Marvin Gaye
Marvin Gaye | |
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Born | Marvin Pentz Gay Jr. April 2, 1939 Washington, D.C., U.S. |
Died | April 1, 1984 Los Angeles, California, U.S. | (aged 44)
Cause of death | Gunshot wounds |
Occupations |
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Years active | 1957–1984 |
Spouse |
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Children | 3, including Nona |
Parents | |
Musical career | |
Genres | |
Instrument(s) |
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Discography | Marvin Gaye discography |
Labels | |
Marvin Pentz Gaye Jr. ( in the 1960s, first as an in-house session player and later as a solo artist with a string of successes, which earned him the nicknames "Prince of Motown" and "Prince of Soul".
Gaye's Motown songs include "Ain't That Peculiar", "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)", and "I Heard It Through the Grapevine". He also recorded duets with Mary Wells, Kim Weston, Tammi Terrell, and Diana Ross. During the 1970s, Gaye recorded the albums What's Going On (1971) and Let's Get It On (1973) and became one of the first artists in Motown to break away from the reins of a production company.
His later recordings influenced several R&B subgenres, such as quiet storm and neo soul.[3] "Sexual Healing", released in 1982 on the album Midnight Love, won him his first two Grammy Awards.[4] Gaye's last televised appearances were at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game, where he sang "The Star-Spangled Banner"; and on Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever; and Soul Train.[5]
On April 1, 1984, on the day before his 45th birthday, Gaye was
Early life
Marvin Pentz Gay Jr. was born on April 2, 1939, at Freedman's Hospital[9] in Washington, D.C., to church minister Marvin Gay Sr. and domestic worker Alberta Gay (née Cooper). His first home was in a public housing project,[10] the Fairfax Apartments[11] (now demolished) at 1617 1st Street SW in the Southwest Waterfront neighborhood.[12] Although one of the city's oldest neighborhoods, with many elegant Federal-style homes, most buildings were small, in extensive disrepair, and lacked both electricity and running water. The alleys were full of one- and two-story shacks, and nearly every dwelling was overcrowded.[13][14][15] Gaye and his friends nicknamed the area "Simple City", owing to it being "half-city, half country".[16][17][a]
Gaye was the second oldest of the couple's four children. He had two sisters, Jeanne and Zeola, and one brother,
Gaye started singing in church when he was four years old; his father often accompanied him on piano.[20][21][22] Gaye and his family were part of a Pentecostal church known as the House of God that took its teachings from Pentecostalism, advocated strict conduct, and adhered to both the Old and New Testaments.[23][24] Gaye developed a love of singing at an early age and was encouraged to pursue a professional music career after a performance at a school play at 11 singing Mario Lanza's "Be My Love".[22] His home life consisted of "brutal whippings" by his father, who struck him for any shortcoming.[25] The young Gaye described living in his father's house as similar to "living with a king, a very peculiar, changeable, cruel, and all powerful king".[16] He felt that had his mother not consoled him and encouraged his singing, he would have committed suicide.[26] His sister later explained that Gaye was beaten often, from age seven well into his teenage years.[27]
Gaye attended Syphax Elementary School[28] and then Randall Junior High School.[29][30] Gaye began to take singing much more seriously in junior high,[31] and he joined and became a singing star with the Randall Junior High Glee Club.[11]
In 1953[10][32][33] or 1954,[9][34][b] the Gays moved into the East Capitol Dwellings public housing project in D.C.'s Capitol View neighborhood.[9][36][c] Their townhouse apartment (Unit 12, 60th Street NE; now demolished) was Marvin's home until 1962.[35][d]
Gaye briefly attended
Career
Early career
Following his discharge from the Air Force, Gaye and his good friend Reese Palmer formed the vocal
In 1960, the group disbanded. Gaye relocated to Detroit with Fuqua, where he signed with Tri-Phi Records as a session musician, playing drums on several Tri-Phi releases. Gaye performed at Motown president Berry Gordy's house during the holiday season in December 1960. Impressed, Gordy sought Fuqua on his contract with Gaye. Fuqua agreed to sell part of his interest in his contract with Gaye.[50] Shortly afterwards, Gaye signed with Motown subsidiary Tamla.[citation needed]
When Gaye signed with Tamla, he pursued a career as a performer of jazz music and
Gaye released his first single, "Let Your Conscience Be Your Guide", in May 1961, with the album The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye, following a month later. Gaye's initial recordings failed commercially and he spent most of 1961 performing session work as a drummer for artists such as The Miracles, The Marvelettes and blues artist Jimmy Reed for $5 (US$49 in 2022 dollars[52]) a week.[53][54] While Gaye took some advice on performing with his eyes open (having been accused of appearing as though he were sleeping) and also got pointers on how to move more gracefully onstage, he refused to attend grooming school courses at the John Robert Powers School for Social Grace in Detroit because of his unwillingness to comply with its orders, something he later regretted.[55][56] Gaye was also one of the few Motown artists who took no dance lessons from Cholly Atkins.[citation needed]
Initial success
In 1962, Gaye found success as co-writer of the Marvelettes track "Beechwood 4-5789", on which he also played drums. His first solo success, "Stubborn Kind of Fellow", was later released that September, reaching No. 8 on the R&B chart and No. 46 on the Billboard Hot 100. Gaye first reached the pop top 40 with the dance song, "Hitch Hike",[57] peaking at No. 30 on the Hot 100. "Pride and Joy" became Gaye's first top ten single after its release in 1963.
The three singles and songs from the 1962 sessions were included on Gaye's second album, That Stubborn Kinda Fellow, released on Tamla in January 1963. Starting in October 1962, Gaye performed as part of the Motortown Revue, a series of concert tours headlined at the north and southeastern coasts of the United States as part of the Chitlin' Circuit, a series of rock shows performed at venues that welcomed predominantly black musicians. A filmed performance of Gaye at the Apollo Theater took place in June 1963. Later that October, Tamla issued the live album, Marvin Gaye Recorded Live on Stage. "Can I Get a Witness" became one of Gaye's early international successes.
In 1964, Gaye recorded a successful duet album with singer
After recording "It Takes Two" with Kim Weston, Gaye began working with Tammi Terrell on a series of duets, mostly composed by Ashford & Simpson, including "Ain't No Mountain High Enough", "Your Precious Love", "Ain't Nothing Like the Real Thing" and "You're All I Need to Get By".
In October 1967, Terrell collapsed in Gaye's arms during a performance in
On October 6, 1968, Gaye sang the national anthem during Game 4 of the 1968 World Series, held at Tiger Stadium, in Detroit, Michigan, between the Detroit Tigers and the St. Louis Cardinals.[60]
In late 1968, Gaye's recording of "
What's Going On and subsequent success
On June 1, 1970, Gaye returned to
After giving an ultimatum to record a full album to win creative control from Motown, Gaye spent ten days recording the
In 1971, Gaye signed a new deal with Motown worth $1 million (US$7,225,965 in 2022 dollars
In August 1973, Gaye released the Let's Get It On album. Its title track became Gaye's second No. 1 single on the Hot 100. The album was later hailed as "a record unparalleled in its sheer sensuality and carnal energy".[78] Other singles from the album included "Come Get to This", which recalled Gaye's early Motown soul sound of the previous decade, while the suggestive "You Sure Love to Ball" reached modest success on the R&B charts, while also managing to make the pop top 50, its success halted by radio refusing to play the sexually explicit song.[79]
In the 1970s, Gaye's sister-in-law turned her attention to Frankie Beverly, the founder of Maze. Marvin took them on his tours and featured them as the opening acts of his concerts and persuaded Beverly to change the band's name from Raw Soul to Maze.
Marvin's final duet project,
The tour helped to enhance Gaye's reputation as a live performer.
In October 1975, Gaye gave a performance at a
Last Motown recordings and European exile
In December 1978, Gaye released Here, My Dear, inspired by the fallout from his first marriage to Anna Gordy. Recorded with the intention of remitting a portion of its royalties to her as alimony payments, it performed poorly on the charts.[86] During that period, Gaye's cocaine addiction intensified while he was dealing with several financial issues with the IRS. These issues led him to move to Maui, where he struggled to record a disco-influenced album titled Love Man, with a probable release date for February 1980, though he would later shelve the project.[87] That year, Gaye went on a European tour, his first in four years.[88] By the time the tour stopped, he had relocated to London when he feared imprisonment for failure to pay back taxes, which had now reached upwards of $4.5 million (US$15,982,633 in 2022 dollars[52]).[88][89]
Gaye then reworked Love Man from its original disco concept to another socially-conscious album invoking religion and the possible
In the fall of that year, someone stole a master tape of a rough draft of the album from one of Gaye's traveling musicians, Frank Blair, taking the master tape to Motown's Hollywood headquarters.[92] Motown remixed the album and released it on January 15, 1981.[93] When Gaye learned of its release, he accused Motown of editing and remixing the album without his consent, allowing the release of an unfinished production ("Far Cry"), altering the album art of his request and removing the album title's question mark, muting its irony.[94] He also accused the label of rush-releasing the album, comparing his unfinished album to an unfinished Pablo Picasso painting.[94] Gaye then vowed not to record any more music for Motown.[95]
On February 14, 1981, under the advice of music promoter Freddy Cousaert, Gaye relocated to Cousaert's apartment in Ostend, Belgium.[96] While there, Gaye shied away from heavy drug use and began exercising and attending a local Ostend church, regaining personal confidence.[97][98] Following several months of recovery, Gaye sought a comeback onstage, starting the short-lived Heavy Love Affair tour in England and Ostend in June–July 1981.[99] Gaye's personal attorney Curtis Shaw would later describe Gaye's Ostend period as "the best thing that ever happened to Marvin". When word got around that Gaye was planning a musical comeback and an exit from Motown, CBS Urban president Larkin Arnold eventually was able to convince Gaye to sign with CBS Records. On March 23, 1982, Motown and CBS negotiated Gaye's release from Motown. The details of the contract were not revealed due to a possible negative effect on Gaye's settlement to creditors from the IRS and to stop a possible bidding war by competing labels.[100]
Midnight Love
Assigned to CBS's
"Sexual Healing" won Gaye his first two
I don't make records for pleasure. I did when I was a younger artist, but I don't today. I record so that I can feed people what they need, what they feel. Hopefully, I record so that I can help someone overcome a bad time.
On February 13, 1983, Gaye sang "
Personal life
In June 1963, Gaye married
Gaye was the father of three children: Marvin III, Nona, and Frankie. Marvin III was the biological son of Anna's niece, Denise Gordy, who was 16 at the time of the birth. Nona and Frankie were born to Gaye's second wife, Janis. At the time of his death, Gaye was survived by his three children, mother, father and five siblings.
Death
In the early afternoon of April 1, 1984, Gaye intervened in a fight between his parents in the family house in the West Adams neighborhood of Western Heights[6] in Los Angeles. He became involved in a physical altercation with his father, Marvin Gay Sr.,[104] who shot Gaye twice, once in the chest, piercing his heart, and then into Gaye's shoulder.[104] The shooting took place in Gaye's bedroom at 12:38 p.m. The first shot proved fatal; Gaye was pronounced dead at 1:01 p.m. after his body arrived at California Hospital Medical Center, a day shy of his 45th birthday.[104][105]
After Gaye's funeral, his body was cremated at Forest Lawn Memorial Park–Hollywood Hills, and his ashes were scattered into the Pacific Ocean.[106][107] Gay Sr. was initially charged with first-degree murder, but the charges were reduced to voluntary manslaughter following a diagnosis of a brain tumor.[108] He was given a suspended six-year sentence and probation. He died at a nursing home in 1998.[109]
Musicianship
Equipment
Starting off his musicianship as a drummer doing session work during his tenure with Harvey Fuqua, and his early Motown years, Gaye's musicianship evolved to include piano, keyboards, synthesizers, and organ. Gaye also used percussion instruments, such as
Influences
As a child, Gaye's main influence was his minister father, something he later acknowledged to biographer
As his Motown career developed, Gaye took inspiration from fellow label mates such as
Vocal style
Gaye had a four-octave vocal range.[117] From his earlier recordings as member of the Marquees and Harvey and the New Moonglows, and in his first several recordings with Motown, Gaye recorded mainly in the baritone and tenor ranges. He changed his tone to a rasp for his gospel-inspired early hits such as "Stubborn Kind of Fellow" and "Hitch Hike". As writer Eddie Holland explained, "He was the only singer I have ever heard known to take a song of that nature, that was so far removed from his natural voice where he liked singing, and do whatever it took to sell that song."[118]
In songs such as "Pride and Joy", Gaye used three different vocal ranges—singing in his baritone range at the beginning, bringing a lighter tenor in the verses before reaching a gospel mode in the chorus. Holland further stated of Gaye's voice that it was "one of the sweetest and prettiest voices you ever wanted to hear".[119] And while he noted that ballads and jazz was "his basic soul", he stated Gaye "had the ability to take a roughhouse, rock and roll, blues, R&B, any kind of song and make it his own", later saying that Gaye was the most versatile vocalist he had ever worked with.[119]
Gaye changed his vocal style in the late 1960s, when he was advised to use a sharper, raspy voice—especially in Norman Whitfield's recordings. Gaye initially disliked the new style, considering it out of his range, but said he was "into being produce-able".[120] After listening to David Ruffin and Levi Stubbs, Gaye said he started to develop what he called his "tough man voice"—saying, "I developed a growl."[116] In the liner notes of his DVD set, Marvin Gaye: The Real Thing in Performance 1964–1981, Rob Bowman said that by the early 1970s, Gaye had developed "three distinct voices: his smooth, sweet tenor; a growling rasp; and an unreal falsetto."[121] Bowman further wrote that the recording of the What's Going On single was "...the first single to use all three as Marvin developed a radical approach to constructing his recordings by layering a series of contrapuntal background vocal lines on different tracks, each one conceived and sung in isolation by Marvin himself."[121] Bowman found that Gaye's multi-tracking of his tenor voice and other vocal styles "summon[ed] up what might be termed the ancient art of weaving".[121]
Social commentary and concept albums
Prior to recording the
Gaye was inspired by the
Once Gaye presented Gordy with the What's Going On album, Gordy feared Gaye was risking the ruination of his image as a sex symbol.[70] Following the album's success, Gaye tried a follow-up album, You're the Man. The title track only produced modest success, however, and Gaye and Motown shelved the album. Several of Gaye's unreleased songs of social commentary, including "The World Is Rated X", would be issued on posthumous compilation albums. What's Going On would later be described by an AllMusic writer as an album that "not only redefined soul music as a creative force but also expanded its impact as an agent for social change".[125] You're the Man was finally released on March 29, 2019, through Motown, Universal Music Enterprises, and Universal Music Group.[126]
The What's Going On album also provided another first in both Motown and R&B music: Gaye and his engineers had composed the album in a
Although Gaye was not politically active outside of his music, he became a public figure for social change and inspired/educated many people through his work.[124]
Legacy
Gaye has been called "the number-one purveyor of soul music".
Artists including Barry White, Stevie Wonder, Frankie Beverly and many others admitted to being heavily influenced by Gaye's musicianship. For his Oscar-nominated role as James "Thunder" Ealy in the film, Dreamgirls, Eddie Murphy replicated Gaye's 1970s clothing style in the film.
According to David Ritz in a 1991 revision of
Awards and honors
The
A year later, Gaye's mother founded the Marvin P. Gaye Jr. Memorial Foundation in dedication to her son to help those suffering from
Three of Gaye's albums –
In 2005, Gaye was voted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame.[148]
In 2006, Watts Branch Park, a park in Washington that Gaye frequented as a teenager, was renamed Marvin Gaye Park.
Gaye was ranked number 20 on Rolling Stone's "The 200 Greatest Singers of All Time" published in January 2023.[158]
In popular culture
His
The 1985 Commodores song "Nightshift" was a tribute to Gaye and Jackie Wilson, who both died in 1984. One verse mentions Gaye's song "What's Going On".
"I Heard It Through the Grapevine" was played in a
Gaye's music has also been used in numerous
In 2007, his song "A Funky Space Reincarnation" was used in the Charlize Theron–starred ad for Dior J'Adore perfume. A documentary about Gaye—What's Going On: The Marvin Gaye Story—was a UK/PBS co-production, directed by Jeremy Marre and was first broadcast in 2006. Two years later, the special re-aired with a different production and newer interviews after it was re-broadcast as an American Masters special. Another documentary, focusing on his 1981 documentary, Transit Ostend, titled Remember Marvin, aired in 2006.
Earnings
In 2008, Gaye's estate earned $3.5 million (US$4,757,187 in 2022 dollars[52]). As a result, Gaye took 13th place in "Top-Earning Dead Celebrities" in Forbes magazine.[168]
On March 11, 2015, Gaye's family was awarded $7.4 million in damages following a decision by an eight-member jury in Los Angeles that Robin Thicke and Pharrell Williams had breached copyright by incorporating part of Gaye's song "Got to Give It Up" into their hit "Blurred Lines", but U.S. District Judge John Kronstadt reduced the sum to $5.3 million, while adding royalties.[169] In January 2016, the Gaye family requested that a California judge give $2.66 million in attorneys' fees and $777,000 in legal expenses.[170]
As of 2018, Gaye's estate was managed by Geffen Management Group and his legacy is protected through Creative Rights Group, both founded by talent manager Jeremy Geffen.[171]
Attempted biopics
There have been several attempts to adapt Gaye's life story into a feature film. In February 2006, it was reported that Jesse L. Martin was to portray Gaye in a biopic titled Sexual Healing, named after Gaye's 1982 song of the same name. The film was to have been directed by Lauren Goodman and produced by James Gandolfini and Alexandra Ryan. The film was to depict the final three years of Gaye's life.[172][173][174][175][176] Years later, other producers such as Jean-Luc Van Damme, Frederick Bestall and Jimmy De Brabant, came aboard and Goodman was replaced by Julien Temple. Lenny Kravitz was almost slated to play Gaye. The script was to be written by Matthew Broughton. The film was to have been distributed by Focus Features and released on April 1, 2014, the thirtieth anniversary of Gaye's death.[177][178][179][180][181][182][183] This never came to fruition and it was announced that Focus Features no longer has involvement with the Gaye biopic as of June 2013.[184][185]
In June 2008, it was announced that
Members of Gaye's family, such as his ex-wife Janis and his son Marvin III, have expressed opposition to a biopic.[193][194]
In July 2016, it was announced that a feature film documentary on Gaye would be released the following year delving into his life and the making of his 1971 album
On June 18, 2018, it was reported that American rapper Dr. Dre was in talks to produce a biopic about Gaye.[198] In June 2021, it was announced that the film Dre would be producing was greenlighted by Warner Bros. Pictures and would be directed by Allen Hughes for a projected 2023 release.[199]
Acting
Gaye acted in two movies, featuring as a Vietnam veteran in both roles. His first performance was in the 1969 George McCowan film The Ballad of Andy Crocker, which starred Lee Majors. The film was about a war veteran returning to find that his expectations have not been met and he feels betrayed. Gaye had a prominent role in the film as David Owens.[200] His other performance was in 1971. He had a role in the Lee Frost-directed biker-exploitation film Chrome and Hot Leather, about a group of Vietnam veterans taking on a bike gang. The film starred William Smith; Gaye played the part of Jim, one of the veterans.[201][202] Gaye did have acting aspirations and had signed with the William Morris Agency but that only lasted a year as Gaye was not satisfied with the support he was getting from the agency. In his interview with David Ritz, Gaye admitted being interested in show business particularly when he was hired to compose the soundtrack for Trouble Man. "No doubt I could have been a movie star, but it was something my subconscious rejected. Not that I didn't want it, I most certainly did. I just didn't have the fortitude to play the Hollywood game: to put myself out there, knowing they would eat my rear end like a piece of meat.” [203]
Discography
Solo studio albums
- The Soulful Moods of Marvin Gaye (1961)
- That Stubborn Kinda Fellow (1963)
- When I'm Alone I Cry (1964)
- Hello Broadway (1964)
- How Sweet It Is to Be Loved by You (1965)
- A Tribute to the Great Nat "King" Cole (1965)
- Moods of Marvin Gaye (1966)
- In the Groove (1968)
- M.P.G. (1969)
- That's the Way Love Is (1970)
- What's Going On(1971)
- Trouble Man (1972)
- Let's Get It On (1973)
- I Want You (1976)
- Here, My Dear (1978)
- In Our Lifetime (1981)
- Midnight Love (1982)
Collaborative albums
- Together (with Mary Wells) (1964)
- Take Two (with Kim Weston) (1966)
- United (with Tammi Terrell) (1967)
- You're All I Need (with Tammi Terrell) (1968)
- Easy (with Tammi Terrell) (1969)
- Diana & Marvin (with Diana Ross) (1973)
Posthumous albums
- Dream of a Lifetime (1985)
- Romantically Yours (1985)
- Vulnerable (1997)
- You're the Man (2019)
- Funky Nation: The Detroit Instrumentals (2021)
Live albums
- Marvin Gaye Recorded Live on Stage (1963)
- Marvin Gaye Live! (1974)
- Live at the London Palladium (1977)
- Marvin Gaye: Live in Montreux 1980 (2003)
- Marvin Gaye at the Copa (2005)
- What's Going On Live (2019)
Filmography
- 1965: T.A.M.I. Show (documentary)
- 1969: The Ballad of Andy Crocker (television movie)
- 1971: Chrome and Hot Leather (television movie)
- 1973: Save the Children (documentary)
Videography
See also
Explanatory notes
- ^ This area should not be confused with the present-day Benning Terrace public housing complex in the Benning Ridge neighborhood, which today is also nicknamed "Simple City".[18]
- ^ At least once source claims they did not move in until 1955.[35]
- ^ MacKenzie and a wide range of sources mischaracterize this neighborhood as Deanwood.[33]
- ^ Some sources suggest the family first moved to the Benning Ridge neighborhood after leaving Southwest. According to Zeola Gay[37] and The Washington Post reporter Roger Catlin,[9] the Gay family moved to the Benning Terrace public housing project in the early 1950s. This is not possible, as the Benning Terrace apartments did not begin construction until late 1956,[38] a full year after Marvin Gaye had left home for the military.
Citations
- ISBN 9780743201698.
- ^ Simmonds 2008, pp. 190–192.
- ^ OCLC 32508105.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Marvin Gaye". National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. June 4, 2019. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2019.
- ^ a b Batchelor 2005, pp. 41–43.
- ^ a b Wedner, Diane (September 16, 2007). "Taking Over From Titans". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
- ^ Dial Them For Murder. January 1998. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2012 – via Los Angeles Magazine.
- ^ "Marvin Gaye Timeline". The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. January 21, 1987. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
- ^ a b c d Catlin, Roger (April 27, 2012). "Washington, D.C., sites with links to Marvin Gaye". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
- ^ a b Crockett, Stephen A. Jr. (July 24, 2002). "Song of the City: In the Name of Marvin Gaye, Neighbors Rescue a Park Near His Old Home". The Washington Post. p. C1.
- ^ a b Milloy, Courtland (April 8, 1984). "The War for One Man's Soul: Marvin Gaye". The Washington Post. p. C1, C2.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 6.
- ^ Banks & Banks 2004, p. 41.
- ^ Gutheim & Lee 2006, pp. 266–267.
- ^ Bahrampour, Tara (March 14, 2016). "'Old but not cold': Four very longtime friends anticipate turning 100 this year". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
- ^ a b Ritz 1991, p. 13.
- ^ Gaye 2003, p. 4.
- ^ Gillis, Justin; Miller, Bill (April 20, 1997). "In D.C.'s Simple City, Complex Rules of Life and Death". The Washington Post. p. A1. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
- ^ a b "Gaye's second wife calls play 'completely and utterly exploitative'". February 16, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2013.[dead link] Alt URL
- ^ a b c Browne 2001, p. 316.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 14.
- ^ a b Gaye 2003, p. 8.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 5.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 11.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 12.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 13: "If it wasn't for Mother, who was always there to console me and praise me for my singing, I think I would have been one of those child suicide cases you read about in the papers".
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 12: "From the time he was seven until he became a teenager, Marvin's life at home consisted of a series of brutal whippings".
- ^ Fleishman, Sandra (May 13, 2000). "Reading, 'Riting And Redevelopment". The Washington Post. p. G1.
- ^ Bonner, Alice (October 1, 1973). "The Golden Years: City's Randall Junior High School Celebrates 50th Anniversary". The Washington Post. p. C1
- ^ Harrington, Richard (April 2, 1984). "The Fallen Prince: Marvin Gaye & His Songs Full of Soul". The Washington Post. pp. B1, B8.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 23.
- ^ Gaye 2003, p. 197.
- ^ a b MacKenzie 2009, p. 153.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 24.
- ^ a b Hopkinson, Natalie (May 19, 2003). "House of Blues: Marvin Gaye's Boyhood Home Awaits the Wrecking Ball or a Second Act". The Washington Post. p. C1.
- ^ Evelyn, Dickson & Ackerman 2008, pp. 290–291.
- ^ a b Simmons, Deborah (April 29, 2012). "Memories of Marvin Gaye kept alive by a loving sister". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
- ^ "NCHA Lets Contract for New Project". The Washington Post. November 14, 1956. p. B2.
- ^ Gulla 2008, p. 333.
- ^ a b Ritz 1991, p. 25.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 34.
- ^ Redfern 2007, p. 228.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 36.
- ^ "Marvin Gaye No Military Hit". September 13, 2005. Archived from the original on August 26, 2009. Retrieved December 23, 2010.
- ^ "Marv Goldberg's R&B Notebooks – MARQUEES". Archived from the original on April 8, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
- ^ a b Ritz 1991, p. 38.
- ^ a b Ritz 1991, p. 39.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 40.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 47.
- ^ Edmonds 2001a, p. 24.
- ^ Jet 1985b, p. 17.
- ^ a b c d e 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
- ^ Bowman 2006, p. 6.
- ^ Des Barres 1996, p. 107.
- ^ Posner 2002, p. 116.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 88.
- ^ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 26 – The Soul Reformation: Phase two, the Motown story. [Part 5]" (audio). Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries.
- ^ "Tribute To Nat By Marvin Gaye" (PDF). Record World: 19. March 20, 1965.
- ^ a b Gaye 2003, p. 65.
- ^ 1968 WS Gm4: Marvin Gaye performs national anthem. Major League Baseball. Retrieved September 1, 2023.
- ^ Kempton 2005, p. 207.
- ^ Posner 2002, p. 225.
- ^ Ritz 1991, p. 126.
- ^ Gulla 2008, p. 344.
- ^ Jet 1970, p. 60.
- ^ Jason Plautz (June 30, 2011). "Marvin Gaye, Detroit Lions Wide Receiver?". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- ^ Music Urban Legends Revealed #16 Archived July 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Legendsrevealed.com (July 29, 2009). Retrieved May 14, 2012.
- ^ Gates 2004, p. 332.
- ^ Lynskey 2011, pp. 155.
- ^ a b c d Bowman 2006, p. 16.
- ^ Vincent 1996, p. 129.
- ^ Whitburn 2004, p. 250.
- ^ a b Lynskey 2011, p. 157.
- ^ John Bush. What's Going On remains one of the few examples in modern music of critical acclaim and immediate commercial success occurring simultaneously. What's Going On was the first in a series of Motown albums in which albums overtook singles in commercial importance as well as cultural significance.review of What's Going On, by Marvin Gaye, allmusic.com (accessed June 10, 2005)
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{{cite book}}
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External links
- Marvin Gaye at AllMovie
- Marvin Gaye at AllMusic
- Marvin Gaye at the Internet Broadway Database
- Marvin Gaye at IMDb
- Marvin Gaye interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
- Marvin Gaye Biography
- FBI Records: The Vault - Marvin Gaye at vault.fbi.gov
- Additional archives