Martha's Vineyard
Nickname: The Vineyard, The Rock | |
---|---|
Location of Martha's Vineyard in Massachusetts Location in the United States | |
Geography | |
Location | Dukes County, Massachusetts |
Coordinates | 41°24′N 70°37′W / 41.400°N 70.617°W |
Major islands | Martha’s Vineyard, Chappaquiddick |
Area | 96 sq mi (250 km2) |
Length | 20.5 mi (33 km) |
Coastline | 200 km (124 mi) |
Highest elevation | 311 ft (94.8 m) |
Highest point | Peaked Hill |
Administration | |
United States | |
State | Massachusetts |
County | Dukes |
Demographics | |
Population | 20,600 (2018[1]) |
Pop. density | 179.8/sq mi (69.42/km2) |
Additional information | |
Official website | mvy |
Martha's Vineyard, often simply called the Vineyard,
The island's year-round population has considerably increased since the 1960s. In the 2023 Martha’s Vineyard Commission report, the year-round population was 20,530, an increase from 16,460 in 2010.[4] The summer population swells to more than 200,000 people. About 56 percent of the Vineyard's 14,621 homes are seasonally occupied.[5]
A study by the Martha's Vineyard Commission found that the cost of living on the island is 60 percent higher than the national average, and housing prices are 96 percent higher.[6] A study of housing needs by the Commission found that the average weekly wage on Martha's Vineyard was "71 percent of the state average, the median home price was 54 percent above the state's and the median rent exceeded the state's by 17 percent," all leading to a stark example of severe income inequalities between year-round residents and their seasonal counterparts.[7][8]
It is said to be named after the daughter of the British explorer Bartholomew Gosnold, who led the first recorded European expedition to Cape Cod in 1602.[a] A smaller island to the south was first to be named "Martha's Vineyard" but this later became associated with this island. It is the eighth-oldest surviving English place-name in the United States.[10] The island was subsequently known as Martin's Vineyard (perhaps after the captain of Gosnold's ship, John Martin); many islanders up to the 18th century called it by this name.[11]
When the United States Board on Geographic Names worked to standardize placename spellings in the late 19th century, apostrophes were dropped. Thus for a time Martha's Vineyard was officially named Marthas Vineyard, but the Board reversed its decision in the early 20th century, making Martha's Vineyard one of the five placenames in the United States that takes a possessive apostrophe.[12][13][14]
According to historian Henry Franklin Norton, the island was known by Native Americans as Noepe or Capawock.[15] It is referred to in the 1691 Massachusetts Charter (which transferred the island from the Province of New York during the breakup of the Dominion of New England) as Cappawock.
History
Pre-European settlement
The island was originally inhabited by
Colonial era
Mayhew's successor as leader of the community was the Hon. Leavitt Thaxter,
19th century
The island was the last refuge of the
Modern era
Martha's Vineyard was used by the Army, Navy and Air Force from 1941 through 1945 for training missions that ranged from landings on beaches to climbing cliffs and bombing practice.
The linguist William Labov wrote his master’s thesis on changes in the Martha's Vineyard dialect of English.[39] The 1963 study is widely recognized as a seminal work in the foundation of sociolinguistics.[40]
On November 23, 1970, in the Atlantic Ocean just west of Aquinnah, Simas Kudirka, a Soviet seaman of Lithuanian nationality, attempted to defect to the United States by leaping onto a United States Coast Guard cutter from a Soviet fishing trawler and asking for asylum. The Coast Guard allowed a detachment of four seamen from the Soviet ship to board the cutter and "drag the kicking, screaming Kudirka back to their vessel." He was sentenced to 10 years of hard labor in the Soviet Union.[42][43]
In 1974,
In 1977, distressed over losing their guaranteed seat in the Massachusetts General Court, inhabitants of Martha's Vineyard considered the possibility of secession from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, either to become part of another state (having received offers from both Vermont and Hawaii), reincorporating as a separate U.S. territory, or as the nation's 51st state. The separatist flag, consisting of a white seagull over an orange disk on a sky-blue background, is still seen on the island today. Although the idea of separation from Massachusetts eventually proved impracticable, it did receive attention in the local, regional, and even national media.[45]
On March 5, 1982, John Belushi died of a drug overdose in Los Angeles, California, and was buried four days later in Abel's Hill Cemetery in Chilmark. Belushi often visited the Vineyard and his family felt it fitting to bury him there. On his gravestone is the quote: "Though I may be gone, Rock 'N' Roll lives on." Because of the many visitors to his grave and the threat of vandalism, his body was moved somewhere near the grave site. His grave remains a popular site for visitors to Chilmark and they often leave tokens in memory of the late comedian.[46][47]
Since the 1990s, Bill Clinton has spent regular vacation time on the island during and after his presidency, along with his wife, Hillary Clinton, and their daughter, Chelsea. Clinton was not the first president to visit the islands; Ulysses S. Grant visited the vacation residence of his friend, Bishop Gilbert Haven on August 24, 1874. As a coincidental footnote in history, Bishop Haven's gingerbread cottage was located in Oak Bluffs at 10 Clinton Avenue. The avenue was named in 1851 and was designated as the main promenade of the Martha's Vineyard Campmeeting Association campgrounds.[48] In December 2019, President Barack Obama completed the purchase of a 30-acre (12 ha) homestead on the Edgartown Great Pond.[49]
On July 16, 1999, a
In the summer of 2000, an outbreak of
In September 2022, Florida governor
African American history on Martha's Vineyard
People were bought, sold, and probated as property on Martha's Vineyard. In 1700, Reverend Samuel Sewall, a seasonal resident of Martha's Vineyard, was one of the first to publicly oppose slavery in the New England Colonies.[56] In 1646, magistrates in Massachusetts ruled that two Africans who had been enslaved and imported be returned to their native country. In 1652, Rhode Island passed a law abolishing slavery and ordering that Africans be freed after a term of 10 years, just like indentured servants.[57] In addition to that, "at no time during its history did people of color lose the right to use the courts to challenge their status. Nor did they lose the right to inherit property in certain circumstances."[58]
On October 15, 2020, Edgartown Harbor was officially recognized as an Underground Railroad Site by the National Park Service.[59] This recognition was given after a submission from a nonprofit corporation, the African American Heritage Trail of Martha's Vineyard. The corporation was founded in 1998 by Martha's Vineyard NAACP vice president Carrie Camillo Tankard and teacher Elaine Cawley Weintraub. Their mission is to "continue to research and publish previously undocumented history and to involve the Island community in the identification and celebration of the contributions made by people of color to the island of Martha's Vineyard."[58] The trail consists of 31 sites all marked by a descriptive plaque.[59]
Hereditary deafness and sign language
Martha's Vineyard became known as an "everyone signs" community after three centuries of an unusually high level of hereditary deafness
Deaf Vineyarders generally earned an average or above-average income (proved by tax records) and they participated in church affairs with passion.[63] The deafness on the island affected both females and males in approximately the same percentage. In the late 19th century, the mixed marriages between deaf and hearing spouses comprised 65 percent of all deaf marriages on the island, as compared to the rate of 20 percent deaf-hearing marriage in the mainland.[64] The sign language used by Vineyarders is called Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL), and it is different from American Sign Language (ASL). However, the geographical, time, and population proximities state that MVSL and ASL are impossible to develop in complete isolation from each other.[65] MVSL was commonly used by hearing residents as well as deaf ones until the middle of the 20th century.[66] No language barrier created a smooth communication environment for all the residents of the island.
In the 20th century, tourism became a mainstay in the island economy, and new tourism-related jobs appeared. However, jobs in tourism were not as deaf-friendly as fishing and farming had been. Consequently, as intermarriage and further migration joined the people of Martha's Vineyard to the mainland, the island community more and more resembled the oral community there.[67] The last deaf person born into the island's sign-language tradition, Katie West, died in 1952, but a few elderly residents were able to recall MVSL as recently as the 1980s when research into the language began.[60][68]
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, the climate of the island borders between a humid continental climate (Dfa/Dfb), a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), and an oceanic climate (Cfb), the latter a climate type rarely found on the east coast of North America.[69] Martha's Vineyard's climate is highly influenced by the surrounding Atlantic Ocean, which moderates temperatures throughout the year, although this moderation is nowhere near as strong as on opposite sides of the Atlantic (Porto, Portugal) or the Pacific coast of the United States (Crescent City) at similar latitudes.
As a result, winter temperatures tend to be a few degrees warmer while summer temperatures tend to be cooler than inland locations. Winters are cool to cold with a January average of just slightly below 32 °F (0.0 °C).[70] Owing to the influence of the Atlantic Ocean, temperatures below 0 °F (−17.8 °C) are rare, occurring at one day per year, with most days during the winter months rising above freezing.[70] The average annual snowfall is 25.3 inches (643 mm). Summers are warm and mild with temperatures rarely exceeding 90 °F (32.2 °C), with only one or two days reaching or exceeding it.[70] During the summer months, the island's warmest months (July and August) average around 71.5 °F (21.9 °C)
Spring and fall are transition seasons with spring being cooler than fall. The highest daily maximum temperature was 99 °F (37.2 °C) on August 27, 1948, and the highest daily minimum temperature was 76 °F (24.4 °C) on September 4, 2010. The lowest daily maximum temperature was 7 °F (−13.9 °C) on December 26, 1980, and the lowest daily minimum temperature was −9 °F (−22.8 °C) on February 2 and 3, 1961.
Climate data for Martha's Vineyard (Edgartown, Massachusetts) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 65 (18) |
64 (18) |
75 (24) |
90 (32) |
91 (33) |
95 (35) |
95 (35) |
99 (37) |
92 (33) |
88 (31) |
74 (23) |
67 (19) |
99 (37) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 55.1 (12.8) |
54.9 (12.7) |
60.6 (15.9) |
70.2 (21.2) |
80.5 (26.9) |
86.1 (30.1) |
89.7 (32.1) |
87.6 (30.9) |
83.6 (28.7) |
75.7 (24.3) |
67.1 (19.5) |
59.1 (15.1) |
91.0 (32.8) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 40.1 (4.5) |
41.5 (5.3) |
46.4 (8.0) |
55.4 (13.0) |
64.9 (18.3) |
73.8 (23.2) |
80.4 (26.9) |
79.9 (26.6) |
74.0 (23.3) |
64.0 (17.8) |
54.4 (12.4) |
45.5 (7.5) |
60.0 (15.6) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 32.9 (0.5) |
34.1 (1.2) |
39.0 (3.9) |
47.5 (8.6) |
56.7 (13.7) |
65.7 (18.7) |
72.3 (22.4) |
71.9 (22.2) |
66.2 (19.0) |
56.1 (13.4) |
47.0 (8.3) |
38.4 (3.6) |
52.3 (11.3) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 25.6 (−3.6) |
26.8 (−2.9) |
31.7 (−0.2) |
39.5 (4.2) |
48.6 (9.2) |
57.6 (14.2) |
64.2 (17.9) |
63.9 (17.7) |
58.4 (14.7) |
48.2 (9.0) |
39.7 (4.3) |
31.3 (−0.4) |
44.6 (7.0) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 6.8 (−14.0) |
10.1 (−12.2) |
16.3 (−8.7) |
27.5 (−2.5) |
35.1 (1.7) |
45.8 (7.7) |
53.7 (12.1) |
53.0 (11.7) |
44.0 (6.7) |
32.8 (0.4) |
22.7 (−5.2) |
15.1 (−9.4) |
5.1 (−14.9) |
Record low °F (°C) | −6 (−21) |
−9 (−23) |
−7 (−22) |
12 (−11) |
28 (−2) |
37 (3) |
45 (7) |
41 (5) |
32 (0) |
22 (−6) |
14 (−10) |
−5 (−21) |
−9 (−23) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.10 (104) |
3.57 (91) |
4.80 (122) |
4.18 (106) |
3.74 (95) |
3.39 (86) |
2.64 (67) |
3.72 (94) |
3.89 (99) |
4.63 (118) |
4.21 (107) |
4.84 (123) |
47.71 (1,212) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 8.8 (22) |
8.1 (21) |
4.7 (12) |
0.3 (0.76) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
3.4 (8.6) |
25.3 (64) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 11.9 | 9.8 | 11.4 | 11.9 | 12.0 | 10.2 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 127.9 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.5 | 3.3 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 10.5 |
Source: |
Towns
Martha's Vineyard is divided into six towns. Each town is governed by a select board elected by town voters, along with annual and periodic town meetings. Each town is also a member of the Martha's Vineyard Commission, which regulates island-wide building, environmental, and aesthetic concerns.[73][74]
Some government programs on the island—such as the public school system, emergency management, and waste management—have been regionalized. There is a growing push for further regionalization areas of law enforcement, water treatment, and possible government regionalization.[citation needed]
Each town also follows certain regulations from Dukes County. The towns are:[citation needed]
- Tisbury, which includes the main village of Vineyard Haven and the West Chop peninsula. It is the island's primary port of entry for people and cargo, supplemented by the seasonal port in Oak Bluffs.
- Edgartown, which includes Chappaquiddick Island and Katama. Edgartown is noted for its rich whaling tradition and is the island's largest town by population and area.
- Harthaven.
- West Tisbury is the island's agricultural center, and it hosts the well-known Martha's Vineyard Agricultural Fair in late August each year.
- Chilmark, including the fishing village of Menemsha. Chilmark is also rural, and it features the island's hilliest terrain. It is the birthplace of George Claghorn, master shipbuilder of the USS Constitution, a.k.a. "Old Ironsides".
- Aquinnah, formerly called Gay Head, is home to the Wampanoag Indian tribe and clay cliffs.
The three "Down-Island" towns of Edgartown, Tisbury, and Oak Bluffs are "wet" towns—serving alcohol. West Tisbury and Aquinnah are "soggy" towns that serve only beer and wine, and Chilmark is a "dry" town.
Transportation
Water
Martha's Vineyard is located approximately seven miles off the southern coast of
Air
Mass transit
Bus service is provided on the island year-round by the Martha's Vineyard Transit Authority (VTA).[77]
Education
Martha's Vineyard is served by Martha's Vineyard Public Schools:
- Edgartown School (Grades K-8)[78]
- West Tisbury School (Grades K–8)[79]
- Oak Bluffs School (Grades K–8)[80]
- Tisbury School (Grades K–8)[81]
- Chilmark School (Grades K–5)[82]
- Martha's Vineyard Public Charter School (Grades K–12)[83]
- Martha's Vineyard Regional High School (Grades 9–12)[84]
Five of the six towns have their own elementary schools, while Aquinnah residents usually attend nearby Chilmark's elementary school. The Chilmark school serves only grades pre-K to 5, so students in grades 6–8 must attend another middle school—usually the West Tisbury school. The Martha's Vineyard Public Charter School, located in West Tisbury, provides grades K–12 and serves the entire island; it also welcomes off-island students. Martha's Vineyard Regional High School, which is located in Oak Bluffs, serves the entire island.[85]
Tourism and culture
The Vineyard grew as a tourist destination primarily because of its very pleasant summer weather (during summers, the temperature rarely breaks 90 °F (32 °C)) and many beautiful beaches. It is primarily a place where people go to relax, and the island offers a range of tourist accommodations including large hotels such as the Harbor View Hotel, Mansion House Hotel and Winnetu Resort, modern boutique hotels like the Nobnocket Boutique Inn, as well as traditional inns and bed and breakfasts such as Outermost Inn, Beach Plum Inn, Ashley Inn, Pequot House and Oak Bluffs Inn. Many visitors also rent private homes.
During the whaling era, wealthy Boston sea captains and merchant traders often created estates on Martha's Vineyard with their trading profits. Today, the Vineyard has become one of the Northeastern United States' most prominent summering havens, having attracted numerous celebrity regulars.[86]
The island now has a year-round population of about 20,530 people in six towns; in summer, the population increases to 200,000 residents,[87] with more than 25,000 additional short-term visitors coming and going on the ferries during the summer season. The most crowded weekend is July 4, followed by the late-August weekend of the Agricultural Fair. In general, the summer season runs from June through Labor Day weekend, coinciding with the months most American children are not in school.[88]
In 1985, the two islands of Martha's Vineyard and Chappaquiddick Island were included in a new American Viticultural Area designation for wine appellation of origin specification: Martha's Vineyard AVA. Wines produced from grapes grown on the two islands can be sold with labels that carry the Martha's Vineyard AVA designation. Martha's Vineyard was the home to the winemaker Chicama Vineyards in West Tisbury, though it closed after 37 years on August 10, 2008.[89]
Other popular attractions include the annual
Across the Edgartown Vineyard Haven Road from the Martha's Vineyard Regional High School in the town of Oak Bluffs, the Martha's Vineyard Skatepark is a concrete skatepark open to the public, offering a range of ramps and obstacles.[94]
Island life and residents
This section is written like a personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. (March 2016) |
Its relatively small year-round population has led to a very activist citizenry who are highly involved in the island's day-to-day activities. Tourism, overdevelopment, politics, and environmentalism are of keen interest to the community. Keeping the balance between the much needed tourist economy and the ecology and wildlife of the island is of paramount importance to residents. In contrast to the seasonal influx of wealthy visitors, Dukes County remains one of the poorest in the state. Residents have established resources to balance the contradictions and stresses that can arise in these circumstances, notably the Martha's Vineyard Commission[95] and Martha's Vineyard Community Services,[96] founded by the late Dr. Milton Mazer, author of People and Predicaments: Of Life and Distress on Martha's Vineyard.[97]
The majority of the Vineyard's residents during the summer are well-established seasonal vacationers. While many of these come from all over the United States and abroad, the island tends to be a destination for especially those whose primary residence lies within close proximity in the Northeastern U.S. Many communities around the island tend to have deep family roots on the island that have matured over the years to create hamlets of good friends and neighbors. Nevertheless, many visitors are summer renters and weekenders, for whom the island is simply a "home away from home".[citation needed]
Martha's Vineyard has also been or is home to a number of artists and musicians, including
Brooks wrote a book of historical fiction Caleb's Crossing in which Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck is the title character and depicts early colonial settlement of Martha's Vineyard.[100]
Other well-known celebrities who live on or have regularly visited the island: Harlem Renaissance artist
Many of the country's most affluent African-American families have enjoyed a century-old tradition of summering on the island. Concentrated primarily in and around the town of Oak Bluffs, and the East Chop area, these families have historically represented the black elite from Boston, Washington, D.C., and New York City. Today, affluent families from around the country have taken to the Vineyard, and the community is known as a popular summer destination for judges, physicians, business executives, surgeons, attorneys, writers, politicians, and professors. The historic presence of African-American residents in Oak Bluffs resulted in its Town Beach being pejoratively called "The Inkwell", a nickname which was reappropriated as an emblem of pride.[105] The Inkwell (1994), directed by Matty Rich, dealt with this close-knit Vineyard community.[citation needed] The Run&Shoot Filmworks Martha's Vineyard African-American Film Festival, held every second week in August, highlights the works of independent and established filmmakers from across the globe. This annual event draws attendees from all across the world.[106]
Since the 19th century, the island has had a sizable community of
The island's permanent residents were profiled in a London Telegraph article showing "the dark side of Martha's Vineyard".[108] In the same month an article titled "Edgartown's Darker Side" appeared in the Boston Globe detailing the extremely poor working conditions suffered by Irish and Serbian students in a newly built private members club in Edgartown.[109] Concerns over munitions that may be buried on Martha's Vineyard, most from World War II,[110] have led to an 8.1 million dollar project to remove and rebuild part of a privately owned barrier beach off the Tisbury Great Pond.[111]
The year-round working population of Martha's Vineyard earns 30 percent less on average than other residents of the state while keeping up with a cost of living that is 60 percent higher than average.[112] Many people are moving to more affordable areas.[citation needed] Schools have seen a successive drop in enrollment over the past few years.[citation needed] Typically home to artists, musicians, and other creative types, the Island has many residents who manage by working several jobs in the summer and taking some time off in the winter.[citation needed] The lack of affordable housing on the island has forced many families to move off-island.[citation needed]
Many high-profile residents, movie stars, politicians, writers, and artists contribute to fundraisers and benefits that raise awareness of the fragile ecosystem of the Vineyard and support community organizations and services. The largest of these is the annual Possible Dreams Auction.[113]
Media
Local newspapers
Radio
FM
- Adult Album Alternative
- WBUA/92.7-Tisbury: Public radio(relays WBUR-FM Boston)
- WVVY-LP/96.7-Tisbury: Community radio
Television
Over-the-air
Television broadcasts are available using varied methods from nearby broadcast markets.
- From Boston via U.S. satellite providers, RCN Cableproviders.
- Or via over-the-air television stations from: Boston, New Bedford and Providence, Rhode Island; with reception methods powerful enough to receive it.
Cable
- MVTV: Martha's Vineyard Community Television (Comcast Channels 13, 14, 15)[114]
See also
- villagesof Martha's Vineyard)
- Elizabeth Islands
- Cuttyhunk
- Naushon Island
- Elizabeth Islands
- Martha's Vineyard Magazine
- Outer Lands
- Vineyard Golf Club
Notes
- Bury St. Edmunds in Suffolk, England and is buried in the Great Churchyard that lies in front of the Abbey ruins between St. Mary's Church and the Cathedral.[9]
References
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- ^ "How large is Martha's Vineyard?". Archived from the original on April 9, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
- ^ "Martha's Vineyard Statistical Profile 2023" (PDF). Martha’s Vineyard Commission. December 7, 2023.
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- ^ "Cost of Living Found Shockingly High Here". The Vineyard Gazette – Martha's Vineyard News. Retrieved January 18, 2015.
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- ^ Banks, Charles Edward (1911). The History of Martha's Vineyard. Vol. I. George H. Dean: Boston. p. 73.
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joseph thaxter leavitt thaxter.
- ^ One of the first chaplains in the Continental Army, Rev. Thaxter was wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill. On June 17, 1835, Thaxter returned to the battleground and officiated as chaplain at ceremonies laying the cornerstone for the Bunker Hill Monument
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