Marine clay
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Marine clay is a type of clay found in coastal regions around the world. In the northern, deglaciated regions, it can sometimes be quick clay, which is notorious for being involved in landslides.
Marine clay is a particle of soil that is dedicated to a particle size class, this is usually associated with USDA's classification with
Soil particles become suspended when in a solution with water, with sand being affected by the force of gravity first with suspended silt and clay still floating in solution. This is also known as turbidity, in which floating soil particles create a murky brown color to a water solution. These clay particles are then transferred to the abyssal plain in which they are deposited in high percentages of clay.
Once the clay is deposited on the ocean floor it can change its structure through a process known as flocculation, process by which fine particulates are caused to clump together or floc. These can be either edge to edge flocculation or edge to face flocculation. Relating to individual clay particles interacting with each other. Clays can also be aggregated or shifted in their structure besides being flocculated.
Particles configurations
Clay particles can self-assemble into various configurations, each with totally different properties.
This change in structure to the clay particles is due to a swap in
When clay is deposited in the ocean, the presence of excess ions in seawater causes a loose, open structure of the clay particles to form, a process known as flocculation. Once stranded and dried by ancient changing ocean levels, this open framework means that such clay is open to water infiltration. Construction in marine clays thus presents a geotechnical engineering challenge.[1]
Where clay overlies peat, a lateral movement of the coastline is indicated and shows a rise in relative sea level
Effect on building foundations
Swelling of marine clay has the potential to destroy building foundations in only a few years. Due to the changes in climatic conditions on the construction site, the pavement constructed on the marine clay (as subgrade) will have less durability and requires lot of maintenance cost. Some simple precautions, however, can reduce the hazard significantly [citation needed].
The swapping of this positive
During the construction of Marina Barrage in Singapore, marine clay was found at the site. Since marine clay was the cause of the Nicoll Highway collapse years previous, the construction team removed all the marine clay to ensure the stability of Marina Barrage. [citation needed] Later on, they found marine clay mixed with seawater even in the deeper underground.
Geotechnical problems posed by marine clay can be handled by various ground improvement techniques. Marine clay can be densified by mixing it with cement or similar binding material in specific proportions. Marine clay can be stabilised using wastes of various industries like porcelain industry and tree-cutting industries. This method is usually adopted in highways where marine clay is used as a subgrade soil. [citation needed]
References
Bibliography
- ̈Effect of pore water chemistry on the hydro-mechanical behaviour of Lianyungang soft marine clay- Deng, Y.F. ; Yue, X.B. ; Cui, Y.J. ; Shao, G.H. ; Liu, S.Y. ; Zhang, D.W. Applied Clay Science, June 2014, Vol.95, pp. 167–175
- ̈Strength of High Water Content Marine Clay Stabilized by Low Amount of Cement; Zhang, R ; Santoso, A ; Tan, T ; Phoon, Kː Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, April 23, 2013
- Structuration and Destructuration Behavior of Cement-Treated Singapore Marine Clay; Kamruzzaman, A ; Chew, S ; Lee, F; Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, Apr. 2009, Issue 4, pp. 573–589
- Sulfidization of lacustrine glacial clay upon Holocene marine transgression (Arkona Basin, Baltic Sea); Holmkvist, Lars ; Kamyshny, Alexey ; Brüchert, Volker ; Ferdelman, Timothy G. ; Jørgensen, Bo Barker; Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1 October 2014, Vol.142, pp. 75–94
- Linear and Nonlinear Dynamic Response of Piles in Soft Marine Clay; Dezi, Francesca ; Gara, Fabrizio ; Roia, Davide; Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, July 29, 2016, Vol.143(1)