March of Verona

March of Verona and Aquileia
*Markgrafschaft Verona* (German)
*Marca de Verona* (Venda)
March of Verona and Aquileia Markgrafschaft Verona (German); Marca de Verona (Venda)
March of Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bavaria (952–976); Duchy of Carinthia (976–1151); Margraviate of Baden (1151–1167);
952–1167
	Imperial Banner of the Holy Roman Empire used by the march Coat of arms of the dukes of Carinthia, the Veronese margraves
	Medieval Europe
• Established	952
• Formation of the; Lombard League	1167
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Duchy of Friuli
Patria del Friuli
Lombard League
Today part of	Italy; Slovenia;

The March of Verona and Aquileia was a vast

Otto I of Germany in 952, it was held by the Dukes of Bavaria; from 976 in personal union with the Duchy of Carinthia. The margravial regime ended with the advent of the Lombard League

in 1167.

Geography

The march roughly comprised the historic

Chiese River in the west to the Tagliamento and the Isonzo (Soča) in the east, the upper Soča valley within the Julian Alps is today part of the Slovenian Goriška region. Initially it also included present-day Trentino uphill to the Adige river in the northwest. Except for the lagoons controlled by Venice, it stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the crest of the Dolomites and the Carnic Alps in the north, where the mountainous Carnia region borders with Carinthia. The western lands around Verona comprised the Po Valley, the Euganean and Berici Hills, the Venetian Prealps and Lake Garda

.

Beside the capital Verona near the southwestern border with

Grado in the east, as well as the major cities of Vicenza, Treviso, and Padua, which played a vital role in forming the Lombard League. The March of Verona was a strategically important province, which governed the southern approaches to the Alpine passes leading to Germany, and significant in the—ultimately failed—attempts of the Holy Roman Emperors

to maintain the rule over Italy.

History

The Marca Veronensis et Aquileiensis was created by King

Reichstag meeting at Augsburg in the next year, Berengar II retained Italy, but had to renounce the Veronese march, which was attached to the stem duchy of Bavaria under Otto's brother Duke Henry I. At that time the March of Istria was attached to Verona as a county. From 952 to 975, both Carinthia and Verona were under the control of the dukes of Bavaria, forming a massive Italian, German, and Slavic fief ruled by relatives of the Saxon Ottonian dynasty.^[1]

After several revolts led by his Bavarian cousins, Emperor Otto II in 976 deposed Duke Henry II of Bavaria and established the Duchy of Carinthia under the loyal Luitpolding vassal Henry the Younger on the southeastern territories. He also received Verona as a Carinthian march and from that time on, it was under the control of the Carinthian dukes and at other times not. Already in 975, a commune had been chartered in the capital city, when Otto II ceded to Verona the powers of the marquisate. From this time Verona and several other cities in the march gradually developed into independent city-states, and in turn the title Margrave of Verona became an essentially empty hereditary honour in the ducal houses of Bavaria and Carinthia. Henceforth the Holy Roman Emperors began to appoint vicars to represent them, instead of margraves, in Verona.

From 1004 King

secularisation

in 1803.

In 1061

Patriarchate of Aquileia, like Trent an immediate vassal of King Henry IV of Germany

.

In 1151 the

Städtebund association aimed at protecting their independence against the Italian policies of Conrad's nephew Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The League was led by Venice; other members were Verona, Padua, Vicenza, and Treviso. In 1167, the Veronese cities joined the Lombard League; this constituted the de facto end of the march, confirmed by the Lombard victory at the 1176 Battle of Legnano. The Emperors continued to name vicars, though by then the office was purely nominal, as from the 13th century onwards the actual lords of Verona were the podestàs from the Scaliger (della Scala) dynasty. In 1405 the Veronese citizens submitted to Venice, which until about 1420 conquered most of the territory of the former march and incorporated it into the Domini di Terraferma

.

List of Margraves of Verona

Dukes of Bavaria

951 – 955 Henry I, also margrave of Friuli and Istria

953 – 955 Milo, count from 930 or 931, ruled as margrave under Henry

955 – 975 Henry II the Wrangler, son, deposed

Dukes of Carinthia

976 – 978 Henry III the Younger, deposed
978 – 985 Otto I
985 – 989 Henry III the Younger, again
989 – 995 Henry II the Wrangler, again
995 – 1004 Otto I, again
1004 – 1011 Conrad I
1011 – 1035
Adalbero of Eppenstein
1035 – 1039 Conrad II, son of Conrad I
- 1039 – 1047 vacant, directly ruled by King Henry III
1047 – 1055 Welf^[2]
1056 – 1061 Conrad III
1061 – 1077 Berthold I
1077 – 1090 Liutold of Eppenstein
1090 – 1122
Henry IV
1122 – 1123 Henry V
1123 – 1135 Engelbert
1135 – 1144
Ulrich I
1144 – 1151 Henry VI

Margraves of Baden

1151 – 1160 Herman III, son
1160 – 1190 Herman IV, son
1190 – 1243 Herman V, son
- 1223 – 1233 Ezzelino
1243 – 1250 Herman VI, son of Herman V
1250 – 1268 Frederick I, son, beheaded

Notes

^ Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). "Tirol" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1010–1012., gives dates of 951 and 962.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Welf" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 504.

[1] Coolidge, William Augustus Brevoort (1911). "Tirol" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 1010–1012., gives dates of 951 and 962.

[2] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Welf" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 504.

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