Margaret Mitchell
Margaret Mitchell | |
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Pulitzer Prize for Novel (1937) (1936)National Book Award | |
Spouse | |
Parents | Eugene M. Mitchell Maybelle Stephens |
Relatives | Annie Fitzgerald Stephens (grandmother) Joseph Mitchell (nephew) Mary Melanie Holliday (cousin) |
Signature | |
Margaret Munnerlyn Mitchell (November 8, 1900 – August 16, 1949)
Mitchell was struck and killed by a speeding drunk driver in 1949.
Family history
Margaret Mitchell was a lifelong resident of
Mitchell's family on her father's side were descendants of Thomas Mitchell, originally of
Her grandfather, Russell Crawford Mitchell, of Atlanta, enlisted in the Confederate States Army on June 24, 1861, and served in Hood's Texas Brigade. He was severely wounded at the Battle of Sharpsburg, demoted for "inefficiency," and detailed as a nurse in Atlanta.[7] After the Civil War, he made a large fortune supplying lumber for the rapid rebuilding of Atlanta. Russell Mitchell had thirteen children from two wives; the eldest was Eugene, who graduated from the University of Georgia Law School.[4][8][9]
Mitchell's maternal great-grandfather, Philip Fitzgerald, emigrated from Ireland and eventually settled on a slaveholding plantation,
The Atlanta Constitution reported that May Belle Stephens and Eugene Mitchell were married at the Jackson Street mansion of the bride's parents on November 8, 1892: Mitchell's was buried in Oakland Cemetery in Georgia.
the maid of honor, Miss Annie Stephens, was as pretty as a French pastel, in a directoire costume of yellow satin with a long coat of green velvet sleeves, and a vest of gold brocade...The bride was a fair vision of youthful loveliness in her robe of exquisite ivory white and satin...her slippers were white satin wrought with pearls...an elegant supper was served. The dining room was decked in white and green, illuminated with numberless candles in silver candlelabras...The bride's gift from her father was an elegant house and lot...At 11 o'clock Mrs. Mitchell donned a pretty going-away gown of green English cloth with its jaunty velvet hat to match and bid goodbye to her friends.[13]
Early influences
Margaret Mitchell spent her early childhood on Jackson Hill, east of downtown Atlanta.[14] Her family lived near her maternal grandmother, Annie Stephens, in a Victorian house painted bright red with yellow trim.[15] Mrs. Stephens had been a widow for several years prior to Margaret's birth; Captain John Stephens died in 1896. After his death, she inherited property on Jackson Street where Margaret's family lived.[16]: 24
Grandmother Annie Stephens was quite a character, both vulgar and a tyrant. After gaining control of her father Philip Fitzgerald's money after he died, she splurged on her younger daughters, including Margaret's mother, and sent them to finishing school in the north. There they learned that Irish Americans were not treated as equal to other immigrants.[15]: 325 Margaret's relationship with her grandmother would become quarrelsome in later years as she entered adulthood. However, for Margaret, her grandmother was a great source of "eye-witness information" about the Civil War and Reconstruction in Atlanta prior to her death in 1934.[17]
Girlhood on Jackson Hill
In an accident that was traumatic for her mother although she was unharmed, when Mitchell was about three years old, her dress caught fire on an iron grate. Fearing it would happen again, her mother began dressing her in boys' pants, and she was nicknamed "Jimmy", the name of a character in the comic strip, Little Jimmy.[18] Her brother insisted she would have to be a boy named Jimmy to play with him. Having no sisters to play with, Mitchell said she was a boy named Jimmy until she was fourteen.[16]: 27–28
Stephens Mitchell said his sister was a tomboy who would happily play with dolls occasionally, and she liked to ride her Texas plains pony.[19] As a little girl, Mitchell went riding every afternoon with a Confederate veteran and a young lady of "beau-age".[20] She was raised in an era when children were "seen and not heard" and was not allowed to express her personality by running and screaming on Sunday afternoons while her family was visiting relatives.[21] Mitchell learned the gritty details of specific battles from these visits with aging Confederate soldiers. But she didn't learn that the South had actually lost the war until she was 10 years of age: "I heard everything in the world except that the Confederates lost the war. When I was ten years old, it was a violent shock to learn that
May Belle Mitchell was "hissing blood-curdling threats" to her daughter to make her behave the evening she took her to a women's suffrage rally led by Carrie Chapman Catt.[15]: 56 Her daughter sat on a platform wearing a Votes-for-Women banner, blowing kisses to the gentlemen, while her mother gave an impassioned speech.[23][24] She was nineteen years old when the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, which gave women the right to vote.
May Belle Mitchell was president of the Atlanta Woman's Suffrage League (1915), co-founder of Georgia's division of the
Mitchell's father was not in favor of corporal punishment in school. During his tenure as president of the educational board (1911–1912),[26] corporal punishment in the public schools was abolished. Reportedly, Eugene Mitchell received a whipping on the first day he attended school and the mental impression of the thrashing lasted far longer than the physical marks.[27]
Jackson Hill was an old, affluent part of the city. prompting an angry mob of 10,000 to assemble in the streets, pulling black people from street cars, beating, killing dozens over the next three days.
Eugene Mitchell went to bed early the night the rioting began, but was awakened by the sounds of gunshots. The following morning, as he later wrote, to his wife, he learned "16 negroes had been killed and a multitude had been injured" and that rioters "killed or tried to kill every Negro they saw." As the rioting continued, rumors ran wild that black people would burn Jackson Hill.[28] At his daughter's suggestion, Eugene Mitchell, who did not own a gun, stood guard with a sword.[30] Though the rumors proved untrue and no attack arrived, Mitchell recalled twenty years later the terror she felt during the riot.[15]: 41 Mitchell grew up in a Southern culture where the fear of black-on-white rape incited mob violence, and in this world, white Georgians lived in fear of the "black beast rapist".[31]
A few years after the riot, the Mitchell family decided to move away from Jackson Hill.
Mitchell's father was of a
The South of Gone with the Wind
While "the South" exists as a geographical region of the United States, it is also said to exist as "a place of the imagination" of writers.[38] An image of "the South" was fixed in Mitchell's imagination when at six years old her mother took her on a buggy tour through ruined plantations and "Sherman's sentinels",[39] the brick and stone chimneys that remained after William Tecumseh Sherman's "March and torch" through Georgia.[40] Mitchell would later recall what her mother had said to her:
She talked about the world those people had lived in, such a secure world, and how it had exploded beneath them. And she told me that my world was going to explode under me, someday, and God help me if I didn't have some weapon to meet the new world.[39]
From an imagination cultivated in her youth, Margaret Mitchell's defensive weapon would become her writing.[39]
Mitchell said she heard Civil War stories from her relatives when she was growing up:
On Sunday afternoons when we went calling on the older generation of relatives, those who had been active in the Sixties, I sat on the bony knees of veterans and the fat slippery laps of great aunts and heard them talk.[41]
On summer vacations, she visited her maternal great-aunts, Mary Ellen ("Mamie") Fitzgerald and Sarah ("Sis") Fitzgerald, who still lived at her great-grandparents' plantation home in Jonesboro.[42] Mamie had been twenty-one years old and Sis was thirteen when the Civil War began.[43]
An avid reader
An avid reader, young Margaret read "boys' stories" by
Young storyteller
An imaginative and precocious writer, Margaret Mitchell began with stories about animals, then progressed to fairy tales and adventure stories. She fashioned book covers for her stories, bound the tablet paper pages together and added her own artwork. At age eleven she gave a name to her publishing enterprise: "Urchin Publishing Co." Later her stories were written in notebooks.[34]: x, 14–15 May Belle Mitchell kept her daughter's stories in white enamel bread boxes and several boxes of her stories were stored in the house by the time Margaret went off to college.[16]: 32
"Margaret" is a character riding a galloping pony in The Little Pioneers, and plays "
Romantic love and honor emerged as themes of abiding interest for Mitchell in The Knight and the Lady (ca. 1909), in which a "good knight" and a "bad knight" duel for the hand of the lady. In The Arrow Brave and the Deer Maiden (ca. 1913), a half-white Indian brave, Jack, must withstand the pain inflicted upon him to uphold his honor and win the girl.[34]: 9 & 106–112 The same themes were treated with increasing artistry in Lost Laysen, the novella Mitchell wrote as a teenager in 1916,[48]: 7 and, with much greater sophistication, in Mitchell's last known novel, Gone with the Wind, which she began in 1926.[49]
In her pre-teens, Mitchell also wrote stories set in foreign locations, such as The Greaser (1913), a cowboy story set in Mexico.[34]: 185–199 In 1913 she wrote two stories with Civil War settings; one includes her notation that "237 pages are in this book".[34]: 47
School life
Fancy Dress Masquerade
Seventy girls and boys were the guests of Miss Margaret Mitchell at a fancy dress masquerade yesterday afternoon at the home of her parents Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Mitchell on Peachtree street and the occasion was beautiful and enjoyable.
There was a prize for guessing the greatest number of identities under the masks, and another for the guest who best concealed his or her identity.
The pretty young hostess was a demure Martha Washington in flowered crepe gown over a pink silk petticoat and her powdered hair was worn high.
Mrs. Mitchell wore a ruby velvet gown.
The Constitution, Atlanta, November 21, 1914.
While the
Coldly, dispassionately she viewed him, the chill steel of the gun giving her confidence. She must not miss now—she would not miss—and she did not.[34]: 204
Mitchell received encouragement from her English teacher, Mrs. Paisley, who recognized her writing talent.[53] A demanding teacher, Paisley told her she had ability if she worked hard and would not be careless in constructing sentences. A sentence, she said, must be "complete, concise and coherent".[15]: 84
Mitchell read the books of
During her years at Washington Seminary, Mitchell's brother, Stephens, was away studying at Harvard College (1915–1917), and he left in May 1917 to enlist in the army, about a month after the U.S. declared war on Germany. He set sail for France in April 1918, participated in engagements in the Lagny and Marbache sectors, then returned to Georgia in October as a training instructor.[60] While Margaret and her mother were in New York in September 1918 preparing for Margaret to attend college, Stephens wired his father that he was safe after his ship had been torpedoed en route to New York from France.[61]
Stephens Mitchell thought college was the "ruination of girls".[15]: 106 However, May Belle Mitchell placed a high value on education for women and she wanted her daughter's future accomplishments to come from using her mind. She saw education as Margaret's weapon and "the key to survival".[5][39] The classical college education she desired for her daughter was one that was on par with men's colleges, and this type of education was available only at northern schools. Her mother chose Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts for Margaret because she considered it to be the best women's college in the United States.[5]: 13–14
Upon graduating from Washington Seminary in June 1918, Mitchell fell in love with a Harvard graduate, a young army lieutenant, Clifford West Henry,
On September 14, while she was enrolled at Smith College, Henry was mortally wounded in action in France and died on October 17.[63] As Henry waited in the Verdun trenches, shortly before being wounded, he composed a poem on a leaf torn from his field notebook, found later among his effects. The last stanza of Lieutenant Clifford W. Henry's poem follows:
If "out of luck" at duty's call
In glorious action I should fall
At God's behest,
May those I hold most dear and best
Know I have stood the acid test
Should I "go West."[65]
General Edwards Presents Medal
Mrs. Ira Henry of Sound Beach was presented the Distinguished Service medal from the War department today in honor of her son, Captain Clifford W. Henry for bravery under fire during the World war. The medal, recommended by General Pershing, was presented by Major General Edwards.
Captain Henry, who during the war was a lieutenant with Co.F, 102nd infantry, captured the town of Vignuelles, nine kilometers inside the Hindenburg line on September 13, 1918. Lieutenant Henry and 50 of his men were killed the next day by a terrific explosion in the town. Captain Henry was a graduate of Harvard University.
The Bridgeport Telegram, July 4, 1927.
Henry repeatedly advanced in front of the platoon he commanded, drawing machine-gun fire so that the German nests could be located and wiped out by his men. Although wounded in the leg in this effort, his death was the result of shrapnel wounds from an air bomb dropped by a German plane.
Clifford Henry was the great love of Margaret Mitchell's life, according to her brother.[68] In a letter to a friend (A. Edee, March 26, 1920), Mitchell wrote of Clifford that she had a "memory of a love that had in it no trace of physical passion".[69]
Mitchell had vague aspirations of a career in psychiatry,
Give of yourself with both hands and overflowing heart, but give only the excess after you have lived your own life.[70]
An average student at Smith College, Mitchell did not excel in any area of academics. She held a low estimation of her writing abilities. Even though her English professor had praised her work, she felt the praise was undue.[71] After finishing her freshman year at Smith, Mitchell returned to Atlanta to take over the household for her father and never returned to college.[70] In October 1919, while regaining her strength after an appendectomy, she confided to a friend that giving up college and her dreams of a "journalistic career" to keep house and take her mother's place in society meant "giving up all the worthwhile things that counted for—nothing!"[72]
Marriage
Miss Mitchell, Hostess
Miss Mitchell was hostess at an informal buffet supper last evening at her home on Peachtree road, the occasion complimenting Miss Blanche Neel, of Macon, who is visiting Miss Dorothy Bates.
Spring flowers adorned the laced covered table in the dining room. Miss Neel was gowned in blue Georgette crepe. Miss Mitchell wore pink taffeta. Miss Bates was gowned in blue velvet.
Invited to meet the honor guest were Miss Bates, Miss Virginia Walker, Miss Ethel Tye, Miss Caroline Tye, Miss Helen Turman, Miss Lethea Turman, Miss Frances Ellis, Miss Janet Davis, Miss Lillian Raley, Miss Mary Woolridge, Charles DuPree, William Cantrell, Lieutenant Jack Swarthout, Lieutenant William Gooch, Stephen Mitchell, McDonald Brittain, Harry Hallman, George Northen, Frank Hooper, Walter Whiteman, Frank Stanton, Val Stanton, Charles Belleau, Henry Angel, Berrien Upshaw and Edmond Cooper.
The Constitution, Atlanta, February 2, 1921.
Margaret began using the name "Peggy" at
Mitchell was, in her own words, an "unscrupulous flirt". She found herself engaged to five men, but maintained that she neither lied to nor misled any of them.[80] A local gossip columnist, who wrote under the name Polly Peachtree, described Mitchell's love life in a 1922 column:
...she has in her brief life, perhaps, had more men really, truly 'dead in love' with her, more honest-to-goodness suitors than almost any other girl in Atlanta.[75]
In April 1922, Mitchell was seeing two men almost daily: one was Berrien ("Red") Kinnard Upshaw (March 10, 1901 – January 13, 1949), whom she is thought to have met in 1917 at a dance hosted by the parents of one of her friends, and the other, Upshaw's roommate and friend, John Robert Marsh (October 6, 1895 – March 5, 1952), a copy editor from Kentucky who worked for the Associated Press.[81][16]: 37 & 80 Upshaw was an Atlanta boy, a few months younger than Mitchell, whose family moved to Raleigh, North Carolina in 1916.[48]: 16 In 1919 he was appointed to the United States Naval Academy, but resigned for academic deficiencies on January 5, 1920. He was readmitted in May, then 19 years old, and spent two months at sea before resigning a second time on September 1, 1920.[82] Unsuccessful in his educational pursuits and with no job, in 1922 Upshaw earned money bootlegging alcohol out of the Georgia mountains.[83]
Although her family disapproved, Peggy and Red married on September 2, 1922; the best man at their wedding was John Marsh, who would become her second husband. The couple resided at the Mitchell home with her father. By December the marriage to Upshaw had dissolved and he left. Mitchell suffered physical and emotional abuse, the result of Upshaw's alcoholism and violent temper. Upshaw agreed to an uncontested divorce after John Marsh gave him a loan and Mitchell agreed not to press assault charges against him.[46][81][84] Upshaw and Mitchell were divorced on October 16, 1924.[74]: xx
During this time, Mitchell left the Catholic Church and became an Episcopalian.[35][85]
On July 4, 1925, 24-year-old Margaret Mitchell and 29-year-old John Marsh were married in the Unitarian-Universalist Church.[16]: 125 The Marshes made their home at the Crescent Apartments in Atlanta, taking occupancy of Apt. 1, which they affectionately named "The Dump" (now the Margaret Mitchell House and Museum).[86]
Reporter for The Atlanta Journal
While still legally married to Upshaw and needing income for herself,[87] Mitchell got a job writing feature articles for The Atlanta Journal Sunday Magazine. She received almost no encouragement from her family or "society" to pursue a career in journalism, and had no prior newspaper experience.[88] Medora Field Perkerson, who hired Mitchell said:
There had been some skepticism on the Atlanta Journal Magazine staff when Peggy came to work as a reporter. Debutantes slept late in those days and didn't go in for jobs.[88]
Her first story, Atlanta Girl Sees Italian Revolution,
His face was swarthy, so brown that his white teeth flashed in startling contrast to his skin; his eyes—tired, bored, but courteous.[74]: 152
Mitchell was quite thrilled when Valentino took her in his arms and carried her inside from the rooftop of the Georgian Terrace Hotel.[74]: 154
Many of her stories were vividly descriptive. In an article titled, Bridesmaid of Eighty-Seven Recalls Mittie Roosevelt's Wedding,[74]: 144–151 she wrote of a white-columned mansion in which lived the last surviving bridesmaid at Theodore Roosevelt's mother's wedding:
The tall white columns glimpsed through the dark green of cedar foliage, the wide veranda encircling the house, the stately silence engendered by the century-old oaks evoke memories of Thomas Nelson Page's On Virginia. The atmosphere of dignity, ease, and courtesy that was the soul of the Old South breathes from this old mansion...[74]: 144
In another article, Georgia's Empress and Women Soldiers,[74]: 238–245 she wrote short sketches of four notable Georgia women. One was the first woman to serve in the United States Senate, Rebecca Latimer Felton, a suffragist who held white supremacist views. The other women were: Nancy Hart, Lucy Mathilda Kenny (also known as Private Bill Thompson of the Confederate States Army) and Mary Musgrove. The article generated mail and controversy from her readers.[89][74]: xiii Mitchell received criticism for depicting "strong women who did not fit the accepted standards of femininity."[90]
Mitchell's journalism career, which began in 1922, came to an end less than four years later; her last article appeared on May 9, 1926.[74]: xx Several months after marrying John Marsh, Mitchell quit due to an ankle injury that would not heal properly and chose to become a full-time wife.[52] During the time Mitchell worked for the Atlanta Journal, she wrote 129 feature articles, 85 news stories, and several book reviews.[74]: xv
Interest in erotica
Mitchell began collecting erotica from book shops in New York City while in her twenties.[15]: 200 The newlywed Marshes and their social group were interested in "all forms of sexual expression".[16]: 134 Mitchell discussed her interest in dirty book shops and sexually explicit prose in letters to a friend, Harvey Smith. Smith noted her favorite reads were Fanny Hill, The Perfumed Garden, and Aphrodite.[91]
Mitchell developed an appreciation for the works of Southern writer
Novelist
Early works
Lost Laysen
Mitchell wrote a romance novella,
In Lost Laysen, Mitchell explores the dynamics of three male characters and their relationship to the only female character, Courtenay Ross, a strong-willed American missionary to the South Pacific island of Laysen. The narrator of the tale is Billy Duncan, "a rough, hardened soldier of fortune",[48]: 97 who is frequently involved in fights that leave him near death. Courtenay quickly observes Duncan's hard-muscled body as he works shirtless aboard a ship called Caliban. Courtenay's suitor is Douglas Steele, an athletic man who apparently believes Courtenay is helpless without him. He follows Courtenay to Laysen to protect her from perceived foreign savages. The third male character is the rich, powerful yet villainous Juan Mardo. He leers at Courtenay and makes rude comments of a sexual nature, in Japanese no less. Mardo provokes Duncan and Steele, and each feels he must defend Courtenay's honor. Ultimately Courtenay defends her own honor rather than submit to shame.
Mitchell's half-breed[48]: 92 antagonist, Juan Mardo, lurks in the shadows of the story and has no dialogue. The reader learns of Mardo's evil intentions through Duncan:
They were saying that Juan Mardo had his eye on you—and intended to have you—any way he could get you![48]: 99
Mardo's desires are similar to those of Rhett Butler in his ardent pursuit of Scarlett O'Hara in Mitchell's epic novel, Gone with the Wind. Rhett tells Scarlett:
I always intended having you, one way or another.[95]
The "other way" is rape. In Lost Laysen the male seducer is replaced with the male rapist.[96]
The Big Four
In Mitchell's teenage years, she is known to have written a 400-page novel about girls in a boarding school, The Big Four.[34]: xxii The novel is thought to be lost; Mitchell destroyed some of her manuscripts herself and others were destroyed after her death.[52]
Ropa Carmagin
In the 1920s Mitchell completed a novelette, Ropa Carmagin, about a Southern white girl who loves a biracial man.[52] Mitchell submitted the manuscript to Macmillan Publishers in 1935 along with her manuscript for Gone with the Wind. The novelette was rejected; Macmillan thought the story was too short for book form.[97]
Writing Gone with the Wind
I had every detail clear in my mind before I sat down to the typewriter.
— Margaret Mitchell[98]
In May 1926, after Mitchell had left her job at the Atlanta Journal and was recovering at home from her ankle injury, she wrote a society column for the Sunday Magazine, "Elizabeth Bennet's Gossip", which she continued to write until August.[74]: xv Meanwhile, her husband was growing weary of lugging armloads of books home from the library to keep his wife's mind occupied while she hobbled around the house; he emphatically suggested that she write her own book instead:
For God's sake, Peggy, can't you write a book instead of reading thousands of them?[99]
To aid her in her literary endeavors, John Marsh brought home a Remington Portable No. 3 typewriter (c. 1928).[86][100] For the next three years Mitchell worked exclusively on writing a Civil War-era novel whose heroine was named Pansy O'Hara (prior to Gone with the Wind's publication Pansy was changed to Scarlett). She used parts of the manuscript to prop up a wobbly couch.[101]
In April 1935, Harold Latham of Macmillan, an editor looking for new fiction, read her manuscript and saw that it could be a best-seller. After Latham agreed to publish the book, Mitchell worked for another six months checking the historical references and rewriting the opening chapter several times.[102] Mitchell and John Marsh edited the final version of the novel.[103] Gone with the Wind was published in June 1936.
World War II
During World War II, Margaret Mitchell was a volunteer for the American Red Cross and she raised money for the war effort by selling war bonds.[104] She was active in Home Defense, sewed hospital gowns and put patches on trousers.[99] Her personal attention, however, was devoted to writing letters to men in uniform—soldiers, sailors, and marines, sending them humor, encouragement, and her sympathy.[15]: 518
The
Mitchell sponsored a second light cruiser named after the city of
Death and legacy
Margaret Mitchell was struck by a speeding motorist as she crossed Peachtree Street at 13th Street in Atlanta with her husband, John Marsh, while on her way to see the movie A Canterbury Tale on the evening of August 11, 1949. She died at age 48 at Grady Hospital five days later on August 16 without fully regaining consciousness.
Mitchell was struck by Hugh Gravitt, an off-duty taxi driver who was driving his personal vehicle. After the collision, Gravitt was arrested for drunken driving and released on a $5,450 bond until Mitchell's death.[107]
Gravitt was originally charged with drunken driving, speeding, and driving on the wrong side of the road. He was convicted of involuntary manslaughter in November 1949 and sentenced to 18 months in jail. He served almost 11 months. Gravitt died in 1994 at the age of 74.[108][109][110]
Margaret Mitchell was buried at Oakland Cemetery, Georgia. When her husband John died in 1952, he was buried next to his wife.
In 1978, Mitchell was inducted into the Georgia Newspaper Hall of Fame,[111] followed by the Georgia Women of Achievement in 1994, and the Georgia Writers Hall of Fame in 2000.[112]
In 1994, Shannen Doherty starred in the television film A Burning Passion: The Margaret Mitchell Story, a fictionalized account of Mitchell's life directed by Larry Peerce.[113]
When Mitchell's nephew, Joseph Mitchell, died in 2011, he left fifty percent of trademark and literary rights of the Margaret Mitchell Estate, as well as some personal belongings of Mitchell's, to the Archdiocese of Atlanta.[114]
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- ^ Washington Government Printing Office (1921), Annual Register of the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md, p. 57, 188, 193 & 204.
- ^ Bartley, N.V., The Evolution of Southern Culture, p. 95.
- ^ Mitchell, M., et al, A Dynamo Going to Waste: Letters to Allen Edee, 1919–1921, p. 133.
- ^ Poole, Shelia. "Margaret Mitchell's nephew leaves estate to Atlanta Archdiocese". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.
- ^ a b Brown, E.F., et al., Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: a bestseller's odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood, p. 8.
- ^ Edwards, A., Road to Tara: The Life of Margaret Mitchell, p. 91.
- ^ a b Wolfe, M.R., Daughters of Canaan: a saga of southern women, p. 149.
- ^ Bartley, N.V., The Evolution of Southern Culture, p. 96.
- ISBN 978-0-8065-2742-0
- ^ a b Young, E., Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, p. 245.
- ^ Pierpont, C. R., "A Critic at Large: A Study in Scarlett", p. 102.
- ^ Young, E., Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, p. 249–250.
- ^ BEST SELLERS: June 2, 1996. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
- ^ Mitchell, M., Gone with the Wind, Part 4, chapter 47.
- ^ Young, E., Disarming the Nation: women's writing and the American Civil War, p. 241.
- ISBN 978-1-58979-567-9
- ^ Brown, E.F., et al., Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: a bestseller's odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood, p. 9.
- ^ a b Oliphant, Sgt. H. N. "People on the Home Front: Margaret Mitchell". October 19, 1945. Yank, p. 9.
- ^ Remington Portable No. 3. Retrieved August 27, 2012.
- ISBN 0-19-507404-1
- ^ Lambert, Gavin (February 1973). "The Making of Gone With The Wind (Part I)". The Atlantic. Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ISBN 978-0300164374.
- ^ Brown, E.F., et al., Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: a bestseller's odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood, p. 225.
- ^ "Atlanta III (CL-51)". public2.nhhcaws.local.[permanent dead link]
- ^ USS Atlanta (IX-304, formerly CL-104), 1964–1970 Archived November 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
- ^ Obituary: Miss Mitchell, 49, Dead of Injuries, (August 17, 1949) New York Times. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
- ^ Brown, E.F., et al., Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: a bestseller's odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood, p. 270.
- ^ "Hugh Gravitt, Driver Who Killed Margaret Mitchell". April 22, 1994.
- ^ "Hugh D Gravitt in Social Security Death Index".
- ^ Green, Dick (February 25, 1978). "Papers Challenged To Reach New Reader Group". Atlanta Constitution. p. 6A. Retrieved July 3, 2020 – via newspapers.com.
- ^ New Georgia Encyclopedia. "Margaret Mitchell".
- ^ "TELEVISION REVIEW; The Woman Who Invented Scarlett". Atlanta Constitution. November 7, 1994. p. 6A. Retrieved December 11, 2020 – via nytimes.com.
- ^ Kandra, Greg (August 16, 2012). "Gone with the windfall: Margaret Mitchell heir leaves estate to Archdiocese of Atlanta". Patheos. Retrieved April 7, 2014.
Further reading
- Bonner, Peter. Lost In Yesterday: Commemorating The 70th Anniversary of Margaret Mitchell's 'Gone With The Wind'. Marietta, Georgia: First Works Publishing Co., Inc., 2006. ISBN 978-0-9716158-9-2.
- Brown, Ellen F. and John Wiley. Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind: A Bestseller's Odyssey from Atlanta to Hollywood. Lanham, Maryland: Taylor Trade, 2011. ISBN 978-1-58979-567-9.
- Edwards, Anne. Road to Tara: The Life of Margaret Mitchell. New Haven: Tichnor and Fields, 1983. ISBN 0-89919-169-X
- Farr, Finis. Margaret Mitchell of Atlanta: The Author of Gone With the Wind. New York: William Morrow, 1965. ISBN 978-0-380-00810-0
- Mitchell, Margaret, Allen Barnett Edee and Jane Bonner Peacock. A Dynamo Going to Waste: Letters to Allen Edee, 1919–1921. Atlanta, Georgia: Peachtree Publishers, Ltd, 1985. ISBN 978-0-931948-70-1
- Mitchell, Margaret and Patrick Allen. Margaret Mitchell: Reporter. Athens, Georgia: Hill Street Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1-57003-937-9
- Mitchell, Margaret and Jane Eskridge. Before Scarlett: Girlhood Writings of Margaret Mitchell. Athens, Georgia: Hill Street Press, 2000. ISBN 978-1-892514-62-2
- Pyron, Darden Asbury. Southern Daughter: The Life of Margaret Mitchell. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-19-505276-3
- Walker, Marianne. Margaret Mitchell & John Marsh: The Love Story Behind Gone With the Wind. Atlanta: Peachtree, 1993. ISBN 978-1-56145-231-6
External links
- Works by Margaret Mitchell at Faded Page (Canada)
- Margaret Mitchell Archived October 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine entry at New Georgia Encyclopedia
- Margaret Mitchell: American Rebel – American Masters documentary (PBS)
- Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Margaret Mitchell collection, 1922-1991
- The Magaret Mitchell interview from Yank Magazine (1945)