Martin van Creveld
Martin van Creveld | |
---|---|
Born | |
Nationality | Israeli |
Alma mater | London School of EconomicsHebrew University of Jerusalem |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Military historyMilitary theory |
Thesis | Greece and Yugoslavia in Hitler's strategy, 1940–1941 (1971) |
Website | martin-van-creveld.com |
Martin Levi van Creveld (Hebrew: מרטין לבי ון קרפלד, [ˈmartin leˈvi ˌvan kreˈfeld]; born 5 March 1946) is an Israeli military historian and theorist.
Life and career
Van Creveld was born in the Netherlands in the city of Rotterdam to a Jewish family. His parents, Leon and Margaret, were staunch Zionists who had managed to evade the gestapo during World War II.[citation needed]
In 1950, his family immigrated to Israel, and Creveld grew up in Ramat Gan. From 1964 to 1969, he studied history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and earned an M.A. From 1969 to 1971, he studied history at the London School of Economics and received a PhD.[1] His thesis was titled Greece and Yugoslavia in Hitler's strategy, 1940–1941.[2]
Van Creveld's doctoral dissertation on Hitler's strategy in the Balkans during the early years of World War II was published as a book in 1973: "Hitler's Strategy, 1940–41. The Balkan Clue." After completing his PhD in 1971, van Creveld returned to Israel and began teaching at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He became a professor in 1988. In 2007, he retired from teaching at Hebrew University, and began teaching at Tel Aviv University's Security Studies Program.[3]
Van Creveld has been married twice and has three children. He lives in Mevaseret Zion.[1]
Books
Van Creveld is the author of thirty-three books on military history, strategy, and other topics, of which Command in War (1985), Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton (1977, 2nd edition 2004), The Transformation of War (1991), The Sword and the Olive (1998) and The Rise and Decline of the State (1999) are among the best known. Van Creveld has lectured or taught at numerous civilian and military institutes of higher learning all over the world.[citation needed]
The Transformation of War
Of particular significance is his 1991 book The Transformation of War (UK: On Future War), which was translated into French, German (New German edition in 2004), Russian, and Spanish. In this treatise of military theory, van Creveld develops what he calls the non-trinitarian theory of warfare, which he juxtaposes to the famous work by Clausewitz, On War.[4]
Clausewitz's trinitarian model of war (a term of van Creveld's) distinguishes between the affairs of the population, the army, and the government.[5] Van Creveld criticizes this philosophy as too narrow and state-focused, thus inapplicable to the study of those conflicts involving one or more non-state actors. Instead, he proposes five key issues of war:
- By whom war is fought – whether by states or by non-state actors
- What is war all about – the relationships between the actors, and between them and the non-combatants
- How war is fought – issues of strategy and tactics
- What war is fought for – whether to enhance national power or as an end to itself
- Why war is fought – the motivations of the individual soldier
Van Creveld notes that many of the wars fought after 1945 were low-intensity conflicts (LICs) which powerful states ended up losing. The book argues that we are seeing a decline of the nation-state, without a comparable decline in organized violence. Moreover, in his view, armies consistently train and equip to fight a conventional war, rather than the LICs they are likely to face. Consequently, it is imperative that nation-states change the training of their armed forces and rethink their weapon procurement programs.[citation needed]
The book's significance is attested to by the fact that until the middle of 2008, it was included on the list of required reading for United States Army officers, and (with Sun Tzu and Clausewitz) the third non-American entry on the list.[6] Van Creveld's Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton is now included on the list as well.[citation needed]
In a commander's quest for certainty in battlefield information, Van Creveld popularized "directed telescope" as a term to describe the use of specially selected and trusted officers as special agents or observers for the commander".[7][8]
The Privileged Sex
In addition to his books on military history, van Creveld has written several books on other issues. The most prominent of these is perhaps his anti-feminist polemic The Privileged Sex (2013). In the book, van Creveld argues that the systematical oppression of women (as claimed by
Views on current affairs
In addition to writing on military history, van Creveld also comments, often pointedly, on contemporary societies and politics.[citation needed]
In a TV interview in 2002, he expressed doubts as to the ability of the Israeli army to defeat the Palestinians:
They [Israeli soldiers] are very brave people... they are idealists... they want to serve their country and they want to prove themselves. The problem is that you cannot prove yourself against someone who is much weaker than yourself. They are in a lose-lose situation. If you are strong and fighting the weak, then if you kill your opponent then you are a scoundrel... if you let him kill you, then you are an idiot. So here is a dilemma which others have suffered before us, and for which as far as I can see there is simply no escape. Now the Israeli army has not by any means been the worst of the lot. It has not done what for instance the Americans did in Vietnam... it did not use napalm, it did not kill millions of people. So everything is relative, but by definition, to return to what I said earlier if you are strong and you are fighting the weak, then anything you do is criminal.[10]
In a September 2003 interview in Elsevier, a Dutch weekly, on Israel and the dangers it faces from Iran, the Palestinians and world opinion van Creveld stated, referring to the Samson Option:
We possess several hundred atomic warheads and rockets and can launch them at targets in all directions, perhaps even at Rome. Most European capitals are targets for our air force…. We have the capability to take the world down with us. And I can assure you that that will happen before Israel goes under.[11]
On 21 August 2004 edition of the International Herald Tribune van Creveld wrote, "Had the Iranians not tried to build nuclear weapons, they would be crazy."[12]
In 2005, van Creveld made headlines when he said in an interview that the
In 2007, van Creveld commented that
Iran is the real victor in Iraq, and the world must now learn to live with a nuclear Iran the way we learned to live with the nuclear Soviet Union and a nuclear China.... We Israelis have what it takes to deter an Iranian attack. We are in no danger at all of having an Iranian nuclear weapon dropped on us.... thanks to the Iranian threat, we are getting weapons from the U.S. and Germany.[13]
Van Creveld viewed the
In an opinion piece published in
In an article co-authored with a
Van Creveld has stated that the Israeli government has "vastly exaggerated the threat that a nuclear Iran poses to its security, as well as Israel's capacity to halt it."[20]
Syria and terrorism
In 2016, in a commentary for the German magazine Focus, Creveld advocated an alliance with the Assad regime. "If the West wants to win the war against the caliphate of terror, they cannot be picky about their allies". The regional conflict was not about a despot, but about a novel form of terrorism aiming at the dissolution of all state order and territorial boundaries in the whole region. Only the Alawite soldiers of the Assad regime were willing to die fighting the terrorists, whereas the European and American attempts to avoid bloodshed concentrating on airstrikes, were useless against Guerrilla troops as history had shown. Losing the war against IS and Al Nusra would have incalculable consequences for the Middle East and for Europe. In comparison, Assad would appear as the "lesser devil".[21]
As early as 2013, again in the magazine Focus, he regarded support for Assad as important to avoid the destabilization of the Middle East as a whole. Assad would continue the war only to prevent a still larger carnage, the annihilation of the 1.2 million Alawites. "Instead of complaining about humanitarian concerns and arguing about arms deliveries to the rebels, the West should join Russia and press for a negotiation solution. If necessary, the West should help the rebels and allow Assad to stay on his post: he is the only person who can hold the country together." Van Creveld quoted Bismarck: "Politics is the choice between the bad and the worse."[22] In a lecture at the Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung in Brandenburg he pleaded to follow a "pragmatic path" in Syria.[23]
In 2011, looking back at Bashar's father, he analyzed the strategy of Hafez Al-Assad against the town of Hama in 1982, then the center of the
Published works
Books
- Hitler's Strategy 1940–1941: the Balkan Clue, Cambridge University Press, 1973, ISBN 0-521-20143-8
- Military Lessons of the Yom Kippur War: Historical Perspectives, Beverly Hills : Sage Publications, 1975, ISBN 0-8039-0562-9
- Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton, Cambridge University Press, 1977, ISBN 0-521-54657-5)
- Fighting Power: German and US Army performance, 1939–1945, Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1982, ISBN 0-313-23333-0
- Command in War, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-14440-6
- Technology and War: From 2000 B.C. to the Present, New York : Free Press, 1989, ISBN 0-02-933153-6)
- The Training of Officers: From Military Professionalism to Irrelevance, New York : Free Press, 1990, ISBN 0-02-933152-8
- The Transformation of War, New York : Free Press, 1991, ISBN 0-02-933155-2
- Nuclear Proliferation and the Future of Conflict, New York : Free Press, 1993, ISBN 0-02-933156-0
- Air Power and Maneuver Warfare, with contributions from Kenneth S. Brower and Steven L. Canby, Alabama : Air University Press, 1994, ISBN 1-58566-050-7
- The Encyclopedia of Revolutions and Revolutionaries: From Anarchism to Zhou Enlai, New York : Facts on File, 1996, ISBN 0-8160-3236-X
- The Sword and the Olive: A Critical History of the Israeli Defense Force, New York : Public Affairs, 1998, ISBN 1-891620-05-3
- The Rise and Decline of the State, Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-65629-X
- The Art of War: War and Military Thought, London : Cassell, 2000, ISBN 0-06-083853-1)
- Men, Women, and War, London : Cassell & Co., 2001, ISBN 0-304-35959-9
- Moshe Dayan, London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004 ISBN 0-297-84669-8
- Defending Israel: A Controversial Plan Toward Peace, New York : Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press, 2004, ISBN 0-312-32866-4
- Countering Modern Terrorism: History, Current Issues, and Future Threats : Proceedings of the Second International Security Conference, Berlin, 15–17 December 2004, with Katharina von Knop and Heinrich Neisser, Bielefeld : Wbv, W. Bertelsmann Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-7639-3309-3
- The Changing Face of War: lessons of combat, from the Marne to Iraq, New York : Presidio Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-89141-901-3
- The Culture of War, New York: Presidio Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-345-50540-8
- The American Riddle (In Russian), Publisher: Irisen (Russia) 2008[25]
- The Land of Blood and Honey, New York : St. Martin's Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-312-59678-1
- The Age of Airpower, New York: Public Affairs, 2011, ISBN 978-1-58648-981-6
- The Privileged Sex, North Charleston, SC : CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform (On-Demand Publishing LLC), 2013, ISBN 978-1484983126
- Wargames: From Gladiators to Gigabytes, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2013, ISBN 978-1-107-03695-6
- Conscience: A Biography, London, Reaktion, 2015, ISBN 978-1-78023-454-0
- Equality: The Impossible Quest, Kouvola, Castalia House, 2015.
- "Clio and Me" An Intellectual Autobiography, Kouvola, Castalia, House, 2015.
- Pussycats: Why the Rest Keeps Beating the West—and What Can Be Done about It, CreateSpace, 2016.
- Hitler in Hell, Castalia House, 2017.
- More on War, Oxford University Press, 2017.
Selected articles
- "Through a glass, darkly: some reflections on the future of war", Defense and the National Interest website, 2000
- "Into the Abyss", Defense and the National Interest website, 2004
- "Why Iraq will end as Vietnam did", LewRockwell.com, 18 November 2004
- "Sharon on the warpath: Is Israel planning to attack Iran?", International Herald Tribune, 21 August 2004
- "Costly withdrawal is the price to be paid for a foolish war", The Jewish Daily Forward, 25 November 2005
- "Knowing why not to bomb Iran is half the battle", The Jewish Daily Forward, 20 April 2006
References
Notes
- ^ a b "Military Martin Strives for a Stronger Israel". Jewish Telegraph. 2010.
- ^ van Creveld, Martin (1971). Greece and Yugoslavia in Hitler's strategy, 1940-1941 (PhD). London School of Economics and Political Science. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
- ^ "Prof. Martin Van Creveld" Tel Aviv University website
- ^ Major K. M. French United States Marine Corps, "Clausewitz vs. the Scholar: Martin Van Creveld's Expanded Theory Of War".
- ^ von Clausewitz, Carl. On War (1832–35). Book 1, Chapter 1, Paragraph 28.
- ^ a b Brian Whitaker, "Nowhere to run", 29 November, The Guardian, 2005
- ^ "Directed Telescope". Army.mil. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ISBN 978-1-84765-142-6.
...is what the military historian Martin van Creveld calls "a directed telescope": people in various parts of the chain [of command], and elsewhere, to give you instant information from the battlefield."
- ISBN 978-1484983126.
- ^ Jennifer Byrne, "Interview with Martin van Creveld" 20 March, ABC, 2002
- ^ Quoted in The Observer Guardian, The War Game, a controversial view of the current crisis in the Middle East, 21 September 2003; the original interview appeared in the Dutch weekly magazine Elsevier, 2002, no. 17, pp. 52–53 (27 April 2002).
- ^ Martin van Creveld writes in the International Herald Tribune, "Sharon on the Warpath: Is Israel planning to attack Iran?"
- ^ UPI, COMMENTARY: ISLAMIC DEJA VU Archived 23 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine analysis of Islam in the Middle East 21 May 2007
- ^ "Israel's War With Hezbollah Was Not A Failure". Forward.com. 31 January 2008. Retrieved 17 February 2012.
- ^ "The Second Lebanon War: A Reassessment", June 2011, Infinity Journal, 2011
- The Jewish Daily Forward. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ^ Kramer, Stephen (4 February 2011). "Israel Needs the West Bank to be Secure". Jewish Times of South Jersey. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
- ^ "Jason Pack: Cambridge University, Researcher of Middle Eastern History and Libya-Analysis.com, President" on the Tony Blair Faith Foundation website
- ^ van Creveld, Martin; Pack, Jason (23 February 2011). "Upheaval in Qaddafi's Libya isn't just another Arab uprising". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
Arguably, the decisive event that forever modified the dynamics was a speech by Qaddafi's son, Saif al-Islam Qaddafi, broadcast late on Feb. 21 on Libyan national TV. Mr. Islam might have rolled out new reforms, blamed the reactionary conservatives like Prime Minister Baghdadi al-Mahmudi for the situation in the country, and promised that he would use his weight with his father to stop the violence against the protesters. Instead, he played the Mubarak card – if you don't stick with me, you'll get Islamism, separatism, Western intervention, and total chaos.
- ^ Martin van Creveld; Jason Pack (14 March 2012). "Hands on Syria, Hands Off Iran". Project Syndicate. Archived from the original on 21 November 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ^ FOCUS Online, "Es geht nur mit Assad!", FOCUS Online (in German)
- ^ FOCUS Online, "Das Schlimme und das Schlimmere", FOCUS Online (in German)
- ^ "Sollte der Westen auf Assad setzen?, Publikationen, Politisches Bildungsforum Brandenburg", Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (in German)
- ISSN 0044-2070
- ^ Ozon.ru (21 January 2009).
External links
- Martin van Creveld website
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Jennifer Byrne. Interview with Martin Van Creveld, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 20 March 2002.
- Art of War interview On the future of warfare
- Martin van Creveld in BESA Conference-2002
- "Clausewitz vs. the Scholar: Martin Van Creveld's Expanded Theory of War", an analysis by Major K. M. French, United States Marine Corps, globalsecurity.org