Marcionism
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Marcionism was an
Marcion preached that the benevolent God of the
Marcionism was denounced by its opponents as
History
According to
Schism within Marcionism
By the reign of emperor
However, others, among whom were Potitus and Basilicus, held to two principles, as did Marcion himself. Others consider that there are not only two, but three natures. Of these, Syneros was the leader and chief.”[10]
In early 3rd century, a splinter group of Marcionites was established by Prepon the Assyrian, who claimed the existence of an intermediate spiritual entity between the good and evil gods.[11]
Teachings
The premise of Marcionism is that many of the
Marcionites held that the God of the Hebrew Bible was inconsistent, jealous, wrathful and genocidal, and that the material world he created was defective, a place of suffering; the God who made such a world is a bungling or malicious demiurge.
In the God of the [Old Testament] he saw a being whose character was stern justice, and therefore anger, contentiousness and unmercifulness. The law which rules nature and man appeared to him to accord with the characteristics of this God and the kind of law revealed by him, and this God is the creator and lord of the world (κοσμοκράτωρ [English transliteration: kosmokrator/cosmocrator]). As the law which governs the world is inflexible and yet, on the other hand, full of contradictions, just and again brutal, and as the law of the Old Testament exhibits the same features, so the God of creation was to Marcion a being who united in himself the whole gradations of attributes from justice to malevolence, from obstinacy to inconsistency."[13]
In Marcionite belief,
Various popular sources count Marcion among the
A modern divine would turn away from the dreams of Valentinianism in silent contempt; but he could not refuse to discuss the question raised by Marcion, whether there is such opposition between different parts of what he regards as the word of God, that all cannot come from the same author.
A primary difference between Marcionites and Gnostics was that the Gnostics based their theology on secret wisdom (as, for example,
It was no mere school for the learned, disclosed no mysteries for the privileged, but sought to lay the foundation of the Christian community on the pure
dualisthe certainly was, but he was not a Gnostic.
Marcionism shows the influence of
As for the main question, however, whether he knew of, or assumes the existence of, a written New Testament of the Church in any sense whatever, in this case an affirmatory answer is most improbable, because if this were so he would have been compelled to make a direct attack upon the New Testament of the Church, and if such an attack had been made we should have heard of it from Tertullian. Marcion, on the contrary, treats the Catholic Church as one that 'follows the Testament of the Creator-God,' and directs the full force of his attack against this Testament and against the falsification of the Gospel and of the Pauline Epistles. His polemic would necessarily have been much less simple if he had been opposed to a Church which, by possessing a New Testament side by side with the Old Testament, had ipso facto placed the latter under the shelter of the former. In fact Marcion’s position towards the Catholic Church is intelligible, in the full force of its simplicity, only under the supposition that the Church had not yet in her hand any 'litera scripta Novi Testamenti.'[17]
Marcion is believed to have imposed a severe morality on his followers, some of whom suffered in the persecutions. In particular, he refused to re-admit those who recanted their faith under Roman persecution; see also
Marcionite canon
Marcion's Apostolikon did not include the
In bringing together these texts, Marcion redacted what is perhaps the first
The Prologues to the Pauline Epistles (which are not a part of the text, but short introductory sentences as one might find in modern study Bibles[25]), found in several older Latin codices, are now widely believed to have been written by Marcion or one of his followers. Harnack makes the following claim:[26]
We have indeed long known that Marcionite readings found their way into the ecclesiastical text of the Pauline Epistles, but now for seven years we have known that Churches actually accepted the Marcionite prefaces to the Pauline Epistles! De Bruyne has made one of the finest discoveries of later days in proving that those prefaces, which we read first in Codex Fuldensis and then in numbers of later manuscripts, are Marcionite, and that the Churches had not noticed the cloven hoof.
Conversely, several early Latin codices contain
Comparison
Marcionite canon (c. 130–140) |
Modern canon (c. 4th century) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Section | Books | Section | Books |
Evangelikon |
|
Gospels (Euangelia) |
|
(nonexistent) | (none) | Acts | |
Apostolikon | Pauline epistles | ||
(nonexistent) | (none) | Catholic epistles | |
(nonexistent) | (none) | Apocalypses | |
1. Contents unknown; some scholars equate it with Ephesians. |
Reaction to Marcion by early Christians
According to a remark by Origen (Commentary on the Gospel of Matthew 15.3), Marcion "prohibited allegorical interpretations of the scripture". Tertullian disputed this in his treatise against Marcion. [citation needed]
Tertullian, along with Epiphanius of Salamis, also charged that Marcion set aside the gospels of Matthew, Mark and John, and used Luke alone. Tertullian cited Luke 6:43–45 (a good tree does not produce bad fruit)[27] and Luke 5:36–38 (nobody tears a piece from a new garment to patch an old garment or puts new wine in old wineskins),[28] in theorizing that Marcion set about to recover the authentic teachings of Jesus. Irenaeus claimed,
[Marcion's] salvation will be the attainment only of those souls which had learned his doctrine; while the body, as having been taken from the earth, is incapable of sharing in salvation.[29]
Tertullian also attacked this view in De Carne Christi.[citation needed]
Polycarp, according to Irenaus in his work, Adversus Haereses, had an encounter with Marcion:
And Polycarp himself replied to Marcion, who met him on one occasion, and said, "Dost thou know me?" "I do know thee, the first-born of Satan."
This may not have been Marcion's own belief. It was certainly that of Hermogenes (cf. Tertullian, Adversus Hermogenem) and probably other gnostics and Marcionites, who held that the intractability of this matter explains the world's many imperfections.[page needed]
Islamic accounts
The
Those medieval Muslim writers who specialized in the study of foreign religions often presented Marcionite theology accurately. For example,
Recent scholarship
In Lost Christianities,
Robert M. Price considers the Pauline canon a single collection of epistles despite the problem which is caused by a lack of knowledge as to how they were collected, when they were collected, who collected them and sent copies of them to the various churches.[38] Price has investigated several historical scenarios and reached the conclusion that Marcion was the first person in recorded history who is known to have collected Paul's writings and sent copies of them to various churches together as a canon. He summarizes,
But the first collector of the Pauline Epistles had been Marcion. No one else we know of would be a good candidate, certainly not the essentially fictive Luke, Timothy, and Onesimus. And Marcion, as Burkitt and Bauer show, fills the bill perfectly.[39]
David Trobisch argues that the evidence which is revealed by comparison of the oldest manuscripts of Paul’s letters proves that several epistles had previously been assembled as an anthology which was published separate from the New Testament, and as a whole, this anthology was then incorporated into the New Testament. Trobisch also argues that Paul was the assembler of his own letters for publication.[40]
See also
- Antinatalism
- Antinomianism
- Antitactae
- Borborites
- Catharism
- Christianity in the ante-Nicene period
- Gnosticism
- List of Gnostic sects
- Manichaeism
- Positive Christianity
- Religion in Nazi Germany
- Marcion hypothesis
References
- ^ 115 years and 6 months from the Crucifixion of Jesus, according to Tertullian's reckoning in Adversus Marcionem, XV.
- ^ S2CID 152458823.
- ^ S2CID 171394481.
- ^ History of the Christian Church, Volume II: Ante-Nicene Christianity. A.D. 100–325. Marcion and his School by PHILIP SCHAFF [1]
- ^ BeDuhn, Jason (2015). "The New Marcion" (PDF). Forum. 3 (Fall 2015): 165.
- ISBN 978-0-06-085951-0.
- ^ "Eusebius' Church History". Ccel.org. 2005-06-01. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
- ^ a b Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus. pp. 33–34.
- ^ Ehrman, Bart D. Misquoting Jesus. p. 163.
- ^ Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, Book v. Chapter xiii.
- ^ Hippolytus, Refutation of all Heresies, book 7, ch. 19
- ^ Adolf von Harnack, History of Dogma, vol. 1, ch. 5, p. 269
- ^ Harnack, idem., p.271
- ^ Article on Adolf von Harnack
- ^ G. R. S. Mead, Fragments of a Faith Forgotten: Some Short Sketches among the Gnostics of the First Two Centuries (London, 1906), p. 246.
- ^ von Harnack, Adolf (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 191–693.
- ^ Harnack, Origin of the New Testament, appendix 6, pp. 222–23
- ^ McDonald & Sanders, editors, The Canon Debate, 2002, chapter 18 by Everett Ferguson, page 310, quoting Tertullian's De praescriptione haereticorum 30: "Since Marcion separated the New Testament from the Old, he is necessarily subsequent to that which he separated, inasmuch as it was only in his power to separate what was previously united. Having been united previous to its separation, the fact of its subsequent separation proves the subsequence also of the man who effected the separation." Page 308, note 61 adds: "[Wolfram] Kinzig suggests that it was Marcion who usually called his Bible testamentum [Latin for testament]."
- ^ Gnostic Society Library presentation of Marcion's Antithesis
- ^ Marcionite Research Library presentation of The Gospel of Marcion
- ^ "The Very First Bible". theveryfirstbible.org. Retrieved 2021-11-04.
- ^ Mead 1931.
- ^ Adrian Cozad. "Book Seven of the Apostolicon: The Epistle of the Apostle Paul To the Laodiceans" (PDF). Marcionite Research Library. Melissa Cutler. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
- ISBN 978-1-59815-131-2.
- ^ "Origin of the New Testament – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". Ccel.org. 2005-07-22. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ^ "Origin of the New Testament – Christian Classics Ethereal Library". Ccel.org. 2005-07-22. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
- ^ Ernest Evans (2001-12-08). "Tertullian "Against Marcion" 1.2". Tertullian.org. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
- ^ Tertullian (2002-06-22). ""Against Marcion" 4.11.9". Translated by Ernest Evans. Tertullian.org. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
- Against Heresies, 1.27.3
- ^ Tertullian Adversus Marcionem ("Against Marcion"), translated and edited by Ernest Evans
- ^ Thomas of Margā, Book of Governors, Syriac text, ed. Budge, London 1893, p. 261
- ^ Fihrist, ed. Tad̲j̲addud, p. 402
- ^ Fihrist, ed. Tad̲j̲addud, p. 19
- ^ a b c d e de Blois, F.C., “Marḳiyūniyya”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs.
- ^ al-Masʿūdī, Tanbīh, 127
- ^ Interview by Deborah Caldwell (2011-02-17). "Interview with Bart Ehrman about Lost Christianities". Beliefnet.com. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
- ISBN 978-0-19-514183-2.
- ^ "The Evolution of the Pauline Canon by Robert Price". Depts.drew.edu. Archived from the original on 2013-01-14. Retrieved 2013-01-25.
- ISBN 978-1-56085-216-2.[page needed]
- ISBN 978-0-96639667-6.[page needed]
Further reading
- Baker, David L., Two Testaments, One Bible (second edn; Leicester: Inter-Varsity, 1991): pp. 35, 48–52.
- Legge, Francis, Forerunners and Rivals of Christianity, From 330 B.C. to 330 A.D. (1914), reprinted in two volumes bound as one, University Books New York, 1964. LC Catalog 64-24125.
- McGowan, Andrew Brian (2001). "Marcion's Love of Creation". Journal of Early Christian Studies. 9 (3): 295–311. S2CID 170522717.
- Mead, G.R.S., Gospel of Marcion Fragments of a Faith Forgotten, London and Benares, 1900; 3rd Edition 1931.
- Price, Robert M. The Evolution of the Pauline Canon.
- Riparelli, Enrico, Il volto del Cristo dualista. Da Marcione ai catari, Peter Lang, Bern – Berlin – Bruxelles – Frankfurt am Main – New York – Oxford – Wien 2008, 368 pp. ISBN 978-3-03911-490-0
- Rist, Martin (1942). "Pseudepigraphic Refutations of Marcionism". The Journal of Religion. 22 (1): 39–62. S2CID 171058612.
- Pollock, Benjamin (2012). "On the Road to Marcionism: Franz Rosenzweig's Early Theology". Jewish Quarterly Review. 102 (2): 224–55. S2CID 170094655.
- Merquior, J. G (1988). "From Marcionism to Marxism". Critical Review. 2 (4): 101–13. .
- Sciglitano, Anthony Charles (2003). Hans Urs von Balthasar's theology of Judaism: Trinitarian anti -Marcionism and the surprising nature of grace. ETD Collection for Fordham University. pp. 1–230.
External links
- von Harnack, Adolf (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 691–693.
- The Marcionite Research Library
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. .