Maresha

Coordinates: 31°35′35″N 34°53′54″E / 31.59306°N 34.89833°E / 31.59306; 34.89833
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Caves of Maresha
Judean Lowlands as a Microcosm of the Land of the Caves
CriteriaCultural: (v)
Reference1370
Inscription2014 (38th Session)
Coordinates31°35′35″N 34°53′54″E / 31.59306°N 34.89833°E / 31.59306; 34.89833
Maresha is located in Israel
Maresha

Tel Maresha (

Arabised as Marissa (ماريسا).[2] The tell is situated in Israel's Shephelah region, i.e. in the foothills of the Judaean Mountains
, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southeast of Beit Gubrin.

Excavations revealed that Maresha was inhabited (not necessarily continuously) during the Iron Age, the Persian period, and the Hellenistic period.[3] John Hyrcanus of the Hasmonean dynasty seized Maresha in 113/112 BCE, leading to its decline and eventual desertion. The city faced its ultimate destruction at the hands of the Parthians in 40 BCE.[4]

Maresha was first excavated in 1898–1900 by the British archaeologists Bliss and Macalister on behalf of the Palestine Exploration Fund and again after 1989 by Israeli archaeologist Amos Kloner on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority.[1] Most of the artifacts of the British excavation are to be found today in the Istanbul Archaeology Museums.

This site is now protected as part of Beit Guvrin-Maresha National Park and its burial caves are recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.[5]

Identification

Map illustrating the locations of Kibbutz Beit Guvrin, historical Bayt Jibrin-Eleutheropolis, the ancient caves World Heritage Site, and Tel Maresha (1940s Survey of Palestine map with modern overlay)

The location of Maresha in relation to Eleutheropolis (Beit Gubrin) has been noted by Eusebius in his Onomasticon, who wrote:

Maresa (Joshua 15:44). Tribe of Judah. It is now a deserted site about 2 milestones from Eleutheropolis.[6]

C.R. Conder and H.H. Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund surmised that Maresha should be identified with Khurbet Mar'ash, a ruin 3⁄4 mile south of Beit Jibrin, based on a phonetic similarity of their names.[7] It was not until J. P. Peters and Hermann Thiersch explored the ruins of Khurbet Sandahannah (grid position 140111 PAL) in 1902 that they discovered a Greek funerary inscription in an adjacent burial cave (known as the Sidonian burial Cave) which explicitly identified the site as Maresha.[8][9][10] Today, Khurbet Sandahannah is an archaeological tell comprising 24 dunams (5.9 acres), with its "lower city" incorporating into it an additional 400 dunams (98 acres).

History

Main article: Bayt Jibrin § History
Further information:
Beit Guvrin National Park

Iron Age to Hellenistic period

Maresha was one of the cities of

First Temple and is mentioned as part of the inheritance of the biblical tribe of Judah in the Book of Joshua.[11]

Later, in the second

Ethiopian army.[13]

According to the Madaba Map, Maresha was the place "whence came Micah the Prophet".[14] In the 6th century BCE, as result of Zedekiah's rebellion against the Babylonian kingdom and its king Nebuchadnezzar II, the latter occupied the Judean kingdom and sent many of its inhabitants into exile. This marked the end of Maresha as a Judahite city.

The columbarium at Tell Maresha

Following these events,

Hellenised form of Edom. During the period of Persian rule, Phoenician colonies were encouraged to spread out along the coastal regions of Palestine and in the adjacent hill country of Judea, whence their early settlement in Maresha took its rise.[15]

With the conquest of the region by

Ptolemaic empire, while from 200 BCE onward the center of a Seleucid administrative district.[15]

Decline and fall

Tel Maresha

The city began its decline during the

Book of Maccabees reports that Judas Maccabeus and his forces marched through Marisa in around 163/2 BCE when the city was burnt during Judas' conquest of the Idumaean region,[17][18] from Hebron to Azotus (Ashdod).[19]

Following the rebellion and its success, John Hyrcanus conquered the city in c. 112 BCE, forcibly converting its inhabitants to Judaism.[20][15]

In 63 BCE, as part of the arrangements made by Pompey in the region, Maresha, along with all of Edom, was separated from the Jewish kingdom and returned to Idumea. In 47 BCE Julius Caesar then annexed the city to Judea.[21]

Maresha was finally destroyed in 40 BCE by the

Hasmoneans who had sought their aid and Herod, who was a son of the converted Antipater the Idumaean
and was being supported by the Romans.

After Maresha: Beth Gabra/Eleutheropolis

After the demise of Maresha, the neighbouring

Eusebius of Caesarea (d. 340 CE), Maresha itself was already a deserted place: he mentions the city in his Onomasticon, saying that it was at a distance of "two milestones from Eleutheropolis
".

Modern era

The Palestinian Arab village

Beit Guvrin-Maresha National Park
.

Archaeology

Bell cave

Archaeological excavations have been conducted at the site from 1972 to 2002 by Amos Kloner and from 2002 until 2014, by Bernie Alpert and Ian Stern, initially on behalf of the

columbaria). Many of the caves are linked by an underground maze of passageways.[24]

During excavations at Tel Maresha, archaeologists uncovered a lead weight with a Greek inscription that read: "Year 170 (corresponding to 143/2 BCE), the agoranomos [= "market inspector"] being Antipater, son of Heliodorus, and Aristodamus, son of Ariston (?)."[25] The calendar year is written according to the Seleucid era counting, during which same year Simon Thassi of the Hasmonean dynasty assumed power.

Among the major archaeological finds at this site is the Heliodorus Stele.[26] This stele recounts events in Judaea prior to the Maccabean revolt and offers important historical evidence for events that would precede events which modern day Jews commemorate during the holiday of Chanukah.

Approximately 500 ostraca were found in Tell Maresha alone, 400 of which discovered since 2000. Included among these are both dated and undated dockets, tags with personal names and a number of letters of correspondence.[27]

In 2022, a large number of knucklebones were found. Some were used to play games (for example, knucklebones) and others to contact the gods (astragalomancy). Those that bear writing were in Greek.[28]

Tel Maresha and national park

Today Maresha is part of the Israeli national park of Beit Guvrin. Many of the ancient city's olive presses, columbaria and water cisterns can still be seen. Furthermore, the Archaeological Seminars Institute, under the license of the Israel Antiquities Authority, conducts excavations of Maresha's many quarried systems, and invites visitors to participate.

See also

Gallery

  • Stairway leading down an ancient quarry Extensive cave dwellings at Tell Maresha
    Stairway leading down an ancient quarry
    Extensive cave dwellings at Tell Maresha
  • Vast underground chambers at Tell Maresha
    Vast underground chambers at Tell Maresha
  • An old olive press at Tell Maresha
    An old olive press at Tell Maresha
  • Inner recess of cave dwelling
    Inner recess of cave dwelling
  • Staircase at ruin Khirbet Sandahannah (now Tell Maresha)
    Staircase at ruin Khirbet Sandahannah (now Tell Maresha)
  • Columbarium (dovecote) in Maresha
    Columbarium (dovecote) in Maresha

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 0-8264-1316-1
    .
  2. ^ The Interpreter's Bible,1956, Abingdon Press, Volume VI, page 897
  3. ISBN 9781575065809
    .
  4. ISSN 0792-8424
    .
  5. ^ "Caves of Maresha and Bet-Guvrin in the Judean Lowlands as a Microcosm of the Land of the Caves". UNESCO.
  6. OCLC 937002750
    .
  7. ^ Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1883). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 3. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 262.
  8. OCLC 1854067
    . Apollophanes, [son of] Sesmaios, thirty-three years chief of the Sidonians at Marise, reputed the best and most kin-loving of all those of his time; he died, having lived seventy-four years; see also the Greek inscription in NEAEHL, Vol. 3, ed. by E. Stern, Jerusalem 1993, p. 955.
  9. OCLC 745203905
    .
  10. ^ Rainey (1983), p. 10
  11. ^ Joshua 15:44)
  12. ^ 2 Chronicles 11:5–10
  13. ^ 2 Chronicles 14:9–12
  14. ^ "The Madaba Mosaic Map web site! - Welcome". Archived from the original on 2016-09-19. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
  15. ^
    OCLC 745203905
    .
  16. ^ Mysterious Caves of Maresha by Ian Stern at academia.edu. Three fragments of a Greek inscription, believed to be part of the Heliodoros stele were recently found at an Israel Antiquities Authority excavation at the National Park of Beit Guvrin.
  17. ^ 1 Maccabees 5:66
  18. ^ Josephus (Antiquities 12.8.6.; 12.350)
  19. Douai-Rheims edition (1899) as passing through Samaria: 1 Maccabees 5:66
  20. ^ Josephus, Antiquities Book xxii chapter 9 paragraph 1
  21. ISBN 0-8028-2400-5
    p 856
  22. OCLC 745203905
    .
  23. ^ Israel Antiquities Authority, Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2010, Survey Permit # A-5808; Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2013, Survey Permit # A-6701; Excavators and Excavations Permit for Year 2014, Survey Permit # A-7015
  24. New York Times
  25. ISBN 978-3-11-054364-3
    .
  26. ^ Exhibitions - The Heliodorus Stele
  27. ISBN 978-3-11-054364-3
    .
  28. ^ Huge Number of Knucklebones for Prophecy and Games Discovered in Biblical Maresha

Bibliography

External links

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