Margiana

Coordinates: 37°36′N 61°50′E / 37.600°N 61.833°E / 37.600; 61.833
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Margiana
Marv
Province of the Seleucid Empire, Parthian Empire and Sasanian Empire
c. 281–261 BC–651 AD

Margiana, ca. 300 BC
CapitalMerv
Historical eraAntiquity
• Established
c. 281–261 BC
• Annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate
651 AD
Today part ofAfghanistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan

Margiana (

satrapy within the Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria, and a province within its successors, the Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian
empires.

It was located in the valley of the

Aria in the south, Bactria in the east and Sogdia
in the north.

History

Ancient period

Historians currently disagree as to the exact history of Margiana prior to the Achaemenid conquest. It is considered part of a

Median Empire.[4]

Achaemenid period

Behistun relief of Frâda, a king of Margiana circa 522 BC. Label: "This is Frâda. He lied, saying "I am king of Margiana.""[5]

Margiana was conquered by the Persian king

Gaumata, in September 522 BC, revolts spread throughout the empire.[7]
The revolt in Margiana, led by a certain Frâda (Phraates),
Aramaic version of the Behistun Inscription, it is claimed that 55,423 Margians were killed and 6,972 taken captive in the aftermath of the revolt.[1] Margiana was separated from the satrapy of Bactria and joined to the satrapy of Aria at some point after the rule of Darius the Great.[10]

Following the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC, in which Alexander the Great defeated Darius III, Darius III began his retreat to Bactria, but was overthrown by the Satrap of Bactria, Bessus, who continued the retreat eastward through Aria and Margiana.[11] Bessus, who had expected an attack from Alexander along the Silk Road, was surprised when Alexander had advanced through Gedrosia and Arachosia and crossed the Hindu Kush mountains in 329 BC to invade Bactria. Bessus fled north to Sogdia where he too was betrayed and was handed over to Alexander by his courtiers, Spitamenes and Datames.[12]

In July 329 BC, as Alexander founded the city of Alexandria Eschate on the northern border of Sogdia, Spitamenes led a revolt and besieged the Sogdian capital of Maracanda. A Scythian incursion into Sogdia prevented Alexander from responding personally, however, once he had defeated the Scythians in the Battle of Jaxartes, he marched south to relieve Maracanda causing Spitamenes to move south and attack Balkh in the winter of 329 BC. In the spring of 328 BC, Alexander sent his general Craterus to fortify Margiana, where he established a garrison in Merv and re-founded the city as Alexandria in Margiana.[13] Alexander's general Coenus defeated Spitamenes in the Battle of Gabai in December 328 BC, and subsequently in the following year Sogdia was merged with Bactria to form a single satrapy under the rule of Philip.

Hellenistic Period

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Upon Alexander's death in 323 BC, the empire was partitioned between his generals at the Partition of Babylon and according to some historians, Philip remained as satrap of Bactria, however, it has also been suggested that he was in fact only satrap of Sogdia. Disagreements between the generals led to another meeting and in the Partition of Triparadisus in 321 BC, Philip was replaced as satrap of Bactria and Sogdia by Stasanor. During the Wars of the Diadochi, Stasanor remained neutral, however after the Babylonian War of 311–309 BC, Margiana came under the control of Seleucus I Nicator. In c. 280 BC, Margiana was devastated by the nomadic Parni tribes and several cities were destroyed.[14] Seleucus responded by sending his general Demodamas to repel the nomads.[15] Under Seleucus' successor, Antiochus I Soter, the oasis of Alexandria in Margiana was surrounded by a wall over 300 km long and the city was re-built and re-founded as Antiochia in Margiana as the capital of a separate satrapy of Margiana in an effort to secure communications and trade routes from Antiochus' capital in Mesopotamia to the far east.[16] Margiana was successfully defended by Diodotus, the satrap of Bactria, against an invasion by the Parni in c. 239/238 BC.[17] The invasion demonstrated that Seleucus II Callinicus was unable to respond to threats in the East and therefore Diodotus, who had begun pushing for his independence in c. 245 BC, abandoned hopes of remaining part of the Seleucid Empire and declared himself king, thus establishing what is now known as the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.[18]

Margiana was conquered by the Parthians under Mithridates I of Parthia in c. 170 BC. The defeat of the Yuezhi people in 175 BC caused many Yuezhi to flee westwards, displacing the Saka as a result, leading to a mass movement of Saka and Yuezhi towards Sogdia and Bactria. Around 140 BC the Saka invaded Parthian territory through Margiana, venturing as far as Media in central Iran and continuing to harass the Parthians until 124 BC, in the course of which they defeated and killed two successive Parthian kings.[19] The Yuezhi, who had settled in Sogdia along the Oxus, controlled Margiana until 115 BC when Mithridates II of Parthia re-established control over the east, forcing the Yuezhi to move south into Bactria.[20] In 53 BC, 10,000 Roman prisoners captured by the Parthians after the Battle of Carrhae in Upper Mesopotamia were settled in Antiochia in Margiana.[21] The Yuezhi went on to conquer the remaining Greek territories in Paropamisadae and establish the Kushan Empire.

Post-Hellenistic period

The Kushans returned to Margiana in the 1st century AD and helped the satrap

Hephthalites, also known as the White Huns.[26] Bahram, after initially sending an offer of peace, led a surprise attack on the Hepthalites and massacred them whilst they camped and then pursued them as they attempted to flee back to their own territory. Bahram himself pursued the Hepthalites to the river Oxus
in Margiana and sent one of his generals beyond the river who crippled them greatly. Despite this, the Hepthalites returned in around 480 AD and occupied Margiana until 565 AD.

In 642 AD, after the Sasanian disaster at the hands of the

Ahnaf ibn Qais who began to consolidate Islam in Margiana and awaited reinforcements.[29]

Ahnaf captured Merw i-Rud, forcing Yazdegerd to flee to Balkh with his remaining supporters. Ahnaf was ordered by the Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab to remain at Merv and not pursue Yazdegerd. However, upon learning that Yazdegerd had formed an alliance with Hepthalites beyond Margiana and was approaching Merv, Ahnaf rallied his forces and defeated Yazdegerd at the Battle of Oxus River. After his defeat, the Sasanian king attempted to hide in a mill where he was killed by a Margian miller, bringing the Sasanian Empire to an end.[30]

Religion

Margiana's position along the Silk Road led to the development of a diverse religious demography in the period prior to the Islamic Conquest. Although most of the population in Margiana practised

Buddhist, Christian, Manichaean and Jewish communities also existed and thrived in Margiana. Buddhist monasteries are known to have existed in Margiana,[31] and the city of Merv acted as a major centre of Buddhist learning. A Manichaean community is known to have existed from the mid 3rd century AD.[32]

According to

Bar Shaba, which means "son of the deportation", would suggest that the Christian community in Margiana may have been deported from Roman territory. A diocese of Merw i-Rud in southern Margiana also existed in 554.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Lendering 2011
  2. ^ Brunner 1983, p. 750
  3. ^ a b c d Dani 1999, pp. 40–42
  4. ^ Herzfeld 1968, p. 344
  5. ^ Behistun, minor inscriptions - Livius.
  6. ^ Williams 2012, p. 54.
  7. ^ Rawlinson 1867
  8. ^ Young 1988, p. 53
  9. ^ Asheri, Lloyd & Corcella 2007, p. 533
  10. ^ Frye 1983, p. 112
  11. ^ Lendering 1998
  12. ^ Lendering 2000
  13. ^ Lendering 2006
  14. ^ Dani 1999, p. 90
  15. ^ Frye 1983, p.208
  16. ^ Frye 1983, p.156
  17. ^ Lerner 1999, p. 29
  18. ^ Bopearachchi 1995, pp. 422–423
  19. ^ Wilcox 1986, p.15
  20. ^ Strabo 1924, 11.8.1
  21. ^ Rawlinson 1873
  22. ^ Chiesa 1982, pp. 15–22
  23. ^ Dani 1999, p. 481
  24. ^ Frye 1983, p. 295
  25. ^ Lukonin 1983, p. 729
  26. ^ a b Rawlinson 1875
  27. ^ Pourshariati 2008, pp. 259–260
  28. ^ Pourshariati 2008, pp. 260–261
  29. ^ Farrokh & Frye 2007
  30. ^ Fowlkes-Childs 2003
  31. ^ Foltz 1999, p. 47
  32. ^ a b c Dani 1999, pp. 482–483
  33. ^ Chabot 1902, pp. 285
  34. ^ Chabot 1902, pp. 366

Sources

37°36′N 61°50′E / 37.600°N 61.833°E / 37.600; 61.833

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