Marwari language

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Marwari
Ethnicity	Western[3] Rajasthani Marwari
Subdivisions	Marwari Loarki Mewari Dhundari Shekhawati Dhatki Jogi Goaria Godwari
ISO 639-2 / 5	mwr
ISO 639-3	mwr
Glottolog	None raja1256  (scattered in Rajasthani)
Dark green indicates Marwari speaking home area in Rajasthan, light green indicates additional dialect areas where speakers identify their language as Marwari.

Marwari (मारवाड़ी, Mārwāṛī; also rendered as Marwadi or Marvadi) is a language within the

Marwari has no official status in India and is not used as a language of education. Marwari is still spoken widely in Jodhpur, Pali, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Nagaur, Bikaner.

History

It is believed that Marwari and

Marwari is primarily spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Marwari speakers have dispersed widely throughout India and other countries but are found most notably in the neighbouring state of Gujarat and in Eastern Pakistan. Speakers are also found in Bhopal. With around 7.9 million speakers in India according to the 2001 census.^[9]

Some dialects of Marwari are:

^[10]

Lexis

Indian Marwari [rwr] in Rajasthan shares a 50%–65% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on a Swadesh 210 word list comparison). It has many cognate words with Hindi. Notable phonetic correspondences include /s/ in Hindi with /h/ in Marwari. For example, /sona/ 'gold' (Hindi) and /hono/ 'gold' (Marwari).

Pakistani Marwari [mve] shares 87% lexical similarity between its Southern subdialects in Sindh (Utradi, Jaxorati, and Larecha) and Northern subdialects in Punjab (Uganyo, Bhattipo, and Khadali), 79%–83% with Dhakti [mki], and 78% with Meghwar and Bhat Marwari dialects. Mutual intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve] with Indian Marwari [rwr] is decreasing due to the rapid shift of active speakers in Pakistan to Urdu, their use of the Arabic script and different sources of support medias, and their separation from Indian Marwaris, even if there are some educational efforts to keep it active (but absence of official recognition by Pakistani or provincial government level). Many words have been borrowed from other Pakistani languages.^[7]

Merwari [wry] shares 82%–97% intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve], with 60%–73% lexical similarity between Merwari varieties in Ajmer and Nagaur districts, but only 58%–80% with Shekhawati [swv], 49%–74% with Indian Marwari [rwr], 44%–70% with Godwari [gdx], 54%–72% with Mewari [mtr], 62%–70% with Dhundari [dhd], 57%–67% with Haroti [hoj]. Unlike Pakistani Marwari [mve], the use of Merwari remains vigorous, even if its most educated speakers also proficiently speak Hindi [hin].^[11]

Phonology

• Nasalization of vowels is phonemic, all of the vowels can be nasalized.^[12]
• Diphthongs are /ai, ia, ae, əi, ei, oi, ui, ua, uo/^[12]

• Implosives are mostly only found word initially and it formed due to the influence of neighbouring languages.^[12]
• /w/ is [ʋ] before front vowels and [w] elsewhere e.g. [ʋɪwwa] 'marriage'.^[13]

Morphology

Marwari languages have a structure that is quite similar to Hindustani (Hindi or Urdu).^[

]

Vocabulary

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Marwari vocabulary is somewhat similar to other Western Indo-Aryan languages, especially

Rajasthani and Gujarati

, however, elements of grammar and basic terminology differ enough to significantly impede mutual intelligibility.

Writing system

Marwari is generally written in the Devanagari script, although the

Perso-Arabic script with modifications. Historical Marwari orthography for Devanagari uses other characters in place of standard Devanagari letters.^[19]

Marwari in Devanagari and Perso-Arabic script

better source needed

]

Devanagari	Perso-Arabic	Latin	IPA
अ	—	a	ə
आ	ﺍ	ā	ɑ
इ	ـِ	i	ɪ
ई	ﺍیِ	ī	i
उ	ـُ	u	ʊ
ऊ	ﺍۇ	ū	u
ए	اے	e	e
ओ	ﺍو	o	o
अं	—	ã	ə̃
आं		ā̃	ɑ̃
इं		ĩ	ɪ̃
ईं		ī̃	ĩ
उं		ũ	ʊ̃
ऊं		ū̃	ũ
एं		ẽ	ẽ
ओं		õ	õ
क	ک	k	k
ख	کھ	kh	kʰ
ग	گ	g	g
घ	گھ	gh	gʱ
च	چ	c	t͡ʃ
छ	چھ	ch	t͡ʃʰ
ज	ج	j	d͡ʒ
झ	جھ	jh	d͡ʒʰ
ट	ٹ	ṭ	ʈ
ठ	ٹه	ṭh	ʈʰ
ड	ڈ	ḍ	ɖ
ढ	ڈه	ḍh	ɖʰ
ॾ	ڏ	d̤	ᶑ
ॾ़	ڏه	d̤h	ᶑʰ
ण	ݨ	ṇ	ɳ
ण़	ݨه	ṇh	ɳʰ
त	ت	t	t̪
थ	تھ	th	t̪ʰ
द	د	d	d̪
ध	ده	dh	d̪ʰ
न	ن	n	n
ऩ	نھ	nh	nʰ
प	پ	p	p
फ	پھ	ph	pʰ
ब	ب	b	b
भ	بھ	bh	bʰ
ॿ	ٻ	b̤	ɓ
ॿ़	ٻه	b̤h	ɓʰ
म	م	m	m
म़	مھ	mh	mʰ
य	ےٜٜ	y	j
र	ر	r	ɾ
ड़	رؕ	r̤	ɽ
ढ़	رؕه	r̤h	ɽʰ
ज़	ز	z	z
ॼ़	زه	zh	zʰ
ल	ل	l	l
ल़	لھ	lh	lʰ
ळ	ݪ	ḷ	ɭ

See also

• Hadauti
• Lambadi
• List of Indian languages by total speakers
• Marwari Muslims
• Marwari people
• Shekhawati

References

1. ^ Marwari at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
   Dhundari at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
   Marwari (India) at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
   Marwari (Pakistan) at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
   Merwari at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
   Mewari at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
   Shekhawati at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
   (Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
2. ^ "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
3. ^ Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
4. ISBN 978-0-19-977178-3
   . Marwari : also called Rajasthani, Merwari, Marvari. 12,963,000 speakers in India and Nepal. In India: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, throughout India. Dialects are Standard Marwari, Jaipuri, Shekawati, Dhundhari, Bikaneri.
5. ISBN 978-81-85163-10-9
   .
6. ^ "Marwari Mahotsav 2018". ECS NEPAL. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
7. ^ ^{a b} "Pakistani Marwari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
8. ISBN 978-81-7824-152-4
   . The lok gathā (literally, folk narrative) was a highly developed tradition in the Indian subcontinent, especially after the twelfth century, and was simultaneous with the growth of apabhransa, the literary languages of India that derived from Sanskrit and the Prakrits. This developed into the desa bhāṣā, or popular languages, such as Old Western Rajasthani (OWR) or Marubhasa, Bengali, Gujarati, and so on. The traditional language of Rajasthani bards is Dingal (from ding, or arrogance), a literary and archaic form of old Marwari. It was replaced by the more popular Rajasthani (which Grierson calls old Gujarati) that detached itself from western apabhransa about the thirteenth century. This language was the first of all the bhasas of northern India to possess a literature. The Dingal of the Rajasthani bards is the literary form of that language and the ancestor of the contemporary Marvari and Gujarati.
9. ^ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in.
10. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7
    .
11. ^ "Merwari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
12. ^ ^{a b c d e} Mukherjee, Kakali (2013). Marwari (Thesis). Linguistic Survey of India LSI Rajasthan.
13. ^ Gusain, Lakhan. Marwari (PDF).
14. ^ "Indian Marwari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
15. ^ "Dhundari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
16. ^ "Shekhawati". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
17. ^ "Mewari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
18. ^ "Haroti". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
19. ^ Pandey, Anshuman (23 May 2011). "Proposal to Encode the Marwari Letter DDA for Devanagari" (PDF). Retrieved 6 January 2021.
20. ^ "Marwari". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021.

Further reading

• Lakhan Gusain (2004). Marwari. Munich: Lincom Europa (LW/M 427)
• Mukherjee, Kakali (2011). "Marwari" (PDF).

External links

Marwari language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• Hanvant's Rajasthani Dictionary