Marxists Internet Archive
Type of site | Online encyclopedia |
---|---|
Available in | Multi-lingual (80 languages) |
URL | marxists |
Commercial | No |
Launched |
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Marxists Internet Archive (also known as MIA or Marxists.org) is a non-profit online encyclopedia that hosts a multilingual library (created in 1990) of the works of communist, anarchist, and socialist writers, such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin, Mao Zedong, Rosa Luxemburg, Mikhail Bakunin, Peter Kropotkin and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, as well as that of writers of related ideologies, and even unrelated ones (for instance, Sun Tzu). The collection is maintained by volunteers and is based on a collection of documents that were distributed by email and newsgroups, later collected into a single gopher site in 1993. It contains over 180,000 documents from over 850 authors in 80 languages.[1] All material in the archive is provided free of charge to users, though not necessarily free of copyright.[2]
History
Origins
The archive was created in 1990 by a person — known only by their Internet tag, Zodiac — who started archiving Marxist texts by transcribing the works of
By 1996 the website, Marx.org, was hosted by a commercial ISP. This was followed by an increased activity from the volunteers. In the following years, however, a conflict developed between the volunteers working on the website and Zodiac, who retained control of the project and domain name. As the scope of the archive expanded, Zodiac feared that the opening toward diverse currents of Marxism was a "slippery slope" toward sectarianism. The volunteers who had been undertaking the work of transcribing texts resented having little influence over the way in which the archive was organized and run. In early 1998 Zodiac decided that Marx.org would return to its roots and that all writers other than Marx and Engels would be removed.[3][5]
In July 1998 the present form of the Marxists Internet Archive (marxists.org) was created by volunteers transferring files and archives from Marx.org. This led to a further increase in activity and an enlargement of the scope of the archive. As for Marx.org, Zodiac closed it down in 1999, and in 2002 he gave up the domain name, which was purchased by the MIA.[3][5] Along with marxists.org, the MIA can be reached by two other domain names: lenin.org and trotsky.org.
The site, and the group of volunteers working on it, has dramatically changed since its early beginnings. By 2014 it had grown to encompass 62 volunteers in 33 different countries, and held over 50,000 items in 54 languages covering the works of over 600 authors.[6] Today the Marxists Internet Archive is a recognized repository for both Marxist and non-Marxist writers.[7][8][9][10] It is listed in the OCLC WorldCat catalog,[11] and has been selected for archiving by institutions such as the British Library,[12] Ireland's University College Cork,[13] and the US Library of Congress.
2007 attacks
MIA has had problems with malicious attacks from online sources. Beginning in November 2006, the Marxists Internet Archive faced a number of serious
Copyright issue on Marx/Engels collected works
In late April 2014, the small British publishers
A representative of MIA, Andy Blunden, did not dispute that L&W has copyright over the material.[16] He was quoted in the Washington D.C. based Chronicle of Higher Education: "The professors and the historians will be able to write learned articles about what Marx said, but the general population are going to be left back in 1975", the year when the publication of the Collected Works began.[16]
In response to widespread criticism, Lawrence and Wishart issued a statement objecting to the "campaign of online abuse."[16]
Structure
Management
The MIA is administered by a
The MIA is incorporated in the U.S. state of
According to the MIA
Physical location and mirrors
The website is primarily served via an
Distribution
Through 2013, a 3-disc
These measures were not only meant to allow easy access to the material in the archive, but also as a way of ensuring the continuity of the archive. As they put it: "If the Archive is shut down by a publishing conglomerate or the government, having this information widely dispersed around the world, essentially untraceable, with the content entirely intact, is a great thing."[24]
As of March 2014, the MIA was 138 GB; it was then decided to discontinue the DVD[25] and to distribute a portable USB hard drive that contains the entire contents of the MIA on it. The portable HDD has now also been discontinued.
MIA as a book publisher
In addition to distribution of its hard drive archives, in 2008 the MIA launched Marxist Internet Archive Publications, which has, As of October 2022[update], published eight titles including volumes on philosophy, social history, Soviet psychology and pedagogy, and an anthology of writings by José Carlos Mariátegui,[26] which it distributes through Erythrós Press and Media, LLC.[27]
Archival structure
This section needs additional citations for verification. (November 2018) |
Most of material on the website is formatted in
The markup and style of the archive varies from one section to the other, depending on the volunteers who work there, but all are built on a common basic document template.
The archive includes section dedicated to specific historical topics, such as the history of the Soviet Union and the Paris Commune as well as broader subject topics, such as philosophy. It also includes a reference section called the "Encyclopedia of Marxism", containing definitions of Marxist terms, short biographies, and historical material.
The MIA is also divided into a number of non-English language sections. As of 6 April 2020[update], the MIA website included content in 80 languages.
See also
References
- ^ "MIA Introduction". www.marxists.org. Archived from the original on 2018-07-16. Retrieved 2014-05-11.
- ^ "Charter of the Marxists Internet Archive (M.I.A.)". marxists.org. Archived from the original on 2014-04-24. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
- ^ a b c "History of MIA". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
- ^ Newman, Nathan (June 20, 1995). "Marx/Engels WWW Archive – REMOVED (fwd)". PKT (Mailing list). Archived from the original on 2003-11-20.
- ^ a b Empson, Martin (January 2005). "Marxism on the Web". International Socialism. No. 105. Archived from the original on 2015-02-18.
- ^ "Introduction". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2016-09-08. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
- ^ Kelly, Mills (2003). "Marxists Internet Archive". World History Sources. Fairfax County, Virginia, USA: George Mason University's Center for History and New Media. Archived from the original on 2011-09-17.
- ISBN 978-0415201933.
- ^ Kohan, Nestor; Brito, Pier (2007). Marxismo para principiantes: Leer a Marx desde el Siglo XXI. Buenos Aires: Era Naciente. p. 191.
- Universidad de Granada (Spain). 20 January 2009. Archived from the originalon 2010-06-22.
- Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) Online Union Catalog. 20 August 2003. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-04-26. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
- ^ "UK Web Archive". British Library. Archived from the original on May 6, 2012.
- ^ "Archived copy of MIA". University College Cork's College of Arts, Celtic Studies, and Social Sciences. Retrieved 7 September 2009.[dead link]
- ^ "Attack Log". Marxists Internet Archive. January 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-12-12. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ Cohen, Noam (February 5, 2007). "Online Marxist archive blames China for electronic attacks". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 2007-02-07.
- ^ Chronicle of Higher Education. Archivedfrom the original on 2017-02-01.
- ^ New York Times. Archivedfrom the original on 2019-02-12.
- ^ Tobar, Hector (April 29, 2014). "Radicals fight over a Karl Marx copyright". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2014-05-06.
- ^ Pearson, Jordan (May 2, 2014). "Not Even Radical Communist Literature Is Immune to Copyright Battles". Motherboard. Archived from the original on 2014-05-03.
- ^ "Bylaws of MIA". Marxists Internet Archive. 18 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2016-09-08.
- ^ "Letter from U.S. Internal Revenue Service to Marxists Internet Archive". 1 October 2003. Archived from the original on 2016-09-09.
- ^ "Charter of the MIA". Marxists Internet Archive. 6 December 2004. Archived from the original on 2016-09-08.
- ^ "Marxists Internet Archive Mirrors". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ^ "Marxists.org on 160GB HD". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2014-04-25. Retrieved 6 September 2009.
- ^ "Marxists.org en DVD" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2018-07-15. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
- ^ "Marxists Internet Archive Publications". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2014-09-12. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ "Marxists Internet Archive Publications: Payment for Books". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 2021-09-17. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- ^ "Marxists Internet Archive, Cross-Language Index". Archived from the original on 2019-08-15.
Further reading
- McLemee, Scott (April 30, 2014). "Value, Price, and Profit". Inside Higher Ed.
External links
- Marxists Internet Archive Internet frontpage of MIA.
- MIA Mirrors Links to mirrors of Marxists.org
- French Mirror
- German Mirror Archived 2015-04-06 at the Wayback Machine
- U.S. Southern Mirror
- Marxists Internet Archive Publications.
- Interview with volunteers of the Marxists Internet Archive, International Socialism, no. 105 (Jan. 2005).
- Research Note on the Archive, Capital and Class, no. 89.
- "Research Note on the Marxists Internet Archive", Conference of Socialist Economists, Summer 2006.
- Review from "WorldHistorySources", Mills Kelly, 2003 Center for History and New Media, George Mason University, Fairfax County (USA).