Maria Theresa thaler
The Maria Theresa thaler (MTT) is a silver bullion coin and a type of Conventionsthaler that has been used in world trade continuously since it was first minted in 1741. It is named after Maria Theresa who ruled Austria, Hungary, and Bohemia from 1740 to 1780 and is depicted on the coin.
History
In 1741 the first MTT was struck according to the Reichsthaler standard with 1⁄9 of a Cologne mark of fine silver, or 25.98 grams. In 1750 a new thaler was struck with a gross weight of 1⁄10 of 1 Vienna mark of silver, 5⁄6 fine (with a fine silver content of 23.39 grams, or 1⁄10 of a Cologne mark). In 1751 this new standard Conventionsthaler was effectively adopted across the German-speaking world when it was accepted formally in the Bavarian monetary convention. This new, post-1751 thaler has continued as a trade coin ever since.
Since the death of Maria Theresa in 1780, the coin has always been dated 1780. On 19 September 1857, Emperor
The MTT could also be found throughout the
During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in World War II, enough people preferred it to the money issued by the occupying forces that the American Office of Strategic Services created counterfeit MTTs for use by resistance forces.[2]
In German-speaking countries, following a spelling reform dated 1901 that took effect two years later, Thaler is written Taler (the spelling of given names like Theresa was not affected). Hence 20th-century references to this coin in German and Austrian sources are found under Maria-Theresien-Taler. The spelling in English-speaking countries was not affected.
The MTT continues to be produced by the Austrian Mint and is available in both proof and uncirculated conditions.[3]
Details
The thaler is 39.5–41 mm (1.56–1.61 in) in diameter and 2.5 mm (0.098 in) thick, weighs 28.0668 grams (0.99003 oz) and contains 23.386 grams (0.752
The inscription on the obverse of this coin is in Latin: "M. THERESIA D. G. R. IMP. HU. BO. REG." The Reverse reads "ARCHID. AVST. DUX BURG. CO. TYR. 1780 X". It is an abbreviation of Maria Theresia, Dei Gratia Romanorum Imperatrix, Hungariae Bohemiaeque Regina, Archidux Austriae, Dux Burgundiae, Comes Tyrolis. 1780 ☓, which means, 'Maria Theresa, by the grace of God,
Minting outside of Austria
The MTT quickly became a standard trade coin and several nations began striking Maria Theresa thalers. The following
The MTT came to be used as currency in large parts of Africa and the Middle East until after World War II. It was common from North Africa to Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, down the coast of Tanzania to Mozambique, and also in the Arabian Peninsula (Oman, Yemen). Its popularity in the Red Sea region was such that merchants would not accept any other type of currency. The Italian government produced a similarly designed coin in the hope of replacing the Maria Theresa thaler, but it never gained acceptance.[6]
The Maria Theresa thaler was also formerly the currency of the Hejaz, Yemen, and the Aden Protectorate, as well as
In the United Kingdom, the Maria Theresa thaler bearing the date of 1780 is a "protected coin" for of Part II of the Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981.[9]
Ethiopia
The MTT is first recorded as circulating in
Citations
- ^ "The Historical Framework of the Currency of Saudi Arabia".
- ^ Lovell, Stanley P. (July 1963). "Deadly Gadgets of the OSS" (PDF). Popular Science: 56–58. Retrieved 2009-12-01.
- ^ "Austrian Mint". www.muenzeoesterreich.at.
- The Numismatic Chronicle. Seventh Series. 12: 233.
- ^ Fenn, Ian (December 2009). "TWO RARE VARIETIES OF THE 1780 MARIA THERESIA THALER".
- ^ Alan McRae, "A Famous Trade Coin," Australian Coin Review 356 [February 1994] p. 30.
- ^ Oman silver
- ^ Harrigan, P. (February 2002). "Tales of a Thaler". Saudi Aramco World. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
- ^ The Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981, section 27(1), as read with the Forgery and Counterfeiting (Protected Coins) Order 1981 (S.I. 1981/505), article 2 and Schedule
- Haile Selassie I University. p. 468.
- ^ Kalmer, Joseph; Hyun L. (1935). Abessinien (in German and Czech). Translated by Milena Jesenská.
Chapter 13 describes currencies used in pre-WWII Abyssinia.
- ^ "Eritrean Tallero". 30 May 2008. Archived from the original on 28 August 2015.
- ^ Tschoegl, Adrian E (2001). "Maria Theresa's Thaler: A Case of International Money". Eastern Economic Journal. 27 (4): 445–464.
Further reading
- Duggar, Jan Warren (1967). "The Development of Money Supply in Ethiopia". Middle East Journal. 21 (2): 255–61.
- Fenn, Ian (2010). "The Twentieth Century Minting of the Maria Theresa Thaler". New Zealand Numismatic Journal. 90: 9–39.
- Gervais, Raymond (1982). "Pre-Colonial Currencies: A Note on the Maria Theresa Thaler". African Economic History. 11 (11): 147–52. JSTOR 3601220.
- Pankhurst, Richard (1963). "The Maria Theresa Dollar in Pre-War Ethiopia". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 1 (1): 8–26.
- Pankhurst, Richard (1970). "The Perpetuation of the Maria Theresa Dollar and Currency Problems in Italian-Occupied Ethiopia, 1936–1941". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 8 (2): 89–117.
- Pond, Shepard (1941). "The Maria Theresa Thaler: A Famous Trade Coin". Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. 15 (2): 26–31. JSTOR 3110662.
- Semple, Clare (2006). A Silver Legend: The Story of the Maria Theresa Thaler. Barzan Publishing. ISBN 0-9549701-0-1.
- Stride, H. G. (1956). "The Maria Theresa Thaler". The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society. Sixth Series. 16: 339–43.
- Tschoegl, Adrian E. (2001). "Maria Theresa's Thaler: A Case of International Money". Eastern Economic Journal. 27 (4): 443–62.
External links
- The Maria Theresia Taler 1780 – Provides information including history, description of variants, strike dates, valuation list, medals, and forgeries.
- Austrian Mint – The place where the coin is minted to this day.