Social exclusion
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Social exclusion or social marginalisation is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society. It is a term that has been used widely in Europe and was first used in France in the late 20th century.[1] In the EU context, the European Commission defines it as "a situation whereby a person is prevented (or excluded) from contributing to and benefiting from economic and social progress".[2] It is used across disciplines including education, sociology, psychology, healthcare, politics and economics.[3][4]
Social exclusion is the process in which individuals are blocked from (or denied full access to) various rights, opportunities and resources that are normally available to members of a different group, and which are fundamental to social integration and observance of human rights within that particular group[5] (e.g. due process).
The outcome of social exclusion is that affected individuals or communities are prevented from participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live.[9] This may result in resistance in the form of demonstrations, protests or lobbying from the excluded people.[10]
The concept of social exclusion has led to the researcher's conclusion that in many European countries the impact of social disadvantages, that influence the well-being of all people, including with special needs, has an increasingly negative impact.[11]
Most of the characteristics listed in this article are present together in studies of social exclusion, due to exclusion's multidimensionality.
Another way of articulating the definition of social exclusion is as follows:
Social exclusion is a multidimensional process of progressive social rupture, detaching groups and individuals from social relations and institutions and preventing them from full participation in the normal, normatively prescribed activities of the society in which they live.[12]
In an alternative conceptualization, social exclusion theoretically emerges at the individual or group level on four correlated dimensions: insufficient access to
Individual exclusion
"The marginal man...is one whom fate has condemned to live in two societies and in two, not merely different but antagonistic cultures....his mind is the crucible in which two different and refractory cultures may be said to melt and, either wholly or in part, fuse."[14]
Social exclusion at the individual level results in an individual's exclusion from meaningful participation in society.
More broadly, many women face social exclusion. Moosa-Mitha discusses the Western
Another example of individual marginalization is the exclusion of individuals with
There are also exclusions of sexual minorities because of their sexual orientation, gender identity, and/or sexual characteristics. The Yogyakarta Principles require that the states and communities abolish any stereotypes about LGBT people as well as stereotyped gender roles.
"Isolation is common to almost every vocational, religious or cultural group of a large city. Each develops its own sentiments, attitudes, codes, even its own words, which are at best only partially intelligible to others."[22]
Community exclusion
Many communities experience social exclusion, such as racial (e.g.
One example is the
Contributors
Social exclusion has many contributors. Major contributors include race, income, employment status, social class, geographic location; personal habits, appearance, or interests (i.e., a favorite hobby, sports team, or music genre); education, religion, and political affiliation.
Global and structural
Certain language and the meaning attached to language can cause universalizing discourses that are influenced by the Western world, which is what Sewpaul (2006) describes as the "potential to dilute or even annihilate local cultures and traditions and to deny context-specific realities" (p. 421). What Sewpaul (2006) is implying is that the effect of dominant global discourses can cause individual and cultural displacement, as well as sex safety are jeopardized (p. 422). Insecurity and fear of an unknown future and instability can result in displacement, exclusion, and forced assimilation into the dominant group. For many, it further pushes them to the margins of society or enlists new members to the outskirts because of global-capitalism and dominant discourses (Sewpaul, 2006).
With the prevailing notion of globalization, we now see the rise of
Unemployment
Whilst recognising the multi-dimensionality of exclusion, policy work undertaken in the European Union focused[citation needed] on unemployment as a key cause of, or at least correlating with, social exclusion. This is because, in modern societies, paid work is not only the principal source of income with which to buy services but is also the fount of individuals' identity and feeling of self-worth. Most people's social networks and a sense of embeddedness in society also revolve around their work. Many of the indicators of extreme social exclusion, such as poverty and homelessness, depend on monetary income which is normally derived from work. Social exclusion can be a possible result of long-term unemployment, especially in countries with weak welfare safety nets.[29] Much policy to reduce exclusion thus focuses on the labour market:
- On the one hand, to make individuals at risk of exclusion more attractive to employers, i.e. more "employable".
- On the other hand, to encourage (and/or oblige) employers to be more inclusive in their employment policies.
The EU's
Religion
Some religious traditions recommend excommunication of individuals said to deviate from religious teaching, and in some instances shunning by family members. Some religious organizations permit the censure of critics.
Across societies, individuals and communities can be socially excluded on the basis of their religious beliefs. Social hostility against religious minorities and
Consequences
Health
In gay men, results of psycho-emotional damage from marginalization from a heteronormative society include suicide and drug addiction.[35]
Scientists have been studying the
In 2006, there was research focused on possible connections between exclusion and brain function.[39] Studies published by both the University of Georgia and San Diego State University found that exclusion can lead to diminished brain functioning and poor decision making.[39] Such studies corroborate with earlier beliefs of sociologists. The effect of social exclusion have been hypothesized in various past research studies to correlate with such things as substance abuse and addiction, and crime.[40][41]
Economics
The problem of social exclusion is usually tied to that of
In philosophy
The marginal, the processes of marginalisation, etc. bring specific interest in postmodern and post-colonial philosophy and social studies.[43] Postmodernism question the "center" about its authenticity and postmodern sociology and cultural studies research marginal cultures, behaviours, societies, the situation of the marginalized individual, etc.[43]
Social inclusion
Social inclusion, the converse of social exclusion, is affirmative action to change the circumstances and habits that lead to (or have led to) social exclusion.
As the World Bank states, social inclusion is the process of improving the ability, opportunity, and worthiness of people, disadvantaged on the basis of their identity, to take part in society.[44] The World Bank's 2019 World Development Report on The Changing Nature of Work[45] suggests that enhanced social protection and better investments in human capital improve equality of opportunity and social inclusion.
Social Inclusion ministers have been appointed, and special units established, in a number of jurisdictions around the world. The first
In Japan, the concept and term "social inclusion" went through a number of changes over time and eventually became incorporated in community-based activities under the names hōsetsu (包摂) and hōkatsu (包括), such as in the "Community General Support Centres" (chiiki hōkatsu shien sentā 地域包括支援センター) and "Community-based Integrated Care System" (chiiki hōkatsu kea shisutemu 地域包括ケアシステム).[51]
One may explore its implications for social work practice. Mullaly (2007) describes how "the personal is political" and the need for recognizing that social problems are indeed connected with larger structures in society, causing various forms of oppression amongst individuals resulting in marginalization.[52] It is also important for the social worker to recognize the intersecting nature of oppression. A non-judgmental and unbiased attitude is necessary on the part of the social worker. The worker may begin to understand oppression and marginalization as a systemic problem, not the fault of the individual.[52]
Working under an anti-oppression perspective would then allow the social worker to understand the lived, subjective experiences of the individual, as well as their cultural, historical and social background. The worker should recognize the individual as political in the process of becoming a valuable member of society and the structural factors that contribute to oppression and marginalization (Mullaly, 2007).[52] Social workers must take a firm stance on naming and labeling global forces that impact individuals and communities who are then left with no support, leading to marginalization or further marginalization from the society they once knew (George, P, SK8101, lecture, October 9, 2007).
The social worker should be constantly reflexive, work to raise the consciousness, empower, and understand the lived subjective realities of individuals living in a fast-paced world, where fear and insecurity constantly subjugate the individual from the collective whole, perpetuating the dominant forces, while silencing the oppressed.[53]
Some individuals and groups who are not professional social workers build relationships with marginalized persons by providing
In law
There are countries, Italy for example, that have a legal concept of social exclusion. In Italy, "esclusione sociale" is defined as poverty combined with social alienation, by the statute n. 328 (11-8-2000), that instituted a state investigation commission named "Commissione di indagine sull'Esclusione Sociale" (CIES) to make an annual report to the government on legally expected issues of social exclusion.[54]
The
See also
- Ageism
- Apartheid
- Basic income
- Blacklisting
- Cancel culture
- Closure (sociology)
- Distribution of wealth
- Guaranteed minimum income
- Environmental racism
- Hate speech
- Heterosexism
- Homophobia
- In-group favoritism
- Isolation to facilitate abuse
- Lumpenproletariat
- Ostracism
- Poverty
- Racism
- Relational mobility
- Second-class citizen
- Silent treatment
- Social alienation
- Social control
- Social death
- Social firm
- Social invisibility
- Social rejection
- Social stigma
- Social vulnerability
- The Disinformation Project
- Transport divide
- Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action
- Yogyakarta Principles
- Youth exclusion
References
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- ^ "social exclusion - European Commission". home-affairs.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
- ^ Peace R (2001). "Social exclusion: A concept in need of definition?". Social Policy Journal of New Zealand: 17–36.
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- ^ "About". Institute on Public Safety and Social Justice. Adler University. 26 February 2020.
- ^ "The Seeds of Exclusion (2008)". The Salvation Army. Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
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- ^ a b Yee J (2005). "Critical anti-racism praxis: The concept of whiteness implicated.". In Hick S, Fook J, Pozzuto R (eds.). Social work, a critical turn. Toronto: Thompson. pp. 87–104.
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- Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844
- The globalized city: economic restructuring and social polarization in European cities (Reprinted ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-19-926040-9.
- Mullaly B (2007). "Oppression: The focus of structural social work.". In Mullaly B (ed.). The new structural social work. Don Mills: Oxford University Press. pp. 252–286.
- Power A, Wilson WJ (2000). Social Exclusion and the Future of Cities. London: Centre for Analysis of Social Exclusion, London School of Economics.
- Rawls J (2005). A theory of justice (Orig., reprint ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01772-6.
- Sakamoto I, Pitner RO (2005). "Use of critical consciousness in anti-oppressive social work practice: disentangling power dynamics at personal and structural levels". British Journal of Social Work. 35 (4): 435–452. .
- Sewpaul V (April 2006). "The global–local dialectic: Challenges for African scholarship and social work in a post-colonial world". British Journal of Social Work. 36 (3): 419–434. .
- Silver H (1994). "Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms". International Labour Review. 133 (5–6): 531–578.
- University of Georgia (2006, November 9). Social Exclusion Changes Brain Function And Can Lead To Poor Decision-making. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 29, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/11/061108154256.htm
- URSPIC: An EU Research Project to measure impacts of urban development projects on social exclusion
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- Yee JY, Dumbrill GC (2003). "Whiteout: Looking for Race in Canadian Social Work Practice". In Al-Krenawi A, Graham JR (eds.). Multicultural Social Work in Canada: Working with Diverse Ethno-Racial Communities. Toronto: Oxford Press. pp. 98–121.
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External links
- Is the U.S. a Good Model for Reducing Social Exclusion in Europe? Center for Economic and Policy Research, August 2006
- "Inclutivities" - A Collection of Games, Exercises and Activities for Use in Art Therapy and Training Programmes for Groups of Marginalised and Excluded Persons EU Project "Against Exclusion", 2014