Margaret Tudor
Margaret Tudor | |
---|---|
Queen regent of Scotland | |
Regency | 1513–1515 1524–1525 |
Monarch | James V |
Born | 28 November 1489 Palace of Westminster, London, England |
Died | 18 October 1541 Methven Castle, Perthshire, Scotland | (aged 51)
Burial | |
Spouses | |
Issue more... | |
House | Tudor |
Father | Henry VII of England |
Mother | Elizabeth of York |
Margaret Tudor (28 November 1489 – 18 October 1541) was
Margaret married James IV at the age of 13, in accordance with the
Following her divorce from Angus in 1527, Margaret married her third husband, Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven. Through her first and second marriages, Margaret was the grandmother of both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Mary's second husband, Lord Darnley.
Early life
Margaret was born on 28 November 1489 in the
On 30 September 1497, James IV's commissioner, the Spaniard Pedro de Ayala concluded a lengthy truce with England, and the marriage with Margaret became a serious possibility. James was in his late twenties and still unmarried.[5] The Italian historian Polydore Vergil said that some of the English royal council objected to the match, saying that it would bring the Stewarts directly into the line of English succession, to which the wily and astute Henry replied:
What then? Should anything of the kind happen (and God avert the omen), I foresee that our realm would suffer no harm, since England would not be absorbed by Scotland, but rather Scotland by England, being the noblest head of the entire island, since there is always less glory and honour in being joined to that which is far the greater, just as Normandy once came under the rule and power of our ancestors the English.[6]
On 24 January 1502, Scotland and England concluded the
Marriage and progress
The marriage was completed by proxy on 25 January 1503 at Richmond Palace. The Earl of Bothwell was proxy for the Scottish king and wore a gown of cloth-of-gold at the ceremony in the Queen's great chamber. He was accompanied by Robert Blackadder, archbishop of Glasgow, and Andrew Forman, postulate of Moray. The herald, John Young, reported that "right notable jousts" followed the ceremony. Prizes were awarded the next morning, and the tournament continued another day.[8]
The new queen was provided with a large wardrobe of clothes, and her crimson state
Later in 1503, months after the death of her mother, Margaret came to Scotland; her progress was a grand journey northward. She left Richmond Palace on 27 June with Henry VII, and they travelled first to
At a
Issue
In 1503, Margaret married King James IV. They had six children, of whom only one survived infancy:
- James, Duke of Rothesay (21 February 1507, Holyrood Palace – 27 February 1508, Stirling Castle).[16][17]
- Daughter (died shortly after birth 15 July 1508, Holyrood Palace).
- Arthur Stewart, Duke of Rothesay (20 October 1509, Holyrood Palace – 14 July 1510, Edinburgh Castle).
- James V, born 10 April 1512 at Linlithgow Palace,[18] who died 14 December 1542 at Falkland Palace.
- A daughter, who was born prematurely and died shortly after birth, November 1512, Holyrood Palace.[19]
- Alexander Stewart, Duke of Ross (30 April 1514, Stirling Castle – 18 December 1515, Stirling Castle).
In 1514, Margaret married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and had one child:
- Margaret Douglas (1515–1578), who married Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, regent of Scotland from 1570 to 1571.
In 1528, Margaret married Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven. They had no issue.[20]
Reign of James IV
By her marriage contract, Margaret was allowed a household with 24 English courtiers or servants.[21] These included her cook Hunt, her chamberer Margaret, John Camner who played the lute, her ushers Hamnet Clegg and Edmund Livesay, and her ladies in waiting, Margaret Dennet, Eleanor Johns, Eleanor Verney, Agnes Musgrave, and Elizabeth Berlay.[22] Some of her ladies in waiting had been members of the household of Elizabeth of York.[23] Richard Justice and Harry Roper worked in the wardrobe, making her sheets, washing clothes, mending her tapestries and perfuming them with violet powder. Roper had been Page of the Beds to Elizabeth of York, and Justice was her Page of Robes. Roper returned to England to serve Catherine of Aragon.[24][25] Elizabeth Maxtoun, a Scottish woman, washed the queen's linen. Rich fabrics were provided by an Italian merchant Jerome Frescobaldi.[26] After a few years, she employed a Scottish cook Alexander Kerse.[27] Some members of her household were described in a humorous poem by William Dunbar, Ane Dance in the Quenis Chalmer.[28]
On Maundy Thursday, known as Skyre Thursday or "Cena Domini", it was the custom for the monarch and consort to give gifts to the poor and symbolically wash their feet.[29][30] On 4 April 1504 Margaret gave 15 poor women blue gowns, shoes, a purse with 15 English pennies, and a wooden tankard with a jug and a plate, a token of the Last Supper. The number of poor women matched her age.[31][32] Another custom was to give gifts on New Year's Day, and in 1507 James IV gave Margaret a "serpent's tongue" (really a shark tooth) set in gold with precious stones, which was believed to guard against poison. She gave a French knight Antoine d'Arces a gold salt cellar with an image of the Virgin Mary.[33] In January 1513 the gifts included gold rings for eight ladies of her chamber, made by John Aitkin, a goldsmith who worked in Stirling Castle, and the "two black ladies" Ellen and Margaret More were given 10 gold French crowns.[34]
Margaret suffered from nosebleeds, and an apothecary
The king named the Scottish warship Margaret after her. The treaty of 1502, far from being perpetual, barely survived the death of Henry VII in 1509. His successor, the young Henry VIII, had little time for his father's cautious diplomacy, and was soon heading towards a war with France, Scotland's historic ally. In 1513, James invaded England to honour his commitment to the Auld Alliance, only to meet death and disaster at the Battle of Flodden. Margaret had opposed the war, but was still named in the royal will as regent for the infant king, James V, for as long as she remained a widow.
Regency and second marriage
Albany, who had been born and raised in France, was seen as a living representative of the Auld Alliance, in contrast with the pro-English Margaret. She is considered to have acted calmly and with some degree of political skill. By July 1514, she had managed to reconcile the contending parties, and Scotland – along with France – concluded peace with England that same month. But in her search for political allies amongst the fractious Scottish nobility she took a fatal step, allowing good sense and prudence to be overruled by emotion and the personal magnetism of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus.
In seeking allies Margaret turned more and more to the powerful
In September, the Privy Council decided that she had also forfeited her rights to the supervision of her sons, whereupon in defiance she and her allies took the princes to Stirling Castle. In November, Margaret devised a code for letters sent to Henry VIII, saying that those signed "Your loving sister, Margaret R" would be genuine, and others might be the result of coercion by her enemies.[39]
Escape to England and birth of last child
Albany arrived in Scotland in May 1515, and was finally installed as regent in July. His first task was to get custody of James and Alexander, politically essential for the authority of the regency. Margaret, after some initial defiance, surrendered at Stirling in August. With the princes in the hands of their uncle, Margaret, now expecting a child by Angus, retired to Edinburgh. For some time her brother had been urging her to flee to England with her sons; but she had steadily refused to do so, fearing such a step might lead to James's loss of the Scottish crown.[40]
However, once Margaret's two sons were in the custody of their uncle, Margaret secretly accepted her brother's offer of her personal safety at the English Court. Pregnant with Angus' child, Margaret feared for her life under the rule of the Privy Council of Scotland. As queen dowager she was forced to beg permission from the Privy Council even to travel. She obtained permission to go to Linlithgow Palace for her lying-in.[41]
She escaped to
Margaret was received by Thomas Dacre, Henry's
While still in the north of England, Queen Margaret learned of the death of her younger son, Alexander. Dacre hinted that Albany – cast in the role of Richard III – was responsible. Margaret, even in her vulnerable state, refused to accept this, saying that if he really aimed at securing the throne for himself the death of James would have suited his purpose better.[citation needed]
It was also at this time that she at last began to get the measure of Angus, who, with an eye on his own welfare, returned to Scotland to make peace with the Regent, "which much made Margaret to muse". When Henry VIII learned that Angus would not be accompanying his sister to London he said, "Done like a Scot".[49] However, all of Angus's power, wealth and influence was in Scotland; to abandon the country would mean possible forfeiture for treason. In this regard he would have had before him the example of his kinsman James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas, who had fled to England the previous century, living out his life as a landless mercenary.[citation needed]
Politics and decline of second marriage
Margaret was well received by Henry and, to confirm her status, was lodged in
Although Margaret and Angus were temporarily reconciled, it was not long before their relationship entered a phase of terminal decline. She discovered that while she was in England her husband had been living with Lady Jane Stewart, a former lover. This was bad enough; what was worse, he had been living on his wife's money.[citation needed] In October 1518, she wrote to her brother, hinting at divorce:
"I am sore troubled with my Lord of Angus since my last coming into Scotland, and every day more and more, so that we have not been together this half-year… I am so minded that, an I may by law of God and to my honour, to part with him, for I wit well he loves me not, as he shows me daily."[50]
This was a difficult issue for Henry; a man of conservative and orthodox belief, he was opposed to divorce on principle – which was highly ironic, considering his later marital career.[citation needed] Just as important, Angus was a useful ally and an effective counter-weight to Albany and the pro-French faction.[citation needed] Angered by his attitude, Margaret drew closer to the Albany faction and joined others in calling for his return from France. Albany, seemingly in no hurry to return to the fractious northern kingdom, suggested that she resume the regency herself.[citation needed] The dispute between husband and wife was set to dominate Scottish politics for the next three years, complicated even more by a bitter feud between Angus and James Hamilton, 1st Earl of Arran; with bewildering rapidity Margaret sided with one and then the other.[citation needed]
Albany finally arrived back in Scotland in November 1521 and was warmly received by Margaret.[citation needed] It was soon rumoured that their cordial relations embraced more than politics. Angus went into exile while the Regent – with the full cooperation of the queen dowager – set about restoring order to a country riven by three years of intense factional conflict.[citation needed] Albany was useful to Margaret: he was known to have influence in Rome, which would help ease her application for a divorce.[citation needed] Angus and his allies spread the rumour that the two were lovers, to such effect that even the sober-headed Lord Dacre wrote to Wolsey, predicting that James would be murdered and Albany would become king and marry Margaret. But the relationship between the two was never more than one of calculated self-interest, as events were soon to prove.[citation needed]
Margaret's coup
In most essentials, Margaret remained an Englishwoman in attitude and outlook, and at root, she genuinely desired a better understanding between the land of her birth and her adopted home. Necessity demanded an alliance with Albany and the French faction, especially after the devastating border wars with England in the early 1520s.[citation needed]
But no sooner was Albany off the scene than she set about organising a party of her own. In 1524, the Regent was finally removed from power in a simple but effective coup d'état. With Albany once more in France (where he was to die in 1536), Margaret, with the help of Arran and the Hamiltons, brought James, now 12 years old, from Stirling to Edinburgh.[5] It was a bold and popular move.[citation needed]
In August, Parliament declared the regency at an end, and James was elevated to full kingly powers. In practice, he would continue to be governed by others, his mother above all. When Beaton objected to the new arrangements, Margaret had him arrested and thrown into jail. In November, Parliament formally recognised Margaret as the chief councillor to the King.[citation needed]
Margaret's alliance inevitably alienated other noble houses. Her situation was not eased when her brother, Henry VIII, allowed Angus to return to Scotland. Both of these factors were to some degree beyond her control. The most damaging move of all was not. She formed a new attachment, this time to Henry Stewart, a younger brother of Lord Avondale.[citation needed]
Stewart was promoted to senior office, angering the
Angus withdrew for the time being, but under pressure from various sources, the Queen finally admitted him to the council of regency in February 1525. It was all the leverage he needed. Taking custody of James, he refused to give him up, exercising full power on his behalf for a period of three years. James' experience during this time left him with an abiding hatred of both the house of Douglas and the English.[citation needed]
Divorce and re-marriage
Margaret attempted to resist but was forced to bend to the new political realities. Besides, by this time her desire for a divorce had become obsessive, taking precedence over all other matters. She was prepared to use all arguments, including the widespread myth that James IV had not been killed at Flodden. Despite the coup of 1524, she corresponded warmly with Albany, who continued his efforts on her behalf in Rome. In March 1527, Pope Clement VII granted her petition. Because of the political situation in Europe at the time it was not until December that she learned of her good fortune. She married Henry Stewart on 3 March 1528, ignoring the pious warnings of Cardinal Wolsey that marriage was "divinely ordained" and his protests against the "shameless sentence sent from Rome".[52]
In June 1528, James V finally freed himself from the tutelage of Angus – who once more fled into exile – and began to rule in his own right. Margaret was an early beneficiary of the royal coup, as she and her husband emerging as the leading advisors to the king. James created Stewart Lord Methven "for the great love he bore to his dearest mother".[53] It was rumoured – falsely – that the Queen favoured a marriage between her son and her niece Mary Tudor. She was instrumental in bringing about the Anglo-Scottish peace agreement of May 1534.
The central aim of Margaret's political life – besides assuring her own survival – was to bring about a better understanding between England and Scotland, a position she held to through some difficult times.[
Lord Methven proved himself to be even worse than Angus in his desire both for other women and for his wife's money. Margaret was once again eager for divorce but proceedings were frustrated by James, whom she believed her husband had bribed. At one point she ran away toward the border, only to be intercepted and brought back to Edinburgh. Time and again she wrote to Henry with complaints about her poverty and appeals for money and protection – she wished for ease and comfort instead of being obliged "to follow her son about like a poor gentlewoman".[56]
In the first months of 1536 Henry VIII sent her £200 and a parcel of luxury fabrics including lengths of purple cloth, tawny cloth of gold tissue, russet tinsel, satin, and velvet. The fabric was for the costume to wear to welcome her son's bride
Death
Margaret died at Methven Castle on 18 October 1541.[59] Henry Ray, the Berwick Pursuivant, reported that she had palsy (possibly resulting from a stroke) on Friday and died on the following Tuesday. As she thought she would recover she did not trouble to make a will. She sent for King James, who was at Falkland Palace, but he did not come in time. Near the end she wished that the friars who attended her would seek the reconciliation of the King and the Earl of Angus. She hoped the King would give her possessions to her daughter, Lady Margaret Douglas. James arrived after her death, and he ordered Oliver Sinclair and John Tennent to pack up her belongings for his use.[60] As a dowager queen, Margaret had received the rental money of the crown lands of Stirlingshire. After her death, this money was added to the king's income.[61]
Margaret was buried at the Charterhouse in Perth (demolished during the Reformation, 1559, its site now occupied by the former King James VI Hospital). The funeral ceremony itself was possibly not as elaborate as that held in Edinburgh for Madeleine of Valois in 1537, but James V and his household were provided with expensive black clothes for a mourning period.[62]
Gallery
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Detail of Margaret, Henry VIII, and Princess Mary being visited by Erasmus, dated c. 1910, by Frank Cadogan Cowper
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A depiction of Margaret from a family tree from the reign of her great-grandson,James VI/I of Scotland and England
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Margaret Tudor praying in coronation robes, 16th century, probably by Gerard Horenbout
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At the right Margaret Tudor with her three husbands on the Tudor family tree
Ancestry
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Sources
References
- ^ Hearne (1774), p. 249
- ^ Hearne (1774), pp. 253–255
- ISBN 978-1-8623-2271-4.
- ^ Maria Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VIII (Maney, 2007), 305.
- ^ ISBN 1-8411-9096-9.
- ^ Vergil, Polydore, Historia Anglia, Book 26 Chapter 41, (Latin), translation University of Birmingham Philogical Museum website
- ^ Nicholas Harris Nicolas, Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York (London, 1830), pp. cii, 19, 86
- ^ Hearne (1774), pp. 258–264
- ^ Bain (1888), pp. 419–425
- ^ Samuel Bentley, Excerpta Historica: Or, Illustrations of English History (London, 1831), p. 130.
- ^ Bain (1888), pp. 342–345, nos. 1707–1718.
- ^ James Balfour Paul, Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), 214–215.
- ^ Hearne (1774, p. 294)
- ^ Buchanan (1985), pp. 30–32
- ^ Hearne (1774), pp. 258–300
- ^ Beer (2018), p. 52.
- ^ Mairi Cowan & Laura Walkling, 'Growing up with the court of James IV', Janay Nugent & Elizabeth Ewan, Children and Youth in Premodern Scotland (Boydell, 2015), pp. 21–2.
- ^ Robert Kerr Hannay, Letters of James IV (SHS: Edinburgh, 1953), p. 243.
- ^ Robert Kerr Hannay, Letters of James IV (SHS: Edinburgh, 1953), p. 273.
- ^ Douglas Richardson. Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 2nd Edition, 2011, pg 589
- ^ Rymer, Thomas, Foedera, vol. 12 (London, 1711), p. 789.
- ^ Paul, James Balfour, Accounts of the Treasurer: 1500–1504, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 336–338.
- ^ Beer (2018), p. 41.
- ^ Nicolas, Nicholas Harris Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York (London, 1830), p. 98
- ^ Beer (2018), pp. 43, 102.
- ^ Paul, James Balfour, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1901), pp. xciv–cii, 325, 335, 338.
- ^ Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1908), p. 257 no. 1720.
- ^ Bawcutt, Priscilla Dunbar the Makar (Oxford, 1992), p. 52.
- ^ Dickson, Thomas Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1877), pp. cccii–cccv.
- OCLC 909150807.
- ^ Paul, James Balfour, Accounts of the Treasurer: 1500–1504, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), p. 259.
- ^ Beer (2018), pp. 137–139.
- ^ Paul, James Balfour, Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1901), pp. 359, 364.
- ^ Paul, James Balfour Accounts of the Treasurer: 1507–1512, vol. 4 (Edinburgh, 1902), p. 401
- ^ Paul, James Balfour, Accounts of the Treasurer: 1500–1504, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1900), pp. 445, 477.
- ^ Macdougall, Norman, James IV (Tuckwell: East Linton, 1997), p. 197
- ^ Paul, James Balfour Accounts of the Treasurer, vol. 3 (Edinburgh, 1901), pp. xxxv, 270, 398–407.
- ^ Strickland (1855), p. 155
- ^ Ken Emond, Minority of James V (John Donald: Edinburgh, 2019), pp. 29, 51.
- ^ Ken Emond, The Minority of James V: Scotland in Europe, 1513-1528 (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2019), 48.
- ^ Ken Emond, The Minority of James V: Scotland in Europe, 1513-1528 (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2019), 53.
- ^ Ken Emond, The Minority of James V (Edinburgh, 2019), pp. 53–54.
- ^ Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of Scotland, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1850), pp. 135–139.
- ^ Thomas Thomson, Collection of Inventories (Edinburgh, 1815), pp. 21–28
- ^ Maria Hayward, Dress at the court of Henry VIII (Maney, 2007), p. 190.
- ^ Henry Ellis, Original Letters Illustrative of British History, 1st series vol. 1 (London, 1824), p. 133.
- ^ Beer (2018), pp. 58–59.
- ^ Ken Emond, The Minority of James V: Scotland in Europe, 1513-1528 (Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2019), 57.
- ^ Perry (2000), p. 135
- ISBN 978-1-4668-4272-4.
- ^ Perry (2000), p. 167
- ^ Stone, Jean Mary (1905). Studies from Court and Cloister: Being Essays, Historical and Literary, Dealing Mainly with Subjects Relating to the XVIth and XVIIth Centuries. Sands. pp. 29–.
- ISBN 978-1-1015-9836-8.
- ^ Wood, Mar. Anne Everett, ed. (1846). Letters of royal, and illustrious ladies of Great Britain, from the commencement of the 12th century to the close of the reign of Queen Mary. Henr. Colburn. pp. 134–.
- ^ State Papers: King Henry the Eighth; Part IV – continued. Murray. 1836. p. 48.
- ^ Perry (2000), p. 220
- ^ Joseph Bain, Hamilton Papers, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1890), p. 29: British Library Add MS 32646, see external links.
- ^ Strickland (1855), p. 240
- ISBN 978-0-7073-0424-3.
- ^ State Papers Henry VIII, vol. 5 part 2 cont., (London, 1836), pp. 193–194, Ray to Privy Council.
- ^ Athol Murray, 'Crown Lands', An Historical Atlas of Scotland (Scottish Medievalists, 1975), p. 73.
- ^ Perin Westerhof Nyman, 'Mourning Madeleine and Margaret: Dress and Meaning in the Memorials for Two Scottish Queens, 1537 and 1541', Scottish Historical Review, 100:3 (December 2021), pp. 359–377.
Works cited
- Bain, Joseph (1888). Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland, Vol. 4: Preserved in Her Majesty's Public Record Office, London; A.D. 1357–1509. HM Register House. pp. 419–425. OL 20051573M.
- Beer, Michelle (2018). Queenship at the Renaissance Courts of Britain. Woodbridge.
- Buchanan, Patricia Hill (1985). Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots. Scottish Academic Press. OL 2752413M.
- Emond, Ken (2019). Minority of James V. John Donald. ISBN 978-1-9109-0031-4.
- Hearne, Thomas (1774). Joannis Lelandi Antiquarii de Rebus Britannicis Collectanea, 4. Benjamin White. pp. 258–300. At Internet Archive
- Perry, Maria (2000). The Sisters of Henry VIII: The Tumultuous Lives of Margaret of Scotland and Mary of France. Perseus Books Group. OL 9547837M.
- Strickland, Agnes (1855). Lives of the queens of Scotland and English princesses connected with the regal succession of Great Britain. Harper & brothers. pp. 151ff. OL 6950278M.
- Tasioulas, Jacqueline (2010). The Makars. Canongate Books. pp. 4ff. ISBN 978-1-8476-7501-9.
Further reading
- Chapman, Hester (1969). The Thistle and the Rose: The Sisters of Henry VIII. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. OL 43073265M.
- Fradenburg, Louise O. (1998). "Troubled Times: Margaret Tudor and the Historians". In Mapstone, Sally; Wood, Juliette (eds.). The Rose and the Thistle: Essays on the Culture of Late Medieval and Renaissance Scotland. Tuckwell. OL 8728349M.
- Glenne, Michael (1952). King Harry's sister, Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland. J. Long. OL 17355405M.
- Harvey, Nancy Lenz (1975). The rose and the thorn: the lives of Mary and Margaret Tudor. Macmillan. OL 5199300M.
- Jansen, S. (2002). The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female Rulers in Early Modern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan US. OL 37099689M.
- OL 28575176M.
- Mackie, J. D. (1994). The Earlier Tudors: 1485–1558. ISBN 0-1928-5292-2.
- Mackie, R. L. (1958). King James IV of Scotland.
- Nairne, Charles Richard Routh; Holmes, Peter (2001). Who's who in Tudor England. Stackpole Books. OL 8000700M.
- Newsome, Helen, '"[An] old battle constantly re-fought": A Case Study Of the Holograph Letters of Margaret Tudor', Women's Writing, 30:4 (2023).
- Plowden, Alison (2011). Tudor Women: Queens & Commoners. History Press. OL 29120191M.
- Simpson, Grant G.; Galbraith, James D. (1881). Calendar of Documents Relating to Scotland: 1357–1509, addenda 1221–1435. H.M. General Register House.
External links
- A short profile of Margaret alongside other influential women of her time
- Lucy Dean, 'Rituals to Celebrate Perpetual Peace: The Marriage of Margaret Tudor and James IV in 1503'
- Margaret Tudor Gallery
- List of clothing fabrics sent to Margaret Tudor by Henry VIII in 1536, British Library Add MS 32646 ff. 53–54
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 701. .
- Portraits of Margaret Tudor at the National Portrait Gallery, London