Maruthanayagam Pillai
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Maruthanayagam Pillai | |
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Carnatic Wars |
Muhammad Yusuf Khan (born Maruthanayagam Pillai)
A dispute arose with the British and Arcot Nawab, and three of Khan's associates were bribed to capture him. He was captured during his morning prayer (Thozhugai) and hanged on 15 October 1764 at Sammatipuram near Madurai. Local legends state that he survived two earlier attempts at hanging, and that the Nawab feared Yusuf Khan would come back to life and so had his body dismembered and buried in different locations around Tamil Nadu.
Early years
Maruthanayagam Pillai was born in 1725 in the village of Keelapanaiyur in a Hindu family of Vellalar clan,[3] in what is now Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu, India.[4]
Being too restless in his youth, Yusuf Khan left his native village, and later lived with the company of his martial arts master and converted to
Education and early career
Around this time, an English captain named Brunton educated Yusuf Khan, enabling him to become proficient in languages such as
Carnatic wars
In 1751, there was an ongoing struggle for the throne of
Under Major
By 1760, Yusuf Khan had reached the zenith of his career as the 'all-conquering' military commandant. (A few years earlier he had been given the rank of 'Commandant of Company's sepoys'). His greatest supporter during this period was
Control of Madurai
When Muhammad Ali was installed as the Nawab of Arcot, he owed a significant debt to the British East India Company, to whom he had granted the tax collection rights of the Madurai kingdom. This move led to a conflict between the British and the Polygars, influential feudal administrators who were unwilling to pay taxes to the weak Nawab and refused to recognize British tax collectors. In 1755, in an attempt to quell the rebellious Polygars, the Nawab and the British dispatched an army to the south under the leadership of Col. Heron, along with the Nawab's brother Mahfuz Khan, who was accompanied by Yusuf Khan as his bodyguard. Mahfuz Khan and Heron conducted raids in the countryside, which infuriated Yusuf Khan. He subsequently lodged a complaint with the British authorities, leading to a court-martial of Heron.[11]
There were several instances of rebellion by the
In March 1756, Yusuf Khan was sent to Madurai to collect taxes and restore order. Madurai was then under control of Barkadthullah (with the support of Hyder Ali of Mysore), who had angered the locals by allowing an old fakir to prepare to build a dargah (Islamic tomb) for himself atop the Madurai Meenakshi Temple. Yusuf Khan arrived with as little as 400 troops, defeating Barkadthullah's large army, forcing him to flee to Sivaganga Zamin with the fakir likewise expelled.
Disturbances continued to prevail in Madurai. The
The Company later sent Yusuf Khan back, renting both Madurai and
Controversial wars with Palayakkars
During this time Yusuf Khan battled with Puli Thevar, a Polygar of Nerkattumseval (a small town to the south-west of Madurai), who was rebelling against the Nawab and the British. Yusuf Khan first convinced the Raja of Travancore to make an alliance with the Nawab, breaking his alliance with Puli Thevar. Yusuf Khan successfully captured some of Puli Thevar's forts where Mohammed Ali had previously failed. However, in 1760, Yusuf Khan faced a minor setback in his attempt to capture Vasudevanallur, one of Puli Thevar's principal forts. He was defeated by Puli Thevar in several battles, marking the first time in his military career that he had experienced such defeats. Nonetheless, he eventually succeeded in his second attempt. Puli Thevar later escaped from Sankarankovil and vanished from the pages of history for a couple of years. Puli Thevar is today recognized by the Government of Tamil Nadu as a freedom fighter.
Also during this time, Yusuf Khan successfully repulsed an attempt by the Dutch to capture of the town of
Dispute with Arcot Nawab
As Yusuf Khan's victories accumulated and his reputation grew, the Arcot Nawab became jealous and feared that he might be deposed. To reduce his power, the Nawab ordered that taxes for the region be paid directly to his administration instead of that of Yusuf Khan. British Governor Lord Pigot advised Yusuf Khan to heed the Nawab's wishes, and British traders supported this as they viewed Yusuf Khan as the Nawab's employee. Meanwhile, a scheme was planned by the Nawab and his brother Mahfuz Khan to poison Yusuf Khan.
In 1761, and again in 1762, Yusuf Khan asked to continue leasing Madura and Tinnevelly for an additional four years at seven lakhs (700,000 rupees) per annum. His offer was refused, and shortly afterwards he began to collect troops in an ambition to become lord of Madurai. Some British traders reported to the Nawab and the company, on Yusuf Khan as spending vast sums on his troops.[This quote needs a citation] In response, the Nawab and British sent Capt. Manson to arrest Yusuf Khan.
Meanwhile, Yusuf Khan wrote to Sivaganga Zamindari reminding them of their owed taxes. Sivaganga's Minister and General came to Madurai to meet Yusuf Khan, and was rudely warned that certain territories would be annexed for failure of payment. Zamindar immediately ordered Yusuf Khan to be "captured and hanged like a dog".[This quote needs a citation] Meanwhile, Ramnad Zamin's general Damodar Pillai and Thandavarayan Pillai complained to the Nawab that Yusuf Khan had plundered Sivaganga villages and begun a cannon manufacturing plant in association with a French Marchaud.
The Nawab and British quickly amassed an army. They brought the Travancore Raja to their cause, and in an ensuing battle, the Travancore Raja was defeated and the British flags in his domains were chopped and burnt, with the French flag hoisted on the Madura Fort.
When Governor Saunders in
Defensive actions and downfall
Yusuf Khan proclaimed himself the independent ruler of Madurai and Tirunelveli, but had enemies lurking around him. His previous allegiance to the Nawab and British had earned the wrath of Mysore, and the remaining Polygars sought a return to prominence. The Tanjore, Travancore,
In 1764, British troops again besieged the Madurai Fort, this time cutting supplies. Yusuf Khan and his troops went without food and water for several days (according to European sources, surviving on horse and monkey meat[citation needed]) but held on while strengthening the defenses, and repelled the chief assault with a loss of 120 Europeans (including 9 officers) killed and wounded. Little progress against him had been made, except that the place was now rigorously blockaded.
The Arcot Nawab consulted Sivaganga General Thaandavaraaya Pillai, along with Maj. Charles Campbell, to hatch a plot aimed at bribing three of Yusuf Khan's close associates: Dewan Srinivasa Rao, the French mercenary captain Marchand, and Khan's doctor Baba Sahib. While Yusuf Khan was offering his morning prayers in his house, they quietly captured him and bound him with his own turban. Yusuf Khan's wife rushed to the scene with the house guards, but they were overwhelmed by the well-armed mercenaries. Under the cover of darkness, Marchand brought Yusuf Khan to Campbell, with most of Yusuf Khan's native forces remaining unaware of what had happened.
The next day, on the evening of 15 October 1764, near the army camp at Sammattipuram on the Madurai–Dindigul road, Yusuf Khan was hanged as a rebel by
The Madurai fort,[13] which Yusuf Khan had defended from sieges in 1763 and 1764 was demolished at the end of the nineteenth century.
The fort in Palayamkottai,[14] which he used during his wars with the Polygars, was dismantled in the mid-nineteenth century. Only parts of the western bastion, (now housing Medai Police Station), the eastern bastion (now housing the Tirunelveli Museum) and a few short segments of the eastern wall remain.[15]
Legends of his death
One legend is that he was hanged three times before he finally died. The brief story is that the first two attempts at hanging failed as the rope snapped and only the third attempt was successful. The superstitious Nawab of Arcot Muhammad Ali ordered the body of Yusuf Khan to be dismembered into many parts and buried in different parts of his domain. As the story goes, his head was sent to
There are no accounts of Yusuf Khan's wife Marsha and his son of 2 or 3 years following the hanging. According to local tradition, Marsha died soon after her husband's demise and the little boy was brought up in strict secrecy by Srinivasa Rao (Yusuf Khan's Dewan) at
The descendants of Baba Sahib, Yusuf Khan's physician, live around Krishnan Kovil in Virudhunagar District. They still practice native medicine and bone-setting.[citation needed]
Character
Tradition has many stories to tell of Yusuf Khan, said to be a scion of the ancient Pandiyan dynasty, who started his life as an ordinary peasant and by his military genius rose to the pinnacle of royal power when he became the ruler of the land, only to fall by the treachery of his comrades.[citation needed]
In Tirunelveli and Madurai his whole administration denoted vigour and effect. His justice was unquestioned, his word unalterable, his measures were happily combined and firmly executed, the guilty had no refuge from punishment. Wisdom, vigour and integrity were never more conspicuous in any person of whatever climate or complexion. Author, Col. Fullertonsource, A view of the English interests in India (1785).[16]
In popular culture
References
- ISBN 9789391370909.
- ^ (Yusuf Khan: The Rebel Commandant by S.C.Hill-1914, Page 2 [1])
- ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024059259#page/n17/mode/2up Yusuf Khan: The Rebel Commandant by S.C.Hill-1914,[2] History of Tinnevelly by Caldwell)
- ^ Genuine Memoirs of Asiaticus
- ^ Yusuf Khan: the rebel commandant By Samuel Charles Hill
- ^ B.C. Law volume By Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar, pg. 231
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024059259#page/n17/mode/2up Yusuf Khan: The Rebel Commandant by S.C.Hill-1914,[3] History of Tinnevelly by Caldwell)
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024059259#page/n17/mode/2up Yusuf Khan: The Rebel Commandant by S.C.Hill-1914,[4] History of Tinnevelly by Caldwell)
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024059259#page/n17/mode/2up Yusuf Khan: The Rebel Commandant by S.C.Hill-1914,[5] History of Tinnevelly by Caldwell)
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024059259#page/n17/mode/2up Yusuf Khan: The Rebel Commandant by S.C.Hill-1914,[6] History of Tinnevelly by Caldwell)
- ^ https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024059259#page/35-37/mode/2up Yusuf Khan: The Rebel Commandant by S.C.Hill-1914,[7] History of Tinnevelly by Caldwell)
- ^ Welsh, James (1830). "Military Reminiscences".
- ^ Welsh, James (1830). "Military Reminiscences".
- ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=e5Jy46NhT50C&pg=PA467 to see a plan of the original fort in Palayamkottai, see the map between pages 466 and 467.
- ^ "Yusuf Khan : The rebel commandant". 1914.
- ^ Kolappan, B. (22 February 2018). "Maruthanayagam, the reel hero's real hero". The Hindu.
- ^ R, Manigandan K. "I can start Marudhanayagam anytime: Kamal Haasan". The Times of India.
External links
- "The Hindu : Metro Plus Madurai / Know Your City : In memory of a warrior". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- Movie Controversy
- "The Hindu : Magazine / Focus : The First War of Independence?". The Hindu. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- The Hindu: The ballad of the Khan Sahib
- The Palayamkottai Mystery [10]
- Vikatan Reference [11]