Martha Nussbaum
Martha Nussbaum | |
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Born | Martha Craven May 6, 1947 New York City, New York, U.S. |
Education | Wellesley College New York University (BA) Harvard University (MA, PhD) |
Notable work |
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Spouse | |
Awards |
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Notable ideas | Capability approach |
Martha Craven Nussbaum (
Nussbaum has written more than two dozen books, including The Fragility of Goodness (1986), Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education (1997), Sex and Social Justice (1998), Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law (2004), Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership (2006), From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law (2010), Creating Capabilities (2011), and Justice for Animals: Our Collective Responsibility (2023). She received the 2016 Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy, the 2018 Berggruen Prize, and the 2021 Holberg Prize.[5][6][7]
Early life and education
Nussbaum was born Martha Craven on May 6, 1947, in New York City, the daughter of George Craven, a Philadelphia lawyer, and Betty Warren, an interior designer and homemaker. During her teenage years, Nussbaum attended
After studying at Wellesley College for two years, she dropped out to pursue theatre in New York. She studied theatre and classics at New York University, getting a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1969, and gradually moved to philosophy while at Harvard University, where she received a Master of Arts degree in 1972 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1975, studying under G. E. L. Owen.[citation needed]
Career
In the 1970s and early 1980s she taught philosophy and classics at Harvard, where she was denied tenure by the Classics Department in 1982.[9] Nussbaum then moved to Brown University, where she taught until 1994 when she joined the University of Chicago Law School faculty. Her 1986 book The Fragility of Goodness, on ancient Greek ethics and Greek tragedy, made her a well-known figure throughout the humanities.[10] At Brown, Nussbaum's students included philosopher Linda Martín Alcoff and actor and playwright Tim Blake Nelson.[11] In 1987, she gained public attention due to her critique of fellow philosopher Allan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind.[12] More recent work (Frontiers of Justice) establishes Nussbaum as a theorist of global justice. Nussbaum's work on capabilities has often focused on the unequal freedoms and opportunities of women, and she has developed a distinctive type of feminism, drawing inspiration from the liberal tradition, but emphasizing that liberalism, at its best, entails radical rethinking of gender relations and relations within the family.[13]
Nussbaum's other major area of philosophical work is the emotions. She has defended a neo-Stoic account of emotions that holds that they are appraisals that ascribe to things and persons, outside the agent's own control, great significance for the person's own flourishing. On this basis, she has proposed analyses of grief, compassion, and love,[14] and, in a later book, of disgust and shame.[15]
Nussbaum has engaged in many spirited debates with other intellectuals, in her academic writings as well as in the pages of semi-popular magazines and book reviews and, in one instance, when testifying as an expert witness in court. She testified in the Colorado bench trial for Romer v. Evans, arguing against the claim that the history of philosophy provides the state with a "compelling interest" in favor of a law that sought to overturn local anti-discrimination laws. A portion of this testimony, dealing with the potential meanings of the term tolmêma in Plato's work, was the subject of controversy, and was called misleading and even perjurious by critics.[16][17]
She responded to these charges in a lengthy article called "Platonic Love and Colorado Law".[18] Nussbaum used multiple references from Plato's Symposium and his interactions with Socrates as evidence for her argument. The debate continued with a reply by one of her sternest critics, Robert P. George.[19]
Nussbaum has criticized Noam Chomsky as being among the leftist intellectuals who hold the belief that "one should not criticize one's friends, that solidarity is more important than ethical correctness". She suggests that one can "trace this line to an old Marxist contempt for bourgeois ethics, but it is loathsome whatever its provenance".[20] Among her academic colleagues whose books she has reviewed critically are Allan Bloom,[21] Harvey Mansfield,[22] and Judith Butler.[23] Other academic debates have been with figures such as John Rawls, Richard Posner, and Susan Moller Okin.[24][25][26][27] In January 2019, Nussbaum announced that she would be using a portion of her Berggruen Prize winnings to fund a series of roundtable discussions on controversial issues at the University of Chicago Law School. These discussions will be known as the Martha C. Nussbaum Student Roundtables.[28][29]
Capabilities approach
Nussbaum is well known for her contributions in developing the capabilities approach to well-being, alongside Amartya Sen.[30][31][32] The key question the capabilities approach asks is "What is each person able to do and to be?"[33]: 18 As such, the approach looks at combined capabilities: an individual's developable abilities (internal abilities), freedom, and opportunity.[33] Here, "freedom" refers to the ability of a person to choose one life or another,[32] and opportunity refers to social, political, and/or economic conditions that allow or disallow deny individual growth.[33]
Nussbaum asserts that all humans (and non-human animals) have a basic right to dignity. To provide human dignity, she states that governments must provide "at least a threshold level": 33–34 of the following capabilities: life; bodily health; bodily integrity; senses, imagination, and thought, emotions; practical reason; affiliation; other species; play; and control over one's environment, including political and material environments.[33][34]
Personal life
She was married to
Nussbaum dated and lived with Cass Sunstein for more than a decade.[37] They had been engaged to be married.[38] She had previously had a romantic relationship with Amartya Sen.[38]
When she became the first woman to hold the
Major works
The Fragility of Goodness
The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy[40] confronts the ethical dilemma that individuals strongly committed to justice are nevertheless vulnerable to external factors that may deeply compromise or even negate their human flourishing. Discussing literary as well as philosophical texts, Nussbaum seeks to determine the extent to which reason may enable self-sufficiency. She eventually rejects the Platonic notion that human goodness can fully protect against peril, siding with the tragic playwrights and Aristotle in treating the acknowledgment of vulnerability as a key to realizing the human good.
Her interpretation of
Fragility brought attention to Nussbaum throughout the humanities. It garnered wide praise in academic reviews,[41][42] and even drew acclaim in the popular media.[43] Camille Paglia credited Fragility with matching "the highest academic standards" of the twentieth century,[44] and The Times Higher Education called it "a supremely scholarly work".[45] Nussbaum's reputation extended her influence beyond print and into television programs like PBS's Bill Moyers.[46]
Cultivating Humanity
Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education
At the same time, Nussbaum also censured certain scholarly trends. She excoriated
Sex and Social Justice
Sex and Social Justice argues that sex and sexuality are morally irrelevant distinctions that have been artificially enforced as sources of
Nussbaum discusses at length the feminist critiques of liberalism itself, including the charge advanced by
Nussbaum condemns the practice of
Nussbaum also refines the concept of "
Sex and Social Justice was highly praised by critics in the press.
Hiding from Humanity
Hiding from Humanity[59] extends Nussbaum's work in moral psychology to probe the arguments for including two emotions—shame and disgust—as legitimate bases for legal judgments. Nussbaum argues that individuals tend to repudiate their bodily imperfection or animality through the projection of fears about contamination. This cognitive response is in itself irrational, because we cannot transcend the animality of our bodies. Noting how projective disgust has wrongly justified group subordination (mainly of women, Jews, and homosexuals), Nussbaum ultimately discards disgust as a reliable basis of judgment.
Turning to shame, Nussbaum argues that shame takes too broad a target, attempting to inculcate humiliation on a scope that is too intrusive and limiting on human freedom. Nussbaum sides with John Stuart Mill in narrowing legal concern to acts that cause a distinct and assignable harm.
In an interview with Reason magazine, Nussbaum elaborated:
Disgust and shame are inherently hierarchical; they set up ranks and orders of human beings. They are also inherently connected with restrictions on liberty in areas of non-harmful conduct. For both of these reasons, I believe, anyone who cherishes the key democratic values of equality and liberty should be deeply suspicious of the appeal to those emotions in the context of law and public policy.[60]
Nussbaum's work was received with wide praise. The Boston Globe called her argument "characteristically lucid" and hailed her as "America's most prominent philosopher of public life".[61] Her reviews in national newspapers and magazines garnered unanimous praise.[62] In academic circles, Stefanie A. Lindquist of Vanderbilt University lauded Nussbaum's analysis as a "remarkably wide ranging and nuanced treatise on the interplay between emotions and law".[63]
A prominent exception was Roger Kimball's review published in The New Criterion,[64] in which he accused Nussbaum of "fabricating" the renewed prevalence of shame and disgust in public discussions and says she intends to "undermine the inherited moral wisdom of millennia". He rebukes her for "contempt for the opinions of ordinary people" and ultimately accuses Nussbaum herself of "hiding from humanity".
Nussbaum has recently drawn on and extended her work on disgust to produce a new analysis of the legal issues regarding sexual orientation and same-sex conduct. Her book From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and the Constitution was published by Oxford University Press in 2009, as part of their "Inalienable Rights" series, edited by Geoffrey Stone.[65]
From Disgust to Humanity
In her 2010 book From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law, Nussbaum analyzes the role that disgust plays in law and public debate in the United States.[66] The book primarily analyzes constitutional legal issues facing gay and lesbian Americans but also analyzes issues such as anti-miscegenation statutes, segregation, antisemitism and the caste system in India as part of its broader thesis regarding the "politics of disgust".
Nussbaum posits that the fundamental motivation of those advocating legal restrictions against gay and lesbian Americans is a "politics of disgust". These legal restrictions include blocking
She identifies the "politics of disgust" closely with
Nussbaum goes on to explicitly oppose the concept of a disgust-based morality as an appropriate guide for legislating. Nussbaum notes that popular disgust has been used throughout history as a justification for persecution. Drawing upon her earlier work on the relationship between disgust and shame, Nussbaum notes that at various times, racism, antisemitism, and sexism, have all been driven by popular revulsion.[68]
In place of this "politics of disgust", Nussbaum argues for the harm principle from John Stuart Mill as the proper basis for limiting individual liberties. Nussbaum argues the harm principle, which supports the legal ideas of consent, the age of majority, and privacy, protects citizens while the "politics of disgust" is merely an unreliable emotional reaction with no inherent wisdom. Furthermore, Nussbaum argues this "politics of disgust" has denied and continues to deny citizens humanity and equality before the law on no rational grounds and causes palpable social harms to the groups affected.
From Disgust to Humanity earned acclaim from liberal American publications,[69][70][71][72] and prompted interviews in The New York Times and other magazines.[73][74] One conservative magazine, The American Spectator, offered a dissenting view, writing: "[H]er account of the 'politics of disgust' lacks coherence, and 'the politics of humanity' betrays itself by not treating more sympathetically those opposed to the gay rights movement." The article also argues that the book is marred by factual errors and inconsistencies.[75]
Creating Capabilities
The book Creating Capabilities, first published in 2011, outlines a unique theory regarding the Capability approach or the Human development approach. Nussbaum draws on theories of other notable advocates of the Capability approach like Amartya Sen, but has a distinct approach. She proposes to choose a list of capabilities based on some aspects of John Rawls' concept of "central human capabilities."[76] These ten capabilities encompass everything Nussbaum considers essential to living a life that one values.
Nussbaum's book combines ideas from the
Awards and honors
Honorary degrees and honorary societies
Nussbaum is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1988) and the American Philosophical Society (1996).[78] She is an Academician in the Academy of Finland (2000) and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (2008). She has 66 honorary degrees from colleges and universities across the US, Canada, Europe, Asia, and Latin America, including:[79][80][81][82]
North America
- Harvard University, Massachusetts [83]
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania
- Knox College, Illinois
- Mount Holyoke College, Massachusetts
- Wabash College, Indiana
- Emory University, Georgia
- Grinnell College, Iowa
- Kenyon College, Ohio
- Williams College, Massachusetts
- Colgate University, New York
- Bucknell University, Pennsylvania
- The College of William and Mary, Virginia
- Lawrence University, Wisconsin
- The New School University, New York City
- The Ohio State University, Ohio
- The University of North Carolina at Asheville, North Carolina
- Concordia College, Minnesota
- Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
- The University of Toronto, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Canada
Europe
- The University of St Andrews, Scotland
- The University of Edinburgh, Scotland
- The Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
- The University of Humanistic Studies, Utrecht, Netherlands
- The École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
- Bielefeld University, Germany
- The Institute of Social Studies, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland
- The University of Athens, Greece
- Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Bucharest, Romania
Middle East
- The University of Haifa, Israel
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
Africa
- The University of the Free State, South Africa
Latin America
- Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Peru
- University of Antioquia, Colombia
Awards
- 1990: Brandeis Creative Arts Award in Non-Fiction
- 1991: PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay for Love's Knowledge
- 1998: Ness Book Award of the Association of American Colleges and Universities(Cultivating Humanity)
- 2000: Book award of the North American Society for Social Philosophy (Sex and Social Justice)
- 2002: Grawemeyer Awardin Education (Cultivating Humanity)
- 2003: Barnard College Medal of Distinction
- 2004: Honorary membership into Phi Beta Kappa at the University of Chicago.[84]
- 2004: Association of American University Publishers Professional and Scholarly Book Award for Law (Hiding From Humanity)
- 2005: listed among the world's Top 100 intellectuals by Foreign Policy (as well as in 2008 and 2010)[85] and Prospect magazines.[86]
- 2007: Radcliffe Alumnae Recognition Award
- 2009: American Philosophical Society's Henry M. Phillips Prize in Jurisprudence.[87]
- 2009: Arts and Sciences Advocacy Award from the Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences (CCAS). CCAS bestows this award upon an individual or organization demonstrating exemplary advocacy for the arts and sciences, flowing from a deep commitment to the intrinsic worth of liberal arts education.[88]
- 2010: Centennial Medal of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University
- 2012: Prince of Asturias Awards for Social Sciences
- 2014: John Locke Lectures at Oxford University.
- 2015: Premio Nonino, Italy
- 2015: Inamori Ethics Prize[89]
- 2016: Kyoto Prize in Philosophy, Japan[90]
- 2017: Jefferson Lecture[91]
- 2017: Don M. Randel Award for Contribution to the Humanities, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- 2018: Berggruen Prize[6]
- 2021: Holberg Prize "for her groundbreaking contribution to research in philosophy, law and related fields"[7]
- 2022: The Order of Lincoln the highest award for public service conferred by the State of Illinois
- 2022: The Balzan Prize for "her transformative reconception of the goals of social justice, both globally and locally".
See also
- American philosophy
- Capability approach
- List of American philosophers
- List of female philosophers
- List of animal rights advocates
- Nikidion
References
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External links
- University of Chicago biography
- Nussbaum on Anger and Forgiveness (Audio) University of Chicago
- Nussbaum's University of Chicago faculty website
- Nussbaum bibliographies
- Martha Nussbaum at IMDb
- Q&A with Martha Nussbaum from The Guardian
- 'Creating capabilities' Nussbaum interviewed by Laurie Taylor on BBC Radio 4, July 2011
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Martha Nussbaum, Land of my Dreams: Islamic liberalism under fire in India, Boston Review, March/April 2009. Archived July 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- Profile at the International Institute of Social Studies
- Honored as one of 50 Most Influential Living Philosophers
- "Dismantling the 'Citadels of Pride': Claudia Dreifus, an interview with Martha C. Nussbaum", The New York Review of Books (June 30, 2021)