Kennedy". Chicago Tribune. March 25, 1965. p. 1.
  206. ^ Frankum, Ronald B. Jr., ed. (2011). "Antiwar Movement". Historical Dictionary of the War in Vietnam. Scarecrow Press. p. 50.
  207. ^ Rosebraugh, Craig (2004). The Logic of Political Violence: Lessons in Reform and Revolution. Arissa Media Group. p. 105.
  208. ^ "'Teach-in' Series To Start Tonight". Ironwood Daily Globe. Ironwood, Michigan. AP. March 24, 1965. p. 1.
  209. ^ "Teachers Back End to War In Vietnam". Kansas City Times. March 25, 1965. p. 8.
  210. ^ Zallen, Doris T.; Burian, Richard M. (2000). "On the Beginnings of Somatic Cell Hybridization: Boris Ephrussi and Chromosome Transplantation". In Crow, James F.; Dove, William F. (eds.). Perspectives on Genetics: Anecdotal, Historical, and Critical Commentaries, 1987-1998. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 306.
  211. ^ Srivastava, Meera (1980). Constitutional Crisis in the States in India. Concept Publishing Company. p. 159.
  212. ^ "25,000 Converge on State Capitol, End 5-Day Protest Trek from Selma", by Tom Mackin, in Montgomery (AL) Advertiser, March 26, 1965, p1, reprinted in American Datelines: Major News Stories from Colonial Times to the Present, Ed Cray, et al., editors (University of Illinois Press, 2003) p326
  213. ^ "15,000 Climax Historic March To Ala. Capitol— Dr. King Leads Protest To Wallace's Doorsteps", Charleston (WV) Daily Mail, March 25, 1965, p1
  214. ^ "25,000 In Biggest March", Phoenix (AZ) Gazette, March 25, 1965, p1
  215. ^ "Wallace Rebuffs Marchers as 30,000 Reach Mongtomery", San Mateo (CA) Times, March 25, 1965, p1
  216. ^ The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute, Stanford University
  217. ^ "Marchers Fail in Bid to See Gov. Wallace— Alabama Chief Ducks 25,000 At State Capitol", Albuquerque (NM) Journal, March 26, 1965, p1
  218. ^ "Viola Liuzzo". Dictionary of Unitarian & Universalist Biography. Uua.org. Archived from the original on March 16, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
  219. ^ "RIGHTS WORKER SLAIN", Milwaukee Sentinel, March 26, 1965, p1
  220. ^ "WOMAN RIGHTS MARCHER SLAIN— Shot in Auto Hauling Protest Group to Selma", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 26, 1965, p1
  221. ISBN 978-1-4214-2160-5
    .
  222. ^ "Germany Lengthens Nazi Hunt", Lincoln (NE) Star (Hagerstown MD), March 26, 1965, p1
  223. ^ Richard J. Goldstone and Adam M. Smith, International Judicial Institutions: The Architecture of International Justice at Home and Abroad (Routledge, 2015) p100
  224. ^ "JOHNSON CONDEMNS KLAN— Tells Arrest of Four in Woman's Slaying", Chicago Tribune, March 27, 1965, p1
  225. ^ "$50,000 Bonds Free 3 Seized in Alabama", Chicago Tribune, March 27, 1965, p4
  226. ^ David T. Hill, The Press in New Order Indonesia (Equinox Publishing, 2006) p29
  227. ^ Benedict Nightingale, Great Moments in the Theatre (Oberon Books, 2012)
  228. ^ Nightingale, Benedict (1965-03-27). "review: The Homecoming at Cardiff". The Guardian. p. 6.
  229. ^ William Baker, The Theatre of Harold Pinter (Bloomsbury, 2008) p61
  230. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-1-DK (DC-3) AP-AAH Lowery Pass". aviation-safety.net.
  231. ^ "22 Killed, 4 Survive Pakistan Plane Crash", Bridgeport (CT) Telegram, March 27, 1965, p1
  232. ^ Paul Cocks, et al., The Dynamics of Soviet Politics (Harvard University Press, 1976) p66
  233. ^ "Egypt Offers 2,000-Yr.-Old Temple to U.S.: It's Dismantled, Ready for Shipment"; Chicago Tribune, March 27, 1965, p2-9
  234. ISBN 978-1-85109-961-0
    . Retrieved November 28, 2014.
  235. ^ "Report Pope Urges Birth Pill Stand". Chicago Tribune. March 28, 1965. pp. 4–8.
  236. ^ "Navy Sink the Oil Patch". The Times. No. 56282. London. 29 March 1965. col C-D, p. 10.
  237. ^ "Captain Orders Off Crew; Rides Out Burning Ship". Chicago Tribune. March 28, 1965. p. 1.
  238. ^ "Execute 14 in Plot to Oust Morocco King". Chicago Tribune. March 28, 1965. p. 1A-5.
  239. ^ Nash, Jay Robert (1976). Darkest Hours. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 113.
  240. ^ "370 DEAD IN CHILE QUAKE— Dam Bursts and Town Is Swept Away". Chicago Tribune. March 9, 1965. p. 1.
  241. ^ Rudolph, T.; Coldewey. "Implications of Earthquakes on the Stability of Tailings Dams" (PDF). Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  242. ^ Young, Alvin L. The History, Use, Disposition and Environmental Fate of Agent Orange. Springer, 2009. pp. 5, 30.
  243. ^ "Pension Plan Wins Approval In Parliament". Montreal Gazette. March 30, 1965. p. 1.
  244. ^ Gordon, Walter (1983). Walter Gordon: A Political Memoir. Formac Publishing Company. p. 208.
  245. ^ "19 Reported Killed In Rail Crash". Montreal Gazette. March 30, 1965. p. 2.
  246. ^ "Gov. Wallace's Talk with Demonstrators Is Called Friendly", Chicago Tribune, March 31, 1965, p10
  247. ^ J. R. T. Wood, So Far and No Further: Rhodesia's Bid for Independence During the Retreat from Empire 1959 - 1965 (Trafford Publishing, 2004) p293
  248. ^ Nicholas Khoo, Collateral Damage: Sino-Soviet Rivalry and the Termination of the Sino-Vietnamese Alliance (Columbia University Press, 2011) p22
  249. ^ "REDS BOMB U.S. EMBASSY", Chicago Tribune, March 30, 1965, p1
  250. ^ Gerald C. Hickey, Window on a War: An Anthropologist in the Vietnam Conflict (Texas Tech University Press, 2002) pp167-168
  251. ^ "Novel French Protest— Free Movies", Montreal Gazette, March 30, 1965, p2
  252. ^ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Convair CV-440-62 EC-ATH Tangier Airport (TNG)". aviation-safety.net.
  253. ^ "50 Die as Plane Plunges Into Sea, Three Are Saved", Albuquerque (NM) Journal, April 1, 1965, p1
  254. ^ Henry G. Schermers and Niels M. Blokker, International Institutional Law: Unity Within Diversity, Fifth Revised Edition (Martinus Nijhoff, 2011) p450
  255. ^ Marc Cogen, An Introduction to European Intergovernmental Organizations (Ashgate Publishing, 2015) p22
  256. ^ Lee Rainwater & William Yancey, The Moynihan Report and the Politics of Controversy (M.I.T. Press, 1967) p26
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=March_1965&oldid=1220277945"