Maronites
ܡܖ̈ܘܢܝܐ | |
---|---|
Total population | |
c. 7–12 million[1][2][3][4][5][6] | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Other Lebanese Christians[20] |
Maronites (
The Maronites derive their name from
Christianity in Lebanon has a long and continuous history. Biblical scriptures[specify] state that Peter and Paul evangelized the Phoenicians, whom they affiliated to the ancient patriarchate of Antioch. The spread of Christianity in Lebanon was very slow where paganism persisted, especially in the mountaintop strongholds of Mount Lebanon. During the 5th century AD, Saint Maron sent Abraham of Cyrrhus, often referred to as the Apostle of Lebanon, to convert the still significant pagan population of Lebanon to Christianity. The area's inhabitants renamed the Adonis River the Abraham River after Saint Abraham preached there.[26][27]
The early Maronites were
Mass emigration to the Americas at the outset of the 20th century,
The Antiochene Syriac Maronite Church, under the patriarch of Antioch, has branches in nearly all countries where Maronite Christian communities live, in both the Levant and the Lebanese diaspora.
The Maronites and the
Etymology
Maronites derive their name from Maron, a 4th-century Syriac Christian saint venerated by multiple Christian traditions. He is often mistaken with John Maron, the first Maronite Patriarch, who ruled 685-707.[35][36]
History
The cultural and linguistic heritage of the Lebanese people is a blend of both indigenous Phoenician elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. In a 2013 interview, Pierre Zalloua, a Lebanese biologist who took part in the National Geographic Society's Genographic Project, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more Phoenician than another."[37]
Although Christianity existed in Roman Phoenice since the time of the Apostles, Christians were a minority among the majority pagans by the time Emperor Theodosius I issued The Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD. The coastal cities of Tyre and Sidon remained prosperous during Roman rule, but Phoenicia had ceased to be the maritime empire it once was centuries ago and the north of Berytus (Beirut) and the mountains of Lebanon concentrated a big part of the intellectual and religious activities. Very few Roman temples in Phoenicia were built in the coastal cities, hence the reason for the reign of paganism in the interior of the land.[38]
The Maronite movement reached Lebanon when in 402 AD Saint Maron's first disciple, Abraham of Cyrrhus, who was called the Apostle of Lebanon, realized that there were many non-Christians in Lebanon and so he set out to convert the Phoenician inhabitants of the coastal lines and mountains of Lebanon, introducing them to the way of Saint Maron.[39] Many Phoenician pagans became Maronite Christians.[40]
In 451 AD, the Maronites followed the Council of Chalcedon, rejecting both monophysitism and miaphysitisim in favor of maintaining full communion with the then united Catholic Church. In 517 AD, a Chalcedonian conflict resulted in the massacre of 350 Maronite monks. Some sources detail the massacre was exacted under the orders of Monophysite Emperor Anastasius I, while others assign the responsibility to the Miaphysite Jacobite Syriacs.[35][41][42]
Escaping persecution following the Muslim conquest of the Levant in 637 AD, the Maronites living in the low lands and coastal cities confined themselves to the Mount Lebanon and to the coastal cities of the Phoenician coast which did not particularly interest the Arabs; the area consisting of those regions extending from Sidon in the South and up to Batroun and the south of Tripoli in the north.[43][44] The Arab conquerors settled in various cities of the Phoenician coast to reduce Byzantine interference even though they were not interested in maritime trade. Since the mountains offered no attraction to them, the Maronites continued to find refuge from colonial empires in the Mountains of Lebanon, especially Qadisha Valley.[43]
The Maronites raided the newly Arab towns after the conquest of 637 AD and were later joined by the Mardaites in repelling the Arab army. The Mardaites were mountaineers from the Taurus that Emperor Constantine IV recruited to infiltrate Lebanon and join the Maronites to carry attacks against the Arab invaders.[45] The resistance movement became known as "Marada," deriving etymologically from Syriac-Aramaic "Marad" ("ܡܰܪܶܕ") meaning to rebel, fortify or resist.
In 685 AD, the Maronites appointed a Patriarch for themselves, St. John Maron, who became the first Patriarch of the Maronite Church. The appointing of a Patriarch made the Byzantine Emperor furious, which led to the persecution of the Maronites by the Byzantines.
In 694 AD, Emperor Justinian II sent an army to attack the Maronites, destroying their monastery in the Orontes valley and killing 500 monks. The Maronites followed up by leading their army against the Byzantines at Amioun and defeated the Byzantine army in a crushing victory that cost Constantinople two of its best generals.[45] Following the Byzantine persecutions in the Orontes valley, many Aramean Maronite monks left their lands in the Orontes valley and joined the Phoenician Maronites in the mountains of Lebanon.[46] The Maronite Church began to grow then in the valleys of Lebanon.[40]
The Maronites managed then to become "civilly semiautonomous" where they settled[35][47][48] and kept speaking Lebanese Aramaic[49] in daily life and Classical Syriac for their liturgy. The Christians that chose to remain in the newly Arab-controlled areas and inhabited by the Arab invaders gradually became a minority and many of those converted to Islam in order to escape taxation and to further their own political and professional advancement.[50]
For the next 300 years, the Maronites raided and retreated within the region keeping their Christian faith.[45] In 936, the monastery of Beth Moroon (funded by the Byzantine emperor Marcian in Saint Maroun's honour[51]) and a few other monasteries were completely destroyed by the Arabs who attacked the Maronites on religious grounds. Aside from this they were isolated from most of the world for much of the end of the millennium.[40]
The Maronites welcomed the conquering Christians of the First Crusade in 1096 AD.[52] Around the late 12th century, according to William of Tyre, the Maronites numbered 40,000 people.[53] During the several centuries of separation from the rest of the Christian world, they often claim to have been in full communion with the Catholic Church throughout.
Despite this the majority of the accounts of those interacting with them at the time indicate that they were monothelites; notable figures from the era such as the medieval historian Jacques de Vitry and the chronicler of the Pope, William of Tyre affirming this, the latter of which (William Tyre) recorded both their kindness upon receiving him and the monothelitic views of which they recanted, stating; "The heresy of Maro and his followers is and was that in our Lord Jesus Christ, there exists and did exist from the beginning one will and one energy only, as may be learned from the sixth council, which as is well known, was assembled against them and in which they suffered sentence of condemnation. Now however...they repented all of these heresies and returned to the catholic church".[54][55] The Maronites have also had a presence in Cyprus since the early 9th century and many Maronites went there following the Sultan Saladin's successful Siege of Jerusalem in 1187 AD.[56]
During the papacy of Pope Gregory XIII (1572-1585), steps were taken to bring the Maronites still closer to Rome. The Maronite College in Rome (Pontificio Collegio dei Maroniti) being founded by Gregory XIII in 1584.[57] By the 17th century, the Maronites had developed a strong natural liking for Europe – particularly France.[58]
The relationship between the
After the 1860 massacres, many Maronites fled to Egypt. Antonios Bachaalany, a Maronite from Salima (Baabda district) was the first emigrant to the New World, where he reached the United States in 1854 and died there two years later.[66]
Population
Lebanon
According to the Maronite church, there were approximately 1,062,000 Maronites in
Syria
There is also a small Maronite Christian community in Syria. In 2017, the Annuario Pontificio reported that 3,300 people belonged to the Archeparchy of Aleppo, 15,000 in the Archeparchy of Damascus and 45,000 in the Eparchy of Lattaquié).[69] In 2015, the BBC placed the number of Maronites in Syria at between 28,000 and 60,000.[70]
Cyprus
Maronites first migrated to
Israel and Palestine
A Maronite community of about 11,000 people lives in Israel.[73] The 2017 Annuario Pontificio reported that 10,000 people belonged to the Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land and 504 people belonged to the Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine.[69]
Diaspora
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According to various sources the Maronite diaspora is estimated to be somewhere between 7 and 12 million individuals, much larger than the Maronite population living in their historic homelands in Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, Israel, and Palestine.[2][6] Due to cultural and religious assimilation, especially in the Americas, many Maronites or those of Maronite descent might not identify as Maronite or are unaware of their Maronite heritage.[74][75]
According to the
According to the Annuario Pontificio, 51,520 people belonged to the
According to the Annuario Pontificio, 74,900 belonged to the Apostolic Exarchate of West and Central Africa (
Role in politics
Lebanon
With only two exceptions,
Israel and Palestine
People born into
In addition, some 500 Christian adherents of the Syriac Catholic Church in Israel are expected to apply for the recreated ethnic status, as well as several hundred Aramaic-speaking adherents of the Syriac Orthodox Church.[79] Though supported by Gabriel Naddaf, the move was condemned by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which described it as "an attempt to divide the Palestinian minority in Israel".[80]
This recognition comes after about seven years of activity by the Aramean Christian Foundation in Israel, led by
Identity
The followers of the Maronite Church form a part of the
Phoenicianism
Phoenicianism is an identity on the part of Lebanese Christians that has developed into an integrated ideology led by key thinkers, but there are a few who have stood out more than others:
Among leaders of the movement,
In opposition to such views, Arabism was affirmed at the March 1936 Congress of the Coast and Four Districts, when the Muslim leadership at the conference made the declaration that Lebanon was an Arab country, indistinguishable from its Arab neighbors. In the April 1936 Beirut municipal elections, Christian and Muslim politicians were divided along Phoenician and Arab lines in the matter of whether the Lebanese coast should be claimed by Syria or given to Lebanon, increasing the already mounting tensions between the two communities.[88] Phoenicianism is still disputed by many Arabist scholars who have on occasion tried to convince its adherents to abandon their claims as false, and to embrace and accept the Arab identity instead.[90] This conflict of ideas of identity is believed to be one of the pivotal disputes between the Muslim and Christian populations of Lebanon and what mainly divides the country to the detriment of national unity.[91]
In general it appears that Muslims focus more on the Arab identity of the Lebanese history and culture whereas the Christian communities–especially the Maronites, focus on their history and struggles as an ethnoreligious group as distinct from Arab identity and the Arab world, while also reaffirming the Lebanese identity, as well as refraining from Arab characterization as it would deny them their striving achievement of having fended off the Arabs and Turks physically, culturally, and spiritually since their conception. The Maronite perseverance led to their existence even to today.[92][93]
Support of Lebanese identity
Lebanese Maronites are known to be specifically linked to the root of Lebanese Nationalism and opposition to
The right-wing yet secular
Lebanon will remain, as always, Lebanese without any labels. The French passed through it yet it remained Lebanese. The
Arabism.[95]
On an
The official declared "Arab Identity" of Lebanon was created in 1990 based on the Taif Agreement, without any free discussion or debate among Lebanese people and while Lebanon was under Syrian custody and in the presence of armed Syrian military inside the Lebanese parliament when votes on constitutional amendments were taking place.[96]
In a speech in 2009 to a crowd of Christian
What we are missing today is an important element of our life and our honor, which is our identity. I will tell you today, that I as a
Arabic: مارونية سريانية مسيحية لبنانية mārūniyya, suryāniyya masīḥiyya, lubnāniyya).[96]
On 16 December 2022, at the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchal Residence in Atchaneh, Lebanon, the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch, Ignatius Aphrem II issued a joint statement with the Maronite Patriarch, Bechara Boutros al-Rahi, the Syriac Catholic Patriarch, Ignatius Joseph III Yonan, the Chaldean Patriarch, Louis Raphaël I Sako and the Assyrian Patriarch of the Church of the East, Awa III proclaiming:
We affirm that we are one Syriac people, rooted in the beloved East and we form its essential constituents, despite our number and the variety of our apostolic traditions. Our witness to our Christian faith in general, and to our Syriac identity in particular, is a constant source of concern for us. Therefore, we took the time to deepen our role in the East and to find ways to activate it and strengthen it. We discussed the available means of supporting our people to remain in the homeland which was baptized with the blood of our forefathers and ancestors. In this regard, we have renewed our firm resolve to continue our fatherly ministry to our people in order to help them remain in their countries and to stop the migrations caused by the current conflicts and political, economic, and social difficult conditions that the world is witnessing, and that is significantly affecting in the Middle East. Therefore, we pray for our countries' citizens who are suffering because of these crises that are affecting their daily lives. We assure them to continue our Christian witness and ministry to help all people and preserve their dignities and rights.[98]
Embrace of Arab identity
During a final session of the Lebanese Parliament, a
Maronite Deacon Soubhi Makhoul, administrator for the Maronite Exarchate in Jerusalem, has said "The Maronites are Arabs, we are part of the Arab world. And although it's important to revive our language and maintain our heritage, the church is very outspoken against the campaign of these people."[100]
Aramean identity
Many Maronites consider themselves the descendants of Arameans who lived in the Levant.[101] Furthermore they identify the founder of the church, Saint Maron as a Syriac-speaking hermit of Aramean origins.[102]
In 2014, Israel recognized the
Religion
The Maronites belong to the Maronite Syriac Church of Antioch (a former ancient Greek city now in
Names
Modern Maronites often adopt French or other Western European
(Sergius) and Bakhos (Bacchus), while others are common both among Christians and Muslims, such as Youssef (Joseph), Ibrahim (Abraham), and Maryam (Mary).Some Maronite Christians are named in honour of Maronite saints, including the
Persecution
Maronites were persecuted historically and continuously during the period of Arab conquests of the Middle East (Mount Lebanon) and under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. The Great Famine of Mount Lebanon, which occurred between 1915 and 1918, was caused by multiple factors; one was the Ottoman policy of acquiring all food products in the region for the Ottoman army and administration, and barring food from being sent to the Maronite Christian population of Mount Lebanon, effectively condemning them to starvation.[107] The death of 200,000 Maronite Christians and other people of Mount Lebanon was mainly due to starvation and disease.[108] It was suggested at the time that the starvation of the Maronites was an Ottoman policy aimed at destroying the Maronites, in keeping with the treatment of Armenians, Assyrians and Greeks.[109]
See also
- Christianity in Lebanon
- List of Maronites
- Marounistan
- Maronite Christianity in Lebanon
- Maronite flag
- Syriac Christianity
Notes
- ^ Numbers were higher before the 1956–1957 exodus and expulsions from Egypt
References
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[E]stimates vary between 16 million émigrés of Lebanese descent and 4 million. But they all agree on the fact that Christians amount to between 65 percent and 70 percent, among whom Maronites alone represent roughly 48 percent of this diaspora, and are thus the largest 'Lebanese' community abroad
- ^ a b Gemayel, Boutros. "Archbishop of the Maronite Church in Cyprus". maronite-institute.org. The Maronite Research Institute.
There are reportedly over seven million Maronites alone living in Brazil, the United States of America, South America, Canada, Africa, Europe and Australia.
- ^ Moussa, Gracia (22 September 2014). "Maronites: the face of Christians in the Middle East". geopolitica.info. L’Associazione Geopolitica.info.
The number of Maronites abroad is estimated to be 8 million.
- ^ "The Maronite Church "A bridge between East and West"". cmc-terrasanta.org. Christian Media Center. 10 June 2016.
There are more than 10 million Maronites around the world
- ^ Bejjani, Elias (10 February 2008). "St. Maroun & His followers the Maronites". Canadian Lebanese Coordinating Council. Archived from the original on 17 May 2023.
Every year, on the ninth of February, more than ten million Maronites from all over the world celebrates St. Maroun's day.
- ^ a b Hugi, Jacky (15 March 2013). "Aramaic Language Project in Israel Furthers Recognition of Maronites". al-monitor.com. Al-Monitor, LLC.
There are 12 million Maronites in the world today.
- ^ Burger, John (10 September 2020). "Christians in Lebanon: A short history of the Maronite Church". Aleteia. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- ^ a b Tu, Janet (17 November 2001). "Maronite Mass gets trial run at Shoreline parish". seattletimes.com. The Seattle Times.
Today there are about 7 million Maronites worldwide, most of them in Brazil (with 3 million or 4 million) and the United States (with 1.2 million Maronites, and 83 Maronite churches).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Current Maronite Dioceses". Catholic Hierarchy. David M. Cheney. 2023.
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Being largely mountaineers and still Syriac-speaking the Maronite community was evidently looked upon as a minority ethnic group rather than a separate denomination.
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This identity was underlined by Christian resistance to adopting Arabic as the spoken language. Originally they had spoken Syriac but increasingly opted to use "Christian" languages such as Latin, Italian, and most importantly, French.
- ^ Iskandar, Amine (27 February 2022). "About the origin of the Lebanese language (I)". syriacpress.com. Syriacpress.
The Lebanese have never spoken Ktovonoyo, but it was and is the liturgical language of the Syriac Maronite Church. This language was taught in their schools until 1943 and it is the only language they wrote and the one they still sing in the form of hymns. It is the language taught in schools that defines the identity of the people and their land.
- ^ Iskandar, Amine (26 November 2021). "Syriac Identity of Lebanon part 13: The Three Syriac Scripts". syriacpress.com. Syriacpress.
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- ^
- Fattouh, Emily Michelle (2018). "Adaptive Leadership and the Maronite Church". M.A. In Leadership Studies: Capstone Project Papers. Digital USD.
The continuation of the presence of the Maronite Christian Church in the United States connects people to a larger ethnic community, and most importantly, helps preserve cultural, social, and religious traditions.
- "Maronites - Minority Rights Group". minorityrights.org. Minority Rights Group International. 2021.
- "Maronites, Christians of the Middle East". stgeorgesa.org. St. George Maronite Catholic Church. 2021.
Maronites started their own churches wherever they settled in the United States, a sign of their attachment to their ethnic and religious identities.
- Ghosn, Margaret; Engebretson, Kath (2010). "National Identity of a Group of Young Australian Maronite Adults" (PDF). crucibleonline.net. Crucible Journal.
Their religious identity was part of an ethnic identification that was rigorously maintained as a result of the turmoil surrounding the history and current status of Maronites in Lebanon.
- Demosthenous, Areti (2012). "The Maronites of Cyprus: From ethnicism to transnationalism". GAMER. I (1): 61–72.
If we take as an example the Maronite community of Cyprus, it is considered as a minority by all international standards and they match perfectly the definition for national and ethnic minorities adopted by the United Nations and the Council of Europe.
- Mavrides, Mario; Maranda, Michael (1999). "The Maronites of Cyprus: A Community in Crisis". Journal of Business & Society. 12 (1): 78–94.
The Maronite ethnic identity is centred on their religion and on a historical sense of being a distinct group.
- Labaki, Georges T. (2014). "The Maronite Church in the United States, 1854–2010". U.S. Catholic Historian. 32 (1): 71–85. S2CID 153455080.
Many petitioned the patriarch to assign Maronite priests to serve in the U.S., stressing the importance of preserving Maronite spirituality and traditions and the urgent need to convey faith, language, and ethnic traditions to the children of immigrants.
- Fattouh, Emily Michelle (2018). "Adaptive Leadership and the Maronite Church". M.A. In Leadership Studies: Capstone Project Papers. Digital USD.
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the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.
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The origins of the Syriac-speaking Maronites, who are predominant in Lebanon are traced to Saint Maron (d. 410)…
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.. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred.
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..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..
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the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..
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The large majority of them are descendants of Maronite Christians, though participation in religious services varies. It must be noted that my study does not cover all the individuals of Lebanese descent in Bogota, largely because they do not consciously include themselves, or are not included in this community. This is due to a combination of lack of identification with the community, lack of knowledge of their ancestry or the community, as well as social and religious differences
- ^ Khachan, Charles (2015). Ethnic Identity Among Maronite Lebanese in the United States. University of the Incarnate Word. p. 31.
Many Maronites became estranged from their culture. Today many efforts are being constructed to reconnect these descendants of the early immigrants with their motherland Lebanon and their Maronite Church. The main challenge faced by the Maronites in the United States is that of losing their ethnic and religious identity.
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- ISBN 978-1-59333-182-5.
- ISBN 9781317931737.
- ^ BBC staff (26 November 2014). Another contributing factor to the famine was the Allied force's blockade on the Eastern Mediterranean, as the Allied forces had done with the German Empire in Europe, to stranglehold the economy with the knowledge that it might lead to a profound impact on civilians in the region. "Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds". BBC News Services. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
- ^ Harris 2012, p.174.
- ^ Ghazal, Rym (2015-04-14). "Lebanon's dark days of hunger: The Great Famine of 1915–18". The National. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
- LCCN 85-14891.
- ISSN 0228-8605.
- ^ Fisk, Robert (2002). Pity the Nation: The Abduction of Lebanon. New York: Thunder's Mouth/Nation Books. p. 105.
- ^ "Lebanon's dispossessed come home: Robert Fisk in Damour on the scars". The Independent. 23 October 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ "Lebanon's Legacy of Political Violence: A Mapping of Serious Violations of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Lebanon, 1975-2008" (PDF). pp. 14, 15.
- ^ Martelli, Simon (7 March 2010). "Cyprus Maronites battle to preserve rare ancestral language". Dawn. Retrieved 18 November 2018.
- ISBN 1-59333-182-7.
External links
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. .
- The Syriac Maronites
- Syriac Maronite identity in Lebanon