Marianna, Florida
Marianna, Florida | ||
---|---|---|
FIPS code 12-43175[2] | | |
GNIS feature ID | 0286422[3] | |
Website | www |
Marianna is a city in and the county seat of Jackson County, Florida, United States,[4] and it is home to Chipola College. The official nickname of Marianna is "The City of Southern Charm". The population was 6,245 at the 2020 census.
History
Marianna was founded in 1828 by Scottish entrepreneur Scott Beverege, who named the town after his daughters Mary and Anna.[5]: 442 The following year, it was designated as the county seat, superseding the earlier settlement of Webbville, which soon after dissolved and no longer exists.[citation needed] Marianna was platted along the Chipola River. Many planters from North Carolina relocated to Jackson County to develop new plantations to take advantage of the fertile soil. They relied on the labor of enslaved African Americans brought from the Upper South in the domestic slave trade.
Civil War era
Governor
As federal troops were preparing to take control of
Marianna was the site of a Civil War battle in 1864 between a small home guard of about 150 boys, older men, and wounded soldiers, and a contingent of approximately 700 Federal troops.
Reconstruction period
During the early years after the Civil War, violence flared in Marianna and Jackson County, where 150 to 200 Republicans, some black, were assassinated in what was known as the Jackson County War by members of the Ku Klux Klan in an effort to secure white supremacy.[8]: 548–550 Locals claimed this was the work of "ruffians" from border states and carpetbaggers. Bishop Charles H. Pearce of Massachusetts, an AME minister who became a state senator in Florida, had first-hand knowledge of the situation. He placed the blame on the planters of Jackson County, who supported action against black Republicans. Disputes over farm land caused much of the disorder, as poor whites objected to negro ownership of choice farms.[5]: 443
Post-Reconstruction to mid-20th century
Violence continued in the state after Reconstruction, reaching a peak in most areas at the turn of the 20th century. This was the period in which southern states also
Lynchings in Marianna
In 1934
In 1943
Florida School for Boys
The Florida School for Boys, a large state reform school, operated in Marianna from January 1, 1900, to June 30, 2011. For a time, it was the largest juvenile reform institution in the United States. Throughout its 111-year history, the school gained a reputation for abuse, beatings, rapes, and torture of students by staff. It was rumored that students had died there as a result of injuries. Despite periodic investigations, changes of leadership, and promises by the state to improve conditions, the allegations of cruelty and abuse continued.
Many of the allegations were confirmed by separate investigations by the Florida Department of Law Enforcement in 2010 and the Civil Rights Division of the United States Department of Justice in 2011. State authorities closed the school permanently in June 2011. In 2015, a multi-year investigation of the cemetery and grounds by the University of South Florida (USF), which was attempting to find undocumented burials on the grounds, revealed details of a secret "rape dungeon", where boys younger than 12 were sexually abused. It positively identified five bodies from remains recovered on the grounds.[10] By January 2016, the end of the USF's studies of the grounds and exhumation of remains, it had identified 55 previously unknown burials, made a match for seven bodies through DNA, and presumptively identified another 14 sets of remains of 51 found. Twenty-seven more graves were discovered in 2019.[11] The team created a website containing documentation of their investigation and will continue to work with state agencies and families of former students to identify more remains.
Hurricane Michael
The city was one of several
Geography
Marianna is located in central Jackson County at 30°46′35″N 85°14′17″W / 30.77639°N 85.23806°W (30.776370, –85.238149).[13] U.S. Route 90 passes through the center of town as Lafayette Street, leading east 14 miles (23 km) to Grand Ridge and west 9 miles (14 km) to Cottondale. Interstate 10 passes through the southern end of the city, leading east 65 miles (105 km) to Tallahassee, the state capital, and west 130 miles (210 km) to Pensacola. Access to Marianna is at Exit 136, Florida State Road 276.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.8 square miles (43.6 km2), of which 0.04 square miles (0.1 km2), or 0.29%, are water.[14] The Chipola River, which forms the eastern border of the city, is part of the Apalachicola River watershed.
Climate
Climate data for Marianna, Florida (Marianna Municipal Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1950–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 84 (29) |
87 (31) |
89 (32) |
94 (34) |
101 (38) |
105 (41) |
105 (41) |
104 (40) |
103 (39) |
99 (37) |
89 (32) |
85 (29) |
105 (41) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 78.3 (25.7) |
80.3 (26.8) |
85.5 (29.7) |
89.3 (31.8) |
95.6 (35.3) |
97.8 (36.6) |
98.3 (36.8) |
97.7 (36.5) |
95.8 (35.4) |
91.0 (32.8) |
84.0 (28.9) |
79.6 (26.4) |
99.7 (37.6) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 62.9 (17.2) |
67.1 (19.5) |
73.7 (23.2) |
80.1 (26.7) |
87.5 (30.8) |
91.2 (32.9) |
92.4 (33.6) |
91.4 (33.0) |
88.7 (31.5) |
81.1 (27.3) |
71.7 (22.1) |
64.7 (18.2) |
79.4 (26.3) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 51.8 (11.0) |
55.4 (13.0) |
61.5 (16.4) |
67.6 (19.8) |
75.9 (24.4) |
81.1 (27.3) |
82.7 (28.2) |
82.1 (27.8) |
78.7 (25.9) |
69.5 (20.8) |
59.6 (15.3) |
53.9 (12.2) |
68.3 (20.2) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 40.7 (4.8) |
43.8 (6.6) |
49.2 (9.6) |
55.1 (12.8) |
64.2 (17.9) |
71.1 (21.7) |
73.0 (22.8) |
72.8 (22.7) |
68.6 (20.3) |
58.0 (14.4) |
47.4 (8.6) |
43.0 (6.1) |
57.2 (14.0) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 23.1 (−4.9) |
28.0 (−2.2) |
32.0 (0.0) |
40.4 (4.7) |
50.7 (10.4) |
63.8 (17.7) |
68.6 (20.3) |
66.9 (19.4) |
56.8 (13.8) |
42.0 (5.6) |
30.5 (−0.8) |
27.2 (−2.7) |
22.0 (−5.6) |
Record low °F (°C) | 16 (−9) |
16 (−9) |
23 (−5) |
33 (1) |
45 (7) |
55 (13) |
62 (17) |
61 (16) |
46 (8) |
28 (−2) |
20 (−7) |
17 (−8) |
16 (−9) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.04 (103) |
4.49 (114) |
5.01 (127) |
3.72 (94) |
3.15 (80) |
5.07 (129) |
5.10 (130) |
4.93 (125) |
4.06 (103) |
3.06 (78) |
3.67 (93) |
4.81 (122) |
51.11 (1,298) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.0 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 7.4 | 6.4 | 12.4 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 9.4 | 8.1 | 8.9 | 10.7 | 119.2 |
Source: XMACIS2[15][16] |
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 377 | — | |
1860 | 440 | 16.7% | |
1870 | 663 | 50.7% | |
1880 | 586 | −11.6% | |
1890 | 926 | 58.0% | |
1900 | 900 | −2.8% | |
1910 | 1,915 | 112.8% | |
1920 | 2,499 | 30.5% | |
1930 | 3,372 | 34.9% | |
1940 | 5,079 | 50.6% | |
1950 | 5,845 | 15.1% | |
1960 | 7,152 | 22.4% | |
1970 | 7,282 | 1.8% | |
1980 | 7,006 | −3.8% | |
1990 | 6,292 | −10.2% | |
2000 | 6,230 | −1.0% | |
2010 | 6,102 | −2.1% | |
2020 | 6,245 | 2.3% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[17] |
Marianna first appeared in the 1850 U.S. Census with a recorded population of 377.[18]
2010 and 2020 census
Race | Pop 2010[19] | Pop 2020[20] | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|
White (NH)
|
3,173 | 3,026 | 52.00% | 48.45% |
Black or African American (NH)
|
2,540 | 2,500 | 41.63% | 40.03% |
Alaska Native (NH)
|
23 | 18 | 0.38% | 0.29% |
Asian (NH) | 56 | 115 | 0.92% | 1.84% |
Native Hawaiian (NH)
|
4 | 6 | 0.07% | 0.10% |
Some other race (NH)
|
5 | 23 | 0.08% | 0.37% |
Two or more races/Multiracial (NH) | 136 | 262 | 2.23% | 4.20% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 165 | 295 | 2.70% | 4.72% |
Total | 6,102 | 6,245 |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 6,245 people, 2,908 households, and 1,662 families residing in the city.[21]
As of the 2010 United States census, there were 6,102 people, 1,924 households, and 1,189 families residing in the city.[22]
2000 census
As of the
In 2000, there were 2,398 households, out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.3% were married couples living together, 20.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.8% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.96.
In 2000, in the city, the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 22.3% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.7 males.
In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $23,861, and the median income for a family was $29,590. Males had a median income of $28,500 versus $21,530 for females. The
Education
From 1961 to 1966, a junior college, Jackson Junior College, served African-American students. It closed in 1966 after passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the opening of Chipola Junior College (today Chipola College) to all students.[23]
Transportation
Highways
Railroads
Freight service is provided by the
Airports
Marianna Municipal Airport was developed at a former World War II Army Air Corps base that was transferred to the city. It is a public-use airport located 4 miles (6.4 km) northeast of the central business district.
Attractions
Marianna is an official Florida Main Street town. The downtown area has been restored to look as it did many years ago, to encourage heritage tourism and emphasize its unique character and a pedestrian-friendly neighborhood. The downtown area includes the Marianna Historic District, which has a number of antebellum homes.
The Chipola River is a source of recreation during all but the winter months.
Notable people
- Kelly J. Baker, writer and editor
- Tim Davis, former pitcher for the Seattle Mariners
- Cliff Ellis, basketball head coach, Coastal Carolina University, born in Marianna
- Timothy Thomas Fortune, civil rights leader, writer, born in Marianna
- Bobby Goldsboro, pop and country singer-songwriter, born in Marianna[24]
- Alex Hamilton (born 1993), basketball player for Hapoel Eilat in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
- David Hart, actor, TV series In the Heat of the Night
- George Sydney Hawkins, politician and justice
- Caroline Lee Hentz, novelist and author
- Danny Lipford, home improvement expert
- Moss Mabry, Academy Award-nominated costume designer
- Jeff Mathis, professional baseball player
- John Milton, governor of Florida during the Civil War
- William Hall Milton, U.S. senator
- Claude Neal, African-American victim of torture and spectacle lynching in 1934 after being accused of rape
- Sam E. Parish, 8th Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force
- Rick Pearson, professional golfer
- Pete Peterson, American politician and diplomat
- Wankard Pooser, politician
- Edd Sorenson, professional cave diver
- Jim Sorey, professional football player
- Ret Turner, Emmy Award-winning costume designer
- Doug Woodlief, professional football player
Gallery
-
St. Luke Baptist Church
-
St. Luke's Episcopal Church
-
Joseph W. Russ, Jr. House
-
Ely-Criglar Plantation House
References
- ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
- ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
- ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- ^ a b Federal Writers' Project (1939). Florida. A Guide to the Southernmost State. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
- ISBN 978-1448685141.
- ISBN 9781442167094.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ Tameka Bradley Hobbs, Democracy Abroad, Lynching at Home: Racial Violence in Florida, Oxford University Press, 2015
- ^ Luscombe, Richard (February 6, 2015). "'Rape Dungeon' Allegations Emerge in Abuse Report on Dozier School for Boys". The Guardian. Retrieved February 7, 2015.
- ^ Stofan, Jake (April 11, 2019). "Additional 27 suspected graves identified at Dozier School for Boys". WJXT (news4jax).
- ^ Osbourne, Heather (October 19, 2018). "HURRICANE MICHAEL: Cottondale, Marianna pick up pieces". Northwest Florida Daily News. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ^ "xmACIS2". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
- ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
- ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- ^ "1850 Census of Population: Florida" (PDF). Retrieved March 31, 2023.
- ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Marianna city, Florida". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Marianna city, Florida". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2020: Marianna city, Florida". United States Census Bureau.
- ^ "S1101 HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES - 2010: Marianna city, Florida". United States Census Bureau.
- ISBN 1885066015, pp. 211-225.
- ISBN 0-8230-7632-6.