Pinus pinaster
Pinus pinaster | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Gymnospermae |
Division: | Pinophyta |
Class: | Pinopsida |
Order: | Pinales |
Family: | Pinaceae |
Genus: | Pinus |
Subgenus: | P. subg. Pinus
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Section: | P. sect. Pinus
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Subsection: | Pinus subsect. Pinaster
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Species: | P. pinaster
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Binomial name | |
Pinus pinaster | |
Distribution map | |
Synonyms | |
Maritime pine, cluster pine |
Pinus pinaster, the maritime pine
Description
Pinus pinaster is a medium-size tree, reaching 20–35 metres (66–115 feet) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 1.2 m (4 ft), exceptionally 1.8 m (6 ft).
The bark is orange-red, thick, and deeply fissured at the base of the trunk, somewhat thinner in the upper crown.
The
The cones are conic, 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long[4] and 4–6 cm (1+1⁄2–2+1⁄2 in) broad at the base when closed, green at first, ripening glossy red-brown when 24 months old. They open slowly over the next few years, or after being heated by a forest fire, to release the seeds, opening to 8–12 cm (3–4+1⁄2 in) broad.
The seeds are 8–10 mm (5⁄16–3⁄8 in) long, with a 20–25 mm (13⁄16–1 in) wing, and are wind-dispersed.
Similar species
Maritime pine is closely related to
Distribution and habitat
Its range is in the western
It generally occurs at low to moderate altitudes, mostly from sea level to 600 m (2,000 ft), but up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in the south of its range in Morocco. The high degree of fragmentation in the current natural distribution is caused by two factors: the discontinuity and altitude of the mountain ranges causing isolation of even close populations, and human activity.[7]
Ecology
Pinus pinaster is a popular topic in
Pinus pinaster is a diagnostic species of the vegetation class Pinetea halepensis.[8]
Larvae of the moth Dioryctria sylvestrella feed on this pine. Their boring activity causes large quantities of resin to flow from the wounds which weakens the tree and allows fungi and other pathogens to gain entry.[9]
Invasiveness
Results of invasion
Pinus pinaster is a successful
In addition, depending on the regions P. pinaster invades, P. pinaster has the potential to dramatically alter the quantity of water in the environment. If P. pinaster invades an area covered with grasses and shrubs, the water level of the streams in this area would lower significantly because P. pinaster are
It is sporadically naturalizing in Oakland and San Leandro in northern California.
Ecological interactions
Pinus pinaster is particularly successful in regions with fynbos vegetation because it is adapted to high-intensity fires, thus allowing it to outcompete other species that are not as well adapted to high-intensity fires. In areas of fire-prone shrubland, the cones of P. pinaster will release seeds when in a relatively high-temperature environment for
Several other characteristics contribute to their success in the regions they have invaded, including their ability to grow rapidly and to produce small seeds with large wings. Their ability to grow quickly with short juvenile periods allows them to outcompete many native species while their small seeds aids in their dispersal. The small seeds with large wings are beneficial for wind dispersal, which is the key to reaching new areas in regions with fynbos vegetation.[6] Vertebrate seed dispersers are not commonly found in mountain fynbos vegetation; therefore those species that require the aid of vertebrate dispersal would be at a disadvantage in such an environment. For this reason, the small seed, low seed wing loading, and high winds found in mountainous regions all combine to provide a favorable situation for the dispersal of P. pinaster seeds.[6] Without this efficient dispersal strategy, P. pinaster would not have been able to reach and invade areas, such as South Africa, that are suitable for its growth. Its dispersal ability is one of the key factors that have allowed P. pinaster to become such a successful invasive species.[6]
In addition to being an efficient disperser, P. pinaster is known to produce
Options for biological control
Uses
Pinus pinaster is widely planted for timber in its native area, being one of the most important trees in forestry in France, Spain and Portugal. Landes forest in southwest France is the largest man-made maritime pine forest in Europe. It has also been cultivated in Australia as plantation tree, to provide softwood timber.[18] P. pinaster resin is a useful source of turpentine and rosin.[19]
In addition to industrial uses, maritime pine is also a popular ornamental tree, often planted in parks and gardens in areas with warm
It is also used as a source of
Pests
References
- . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ a b "Pinus pinaster Aiton". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 4 November 2013.
- ^ "Maritime Pine | the Wood Database - Lumber Identification (Softwood)".
- ^ ISBN 3-444-70130-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Moran et al. (2000).
- ^ a b c d e f g Richardson, M (1990). Assessing the risk of invasive success in Pinus and Banksia in South African mountain fynbos [Journal of Vegetation Science] (1st ed.). pp. 629–642.
- ^ a b Alía, R. & Martín, S. (2003), Maritime pine – Pinus pinaster: Technical guidelines for genetic conservation and use (PDF), European Forest Genetic Resources Programme, p. 6 pp, archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-19, retrieved 2017-01-18
- S2CID 228839165.
- ISBN 978-1-4443-9788-8.
- ^ Higgins, S (1999). Predicting the Landscape-Scale Distribution of Alien Plants and Their Threat to Plant Diversity [Conservation Biology]. pp. 303–313.
- ^ a b c Gaertner, M (2009). Impacts of alien plant invasions on species richness in Mediterranean-type ecosystems: a meta-analysis [Progress in Physical Geography] (33rd ed.). pp. 319–338.
- ^ .
- ^ Papanastasis, V. (1995). Effects of thinning, fertilisation and sheep grazing on the understory vegetarion of Pinus pinaster plantations [School of Forestry and Natural Environment]. pp. 181–189.
- ^ a b c Calvo, L (2008). Post-fire natural regeneration of a Pinus pinaster forest in NW Spain [Plant Ecology]. Vol. 197. pp. 81–90.
- ^ Calvo, L (2003). Regeneration after wildfire in communities dominated by Pinus pinaster, an obligate seeder, and in others dominated by Quercus pyrenaica, typical resprouter [Forest Ecology and Management]. Vol. 184. pp. 209–223.
- ^ a b Krebs, C (2009). Ecology [Pearson].
- ^ Hoffmann, J (2011). Prospects for the biological control of invasive Pinus species (Pinaceae) in South Africa [African Entomology]. pp. 393–401.
- ^ "Anglesea Plantation". The Geelong Advertiser. 1926-05-01. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
- ^ "Interview: Pinus pinaster resin industry in Portugal (portuguese)". AGROTEC. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
- ^ "Pinus pinaster". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
- PMID 22513958.
- hdl:10400.5/20420.
Sources
- Moran, V.C.; Hoffmann, J.H.; Donnelly, D.; van Wilgen, B.W.; Zimmermann, H.G. (2000). "Biological Control of Alien, Invasive Pine Trees (Pinus species) in South Africa" (PDF). Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds: 941–953.
Further reading
- Pinus pinaster – distribution map, genetic conservation units and related resources. European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)