Marmaray Tunnel
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The Marmaray Tunnel (
.The Marmaray Tunnel was opened to passenger traffic on 29 October 2013. In March 2019 the overground part of the
History
The construction of a railway tunnel beneath the Bosporus strait dates back to 1860, when
Plans to build a modern trans-Bosporus tunnel were proposed in 1997, based on a feasibility study ten years prior, and the necessary capital secured in 1999. Preparatory works on the project began in 2001. Construction began in May 2004. The tunnel was constructed by a Turkish-Japanese consortium led by the Taisei Corporation. Tunnel construction was completed on 20 October 2008, and rails were added in 2009. The completion of the project was delayed due to archeological discoveries near Sirkeci, with artifacts dating back 8,000 years.[1]
Test runs began on 6 August 2013, and operations began 29 October, with a ceremony in Üsküdar.[2]
Operations
The
The western portal to the tunnel is in Kazlıçeşme, Zeytinburnu on the European side of the city, just west of Fatih. Out of the three tracks that approach the west portal, two of them enter the tunnel, while the third track continues to Sirkeci station.
The eastern portal to the tunnel is located in
As of November 2017, TCDD Taşımacılık operates 164 round-trips between Kazlıçeşme and Ayrılık Çeşmesi at intervals from every 5 minutes during peak hours, to 10/15 minutes during off-peak hours. In total, the Marmaray tunnels see 328 scheduled trains daily.
Engineering
The undersea section of the Marmaray tunnel is the deepest immersed tube tunnel in the world, with its deepest point being 60 m (200 ft) below sea level. This section of the tunnel is 1,387 m (4,551 ft) long and consists of 11 sections lowered via barges on the Bosporus. Eight of these sections have a length of 135 m (443 ft), two of them have a length of 98.5 m (323 ft) and one with a length of 100 m (330 ft). These immersed tube tunnels are connected via bored-tunnels on both sides.[3] Before the tunnel sections were lowered, a portion of the ground underneath the Bosporus needed to be strengthened. This was done by lowering concrete columns 4 to 10 meters long which stabilized the area. The tunnels were assembled on dry-docks in Tuzla and tested off Büyükada. After testing, they were dragged by tugboats to their positions at the southern end of the Bosporus.[3]
Once the tunnels were lowered into place, they were covered with fill, de-watered and sealed.[4]
References
- ^ 153 Yıllk Rüya Gerçek Oldu! (PDF) (Report). Turkish Ministry of Transport, Maritime and Communication. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
- ^ "Marmaray tüneli resmen açıldı". bbc.com/turkce (in Turkish). 29 October 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- ^ a b "Tarihçesi". marmaray.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 1 December 2017.
- ^ "Marmaray Railway Engineering Project". railway-technology.com. Retrieved 1 December 2017.