Marwan II
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Marwan II مروان بن محمد | |||||
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Spouse | Muznah | ||||
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Umm walad) | |||||
Religion | Islam |
Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan (
Birth and background
Marwan ibn Muhammad was a member of the Marwanid household of the
His mother was a woman who's mostly unnamed, however sometimes is called Rayya or Tarubah, and is likely of non-Arab origin (a
Early life
In 732–733, Caliph
In 744–745, on hearing news of the plot to overthrow al-Walid II, Marwan wrote to his relatives from Armenia strongly discouraging this. He urged them to harmoniously preserve the stability and well-being of the Umayyad house, however, this was disregarded and many armed men moved into Damascus. Yazid slipped into Damascus and deposed al-Walid in a coup, following this up with a disbursement of funds from the treasury.[6]
Reportedly, Marwan II, who for several years had supervised the campaigns against the Byzantines and the Khazars on the Caliphate's northwestern frontiers, had considered claiming the caliphate at the death of al-Walid II, but a Kalbi rebellion had forced him to wait. Instead, Yazid III appointed him governor to Upper Mesopotamia and he took up residence in the Qays-dominated city of Harran.[7] Throughout Yazid III's Caliphate Marwan remained a governor and he didn't claim the throne for himself.
Reign
When
Marwan named his two sons Ubaydallah and Abdullah heirs. He appointed governors and proceeded to assert his authority by force. However, the anti-Umayyad feeling was very prevalent, especially in
Marwan took
In Khurasan there was internal discord, with the Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar facing opposition from al-Harith and al-Kirmani. They also fought each other. In addition, Abbasid envoys arrived. There had long been religious fervor and a kind of messianic expectation of Abbasid ascendency. During Ramadan of 747 (16 May – 14 June), the Abbasids unfurled the standards of their revolt. Nasr sent his retainer Yazid against them. Yazid, however, was bested, taken, and held captive. He was impressed by the Abbasids and when released told Nasr he wanted to join them, but his obligations to Nasr brought him back.
Fighting continued throughout Khurasan with the Abbasids gaining increasing ascendency. Finally, Nasr fell sick and died at Rayy on 9 November 748 at the age of eighty-five.
Marwan campaigned in Egypt in 749 to quell the
Marwan's death signaled the end of Umayyad fortunes in the East and was followed by the mass killing of Umayyads by the Abbasids. Almost the entire Umayyad dynasty was killed, except for the prince
Physical description
Marwan was known to be of a fair complexion, with blue eyes, a big beard, big headed and of medium height. He did not dye his beard with Henna and left it white.[11]
See also
- Marwan ibn Muhammad's invasion of Georgia
- Battle of the Zab
- Muhammad ibn Marwan
References
- ^ Zetterstéen (1993), p. 408
- ^ Donner (2014), p. 110
- ^ Women and the State in Early Islam (1942), p. 361
- ^ Hawting (1991), p. 623
- ^ Dennett, Daniel C. (1985). Marwan Ibn Muhammad: the passind of the Umayyad caliphate. University Microfilms. p. 189.
- ^ Theophilus. Quoted Robert Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It (Darwin Press, 1998), 660
- ^ Hawting 2000, pp. 96–97.
- ^ Dionysius of Telmahre apud Hoyland, 661 n 193
- ^ Gabra 2003, p. 116.
- ISBN 978-1416567622.
- ^ Kathir, Ibn. "البداية والنهاية". Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
وكان أبيض مشرباً بحمرة، أزرق العينين، كبير اللحية، ضخم الهامة، ربعة الجسم، ولم يكن يخضب لحيته لا بالحناء ولا الكتان ويتركها بيضاء
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-88706-569-9.
- Gabra, Gawdat (2003). "The Revolts of the Bashmuric Copts in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries". In W. Beltz (ed.). Die koptische Kirche in den ersten drei islamischen Jahrhunderten. Institut für Orientalistik, Martin-Luther-Universität. pp. 111–119. Archived from the original on 22 March 2020. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-88706-810-2.
- ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7.
- Sir John Glubb, "The Empire of the Arabs", Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1963
- Syed Ameer Ali, "A Short History of the Saracens", Macmillan and co., London, 1912
- Williams, John Alden, ed. (1985). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXVII: The ʿAbbāsid Revolution, A.D. 743–750/A.H. 126–132. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-87395-884-4.
- ISBN 0-415-24072-7.