Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)

Marcus Claudius Marcellus (42–23 BC) was the eldest son of

At the conclusion of the War of Actium, Antony was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in September 31 BC, for which Octavian was awarded a triple triumph. The triumph was held in Rome during which his chariot was preceded by Tiberius and Marcellus. Tiberius rode on the trace-horse to the left while Marcellus rode on the more honorable trace-horse to the right, though Tiberius led the older boys in the Lusus Troiae ("Trojan games") as part of the performances held at the Circus Maximus. Octavian also had money distributed to the children of Rome in Marcellus' name.^{[9][10][11][12]}

Career

Marcellus and Tiberius either accompanied or followed Augustus to

He and Tiberius then returned to Rome, probably in the spring of 25 BC. His political career saw acceleration by Augustus, and he was thought to be Augustus' preferred successor by many contemporaries.[14] He was married to his cousin Julia the Elder, who was Augustus' only daughter. The following year (24 BC) he was awarded extraordinary privileges by the Senate:^[15][16]

• He was made equal in rank to ex-praetors
• He was given the right to stand for the aedileship in 23 BC^{[note 1]}
• He was given the right to become consul ten years before the legal age

Augustus fell dangerously ill in 23 BC and did not expect to recover. The model of imperial succession suggested that the closest male relative would succeed, despite the fact that Marcellus had held no office and lacked military experience. His marriage to Augustus' daughter seemed to be a strong indicator, but Augustus seems to have planned his succession so that the strongest and most experienced member of his family would succeed. He gave his signet ring to his lifelong friend and general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, a sign that Agrippa would succeed him if he were to die. This probably angered Marcellus, who expected to be his heir, though Augustus may have meant for Agrippa to run the empire until Marcellus became more experienced leading armies.^[14][18][19]

The consequences of giving the ring to Agrippa is not entirely clear and it began much political speculation in Rome. It was an indication that Rome would remain under Caesarian control even after the death of Augustus. Regardless, the emperor was soon restored to health by an Antonius Musa and began grooming Marcellus for the principate. Agrippa left Rome to supervise the eastern provinces as the political climate in Rome became heated. Agrippa's absence from Rome served to protect him from personal attacks and to remove some of the perceived repression from republican-minded senators.^[20] Suetonius reports that Agrippa left Rome because of Augustus' preference for Marcellus.^[14][21]

As the political drama developed in Rome, Marcellus had developed a fever. Musa treated his illness the same way he had treated Augustus, using cold baths, but it was to no avail, and Marcellus died. ^{[note 2][22][23]}

Post mortem

He was cremated and his ashes were the first to be interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus on the Campus Martius beside the river Tiber. The Mausoleum became the family tomb for Rome's first monarchic family in five centuries.^[23] Livia was suspected of having a hand in his death, despite the fact that there was a plague in Rome that claimed many lives. Dio reports that his contemporaries blamed her because Marcellus was favored above her son Tiberius.^[24][25][26]

The new theater that was under construction at the foot of the

Sextus Propertius wrote an epikedion for Marcellus (3.18) in which he criticizes Baiae, the place of his death, and elevates Marcellus to the level of Julius Caesar and his famous (alleged) ancestor Marcus Claudius Marcellus who fought in the Second Punic War.^[4]

Virgil published Aeneid, his great epic of the foundation of Rome, four or five years after the death of Marcellus. In book six, the protagonist Aeneas is taken to the Underworld in one of the prophecy scenes where he encounters the spirit of Marcellus. It includes a narrative of the funeral of Marcellus on the Campus Martius. Virgil writes he was to have been the greatest of Romans, but even the gods were jealous and took Marcellus from the Roman people.^[29]

Cultural depictions

Due to his close relation to the leading member of Roman politics, he is depicted in many works of art. The most notable of which include:

• Virgil reading the Aeneid to Augustus and Octavia (1787), a painting by Jean-Joseph Taillasson.^{[note 3][30]}
• Virgil Reading the Aeneid to Augustus and Octavia (1788), a painting by Angelica Kauffman
• Virgil reading The Aeneid before Augustus, Livia and Octavia (1812), a painting by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
• I, Claudius (1934), a historical novel by classicist Robert Graves.^[25]
• I, Claudius (1976), a television series by Jack Pulman. He is played by Christopher Guard.^[31]
• Domina (2021), created and written by Simon Burke for Sky Atlantic. He is played by Finn Bennett.

Ancestry

Ancestry of Gaius Claudius Marcellus Julia Minor
					31. Aurelia

Notes

1. ^ Barbara Levick says he was given the right to stand for the aedileship of 23 BC (Levick 2003, p. 8), but Cassius Dio says Marcellus was immediately made aedile and Tiberius was made quaestor (Cassius Dio LVIII, 26).
2. ^ Augustus was ruling as the first among equals (princeps), not as an outright monarch. The public mourning of Marcellus was seen as the emergence of a royal dynasty, one in which Marcellus was a fallen prince (Alston 2015, p. 252).
3. ^ Though the work does not depict him directly, it is of his mother fainting after hearing Virgil recite lines referencing Marcellus' youthful virtues in book six of his Aeneid (Woolf 2003, p. 16).

References

1. ^ Richardson 2012, p. 98
2. ^ ^{a b c} Southern 2013, p. 4
3. ^ Wood 2000, p. 322
4. ^ ^{a b} Cairns 2006, p. 351
5. ^ Cassius Dio, XLVIII, 38
6. ^ Smith 1873, p. 473
7. ^ Syme 1989, p. 256
8. ^ Levick 2003, p. 5
9. ^ Suetonius, Life of Tiberius 6
10. ^ Gurval 1998, p. 21
11. ^ Alston 2015, p. 225
12. ^ ^{a b} Levick 2003, pp. 8–9
13. ^ Cassius Dio, LIII, 26
14. ^ ^{a b c} Dunstan 2010, p. 274
15. ^ Cassius Dio, LIII, 28
16. ^ Levick 2003, p. 8
17. ^ Tacitus, I.3
18. ^ Alston 2015, p. 248
19. ^ Southern 2013, p. 120
20. ^ Alston 2015, pp. 249–250
21. ^ Suetonius, Life of Augustus 66.3
22. ^ Cassius Dio, LIII, 30
23. ^ ^{a b c} Alston 2015, pp. 250–252
24. ^ Cassius Dio, LIII 33.4
25. ^ ^{a b} Southern 2013, p. 208
26. ^ Swan 2004, p. 302
27. ^ Cairns 2006, p. 260
28. ^ Swan 2004, p. 72
29. ^ Alston 2015, p. 251
30. ^ Woolf 2003, p. 16
31. ^ Newcomb 1997, p. 1157

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Cassius Dio, Roman History Book 53, English translation
• Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Life of Augustus, Latin text with English translation
• Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Life of Tiberius, Latin text with English translation
• Tacitus, Annals, I, English translation

Secondary sources

• Alston, Richard (2015), Rome's Revolution: Death of the Republic and Birth of the Empire, Oxford University Press,
  ISBN 9780190231606
• Cairns, Francis (2006), Sextus Propertius: The Augustan Elegist, Cambridge University Press,
  ISBN 9780521864572
• Dunstan, William E. (2010), Ancient Rome, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
  ISBN 9780742568341
• Gurval, Robert Alan (1998), Actium and Augustus: The Politics and Emotions of Civil War, University of Michigan Press,
  ISBN 9780472084890
• ISBN 9781134603787
• ISBN 978-0-203-93734-1
• Richardson, J. S. (2012), Augustan Rome 44 BC to AD 14: The Restoration of the Republic and the Establishment of the Empire, Edinburgh University Press,
  ISBN 9780748655335
• Southern, Patricia (2013), Augustus, Routledge,
  ISBN 9781134589562
• Swan, Michael Peter (2004), The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History, Oxford University Press,
  ISBN 0-19-516774-0
• Syme, Ronald (1989), The Augustan Aristocracy, Clarendon Press,
  ISBN 9780198147312
• Wood, Susan E. (2000), Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images, 40 B.c. - A.d. 68, BRILL,
  ISBN 9789004119697
• Woolf, Greg (2003), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Roman World, Cambridge University Press,
  ISBN 9780521827751
•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1873). "Pompeia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 3. p. 473.

External links

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