Marquis of Extended Grace
Marquis of Extended Grace 延恩侯 | |
---|---|
Creation date | 1750 |
Created by | Qing dynasty Empire of China Republic of China |
Peerage | Chinese nobility |
First holder | Zhu Zhilian |
Last holder | Zhu Yuxun |
Extinction date | 1929 (Title abolished) |
Marquis of Extended Grace | |
---|---|
Hanyu Pinyin | Yán'ēn Hóu |
Wade–Giles | Yen-en Hou |
Yue: Cantonese | |
Yale Romanization | Yìhnyān Hàuh |
Jyutping | jin4 jan1 hau4 |
The Marquis of Extended Grace was a title held by a descendant of the imperial family of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) during the subsequent Qing dynasty (1644–1912). Holders of this title were also called the Marquis of Zhu from the surname of the Ming imperial family.[1] The marquis presided at memorial ceremonies held twice a year at the Ming tombs near Beijing.[2]
The Ming dynasty was Han Chinese while the Qing dynasty was dominated by the Manchus, a people from the northeast. Many people remained loyal to the Ming dynasty long after it collapsed. From 1644 to 1662, there were several loyalist armies based in southern China.
Several Ming princes accompanied Koxinga to Taiwan in 1662, including Zhu Shugui and Zhu Honghuan, son of Zhu Yihai, where they lived in the Kingdom of Tungning. Koxinga's grandson Zheng Keshuang surrendered to the Qing dynasty in 1683 and was rewarded by the Kangxi Emperor with the title "Duke of Hanjun" (漢軍公).[3][4][5] The Qing then sent the 17 Ming princes still living on Taiwan back to mainland China where they spent the rest of their lives in exile, since their lives were spared and they were not executed.[6] Zhu Honghuan was among them.
The Qing government finally made peace with the Ming loyalists in 1725 when the Yongzheng Emperor bestowed the title of marquis on Zhu Zhilian (Chu Chih lien[7]), a senior descendant of the Ming imperial family.[8] He was posthumously promoted to Marquis of Extended Grace in 1750.[9] The title suggests that the Qing emperors were extending their grace to a representative of a defunct dynasty.[2] Zhu Zhilian was also inducted into the Han Chinese Plain White Banner of the Eight Banners, which was one of the Three Upper Banners.
It was a Chinese custom for the emperors of a new dynasty to
During the
The last marquis was Zhu Yuxun. In September 1924, Zhu met
In 1929, Zhu Yuxun petitioned the National government of the Republic of China for help since he was living in destitution and said he could no longer carry out his duties. The government abolished his title as marquis and paid him a stipend instead. In 1933, the government totally terminated all of his duties in carrying out ceremonies at the Ming tombs and totally ended his position. After that, nothing is known about what happened to Zhu Yuxun.
List of titleholders
The following is a list of title holders:[17] Adoptions occurred between related family members.
- Zhu Zhilian (朱之琏; died 1730). Based on Zhilian's imperial ancestry, the Liaodong during the Chongzhen Emperor's reign, since they were defeated in battle, they surrendered and defected to the Qing and were placed into the Bordered White Banner of the Eight Banners. Their descendant Zhu Zhilian was the prefectural magistrate of Zhengding Countyas appointed by the Yongzheng Emperor
- Zhu Zhen (朱震), son of Zhilian
- Zhu Shaomei (朱绍美), son of Zhen
- Zhu Yifeng (朱仪凤), nephew of Shaomei, inherited title in 1777
- Zhu Yurui (朱毓瑞), son of Yifeng, inherited title in 1797
- Zhu Xiuji (朱秀吉), son of Yurui
- Zhu Xiuxiang (朱秀祥), brother of Xiuji, inherited title in 1828
- Zhu Yitan (朱贻坦), nephew of Xiuxiang, inherited title in 1836
- Zhu Shugui (朱书桂), granduncle of Xiuxiang, inherited title in 1836
- Zhu Heling (朱鹤龄), adopted son of Shugui
- Zhu Chengrui (朱诚端), grandnephew of Heling, inherited title in 1869
- Zhu Yuxun (朱煜勋; born 1882), son of Chengrui, inherited title in 1891, followed Puyi to Manchuria
See also
- Chinese nobility
- Song (state) - Descendants of the Shang dynasty kings granted a ducal title by the Zhou dynasty
- Duke Yansheng - Descendants of Confucius
References
- ^ ISBN 1108029655
- ^ Herbert Baxter Adams (1925). Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science: Extra volumes. p. 57.
- ISBN 978-1-136-90274-1.
- ISBN 978-0-7146-1026-9.
- ISBN 978-0-230-61424-6.
- ^ Library of Congress. Orientalia Division (1943). 清代名人傳略: 1644-1912. 經文書局. p. 192.
- . O. Harrassowitz. 2002. p. 119.
- ISBN 978-0-520-92679-0.
Zhu Zhida.
- ISBN 978-1-134-35242-5.
- ISBN 978-1-101-17372-5.
- ^ Shêng Hu; Danian Liu (1983). The 1911 Revolution: A Retrospective After 70 Years. New World Press. p. 55.
The National Review, China. 1913. p. 200.
Monumenta Serica. H. Vetch. 1967. p. 67. - ^ Percy Horace Braund Kent (1912). The Passing of the Manchus. E. Arnold. pp. 382–.
- ISBN 978-962-209-777-3.
- ^ Great Britain and the East, vol. 57, 1941, p. 356
- ISBN 978-1-108-02965-0.
- ^ Draft History of Qing, chapters 9 ("Basic Annals of Shizong" 世宗本纪), 84 ("Rituals 3 – Auspicious Rituals 3" 禮三 吉禮三), 117 ("Officialdom 4" 職官四), and 169 ("Hereditary Tables of High Ministers and the Nobility" 诸臣封爵世表).